Serialism is a technique of composition using series of values. Total serialism uses series for all elements of music including pitch, rhythm, dynamics, and timbre. In the 1950s, serialism was developed at the Darmstadt Summer Courses and IRCAM. Pierre Boulez's Le marteau sans maître from 1955 uses serialism and is based on a surrealist text by René Char organized into song cycles. It features solo instruments playing short, punctuated motifs in a complex, through-composed structure. Milton Babbitt's Composition for Piano No. 1 from 1947 also uses serialism and has a palindrome form with the second half being the retrograde of the first.