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Fracture Patterns Abuse Kemp Bmj 2008
This systematic review analyzed 32 studies comparing skeletal fracture patterns in abused and non-abused children. The review found that fractures resulting from abuse occurred throughout the skeletal system, most commonly in infants and toddlers. Multiple fractures and rib fractures had the highest probability of being caused by abuse. Certain fracture types, locations, and the developmental stage of the child can help determine the likelihood of abuse. However, more high-quality comparative research is still needed.
The Expert Witnesses
1) Recent reports in England have outlined issues with forensic science evidence and its presentation in courts, including concerns about biases towards prosecution experts.
2) There is a large funding gap between the prosecution and publicly funded defense, undermining the principle of a fair trial.
3) English courts have been reluctant to assess the reliability and validity of novel scientific techniques, allowing potentially unreliable evidence that has contributed to past miscarriages of justice.
Vinchon M Sdh In Infants Can It Occur Spontaneously Childs Nerv Sys 2010[1]
This study examines cases of subdural hematoma (SDH) in infants that were considered to have occurred spontaneously rather than from nonaccidental trauma. The study identified 16 cases of spontaneous SDH in infants (SSDHI) from a prospective database that met criteria for lack of trauma history or suspicious findings. Most SSDHI cases involved males and had predisposing factors like macrocephaly, arachnoidomegaly, or obstetric complications. The study aims to better characterize SSDHI and identify risk factors to differentiate it from cases of traumatic SDH caused by nonaccidental injury.
The Changing Role Of The Experts
This document summarizes the changing role of expert witnesses in court. It discusses how expert witnesses are traditionally expected to say whatever can reasonably support the client's position, rather than provide objective assistance. Courts have taken a more aggressive role in screening out "junk" testimony. One reform is the "gatekeeper" role of judges to exclude dubious expertise, based on criteria like testing and peer review. However, studies show judges rarely discuss these criteria and more often exclude evidence based on relevance or witness qualifications. There is a clash between the legal system's need for settled conclusions and experts' view that some issues have no settled answer. Through screening and cross-examination, the legal process does not always succeed at exposing problematic expert testimony that could lead
Multiple Fractures From Metabolic Bone Disease
This document discusses multiple potential causes of fractures in infants that can be mistakenly attributed to child abuse, including metabolic bone diseases, prematurity, and nutritional deficiencies. It notes that fractures from metabolic causes often involve no pain, no soft tissue damage, and no dislocations, unlike traumatic fractures. It emphasizes the need for differential diagnosis to rule out conditions like rickets, scurvy, osteopenia of prematurity, and immobilization-related bone loss before accusing parents of abuse. Failure to consider other causes can lead to misdiagnosis of abuse when fractures actually have metabolic origins.
Inquiry Into Pediatric Forensic Pathology In Ontario Goudge Inquiry
This document provides an executive summary of the report from the Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario. The summary discusses how the sudden, unexpected death of a child is devastating and takes on further tragedy if criminal acts are suspected. It also outlines the impact on parents, surviving children, extended families, communities, and the criminal justice system. The summary emphasizes the importance of the forensic pathologist in determining whether a child's death was caused by criminal acts and, if so, identifying the perpetrator. It concludes that failures in investigating these cases can have extraordinarily high consequences.
Trial Tactics And Technics
This document discusses trial tactics and techniques based on the advice of experienced litigators. It recommends gaining experience through taking on as many trials as possible in one's early career, even if they are minor cases. While advocacy skills can be learned, experience trying many cases, preferably dozens per year, is the best teacher. Different advocates have different styles as well, so one should not slavishly copy others but develop their own approach. Overall, industry, hard work, and experience are more important than innate talent for most advocates to achieve success.
Vitamin D Deficiency In Utero
1) The study examined the impact of maternal vitamin D status on fetal skeletal development through 3D ultrasound measurements in 424 pregnant women.
2) It found that suboptimal maternal vitamin D status was associated with increased femur cross-sectional area and splaying in utero, resembling signs of rickets.
3) This suggests that ensuring optimal maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy may be important for proper fetal skeletal development.
Recommended
Fracture Patterns Abuse Kemp Bmj 2008
This systematic review analyzed 32 studies comparing skeletal fracture patterns in abused and non-abused children. The review found that fractures resulting from abuse occurred throughout the skeletal system, most commonly in infants and toddlers. Multiple fractures and rib fractures had the highest probability of being caused by abuse. Certain fracture types, locations, and the developmental stage of the child can help determine the likelihood of abuse. However, more high-quality comparative research is still needed.
The Expert Witnesses
1) Recent reports in England have outlined issues with forensic science evidence and its presentation in courts, including concerns about biases towards prosecution experts.
2) There is a large funding gap between the prosecution and publicly funded defense, undermining the principle of a fair trial.
3) English courts have been reluctant to assess the reliability and validity of novel scientific techniques, allowing potentially unreliable evidence that has contributed to past miscarriages of justice.
Vinchon M Sdh In Infants Can It Occur Spontaneously Childs Nerv Sys 2010[1]
This study examines cases of subdural hematoma (SDH) in infants that were considered to have occurred spontaneously rather than from nonaccidental trauma. The study identified 16 cases of spontaneous SDH in infants (SSDHI) from a prospective database that met criteria for lack of trauma history or suspicious findings. Most SSDHI cases involved males and had predisposing factors like macrocephaly, arachnoidomegaly, or obstetric complications. The study aims to better characterize SSDHI and identify risk factors to differentiate it from cases of traumatic SDH caused by nonaccidental injury.
The Changing Role Of The Experts
This document summarizes the changing role of expert witnesses in court. It discusses how expert witnesses are traditionally expected to say whatever can reasonably support the client's position, rather than provide objective assistance. Courts have taken a more aggressive role in screening out "junk" testimony. One reform is the "gatekeeper" role of judges to exclude dubious expertise, based on criteria like testing and peer review. However, studies show judges rarely discuss these criteria and more often exclude evidence based on relevance or witness qualifications. There is a clash between the legal system's need for settled conclusions and experts' view that some issues have no settled answer. Through screening and cross-examination, the legal process does not always succeed at exposing problematic expert testimony that could lead
Multiple Fractures From Metabolic Bone Disease
This document discusses multiple potential causes of fractures in infants that can be mistakenly attributed to child abuse, including metabolic bone diseases, prematurity, and nutritional deficiencies. It notes that fractures from metabolic causes often involve no pain, no soft tissue damage, and no dislocations, unlike traumatic fractures. It emphasizes the need for differential diagnosis to rule out conditions like rickets, scurvy, osteopenia of prematurity, and immobilization-related bone loss before accusing parents of abuse. Failure to consider other causes can lead to misdiagnosis of abuse when fractures actually have metabolic origins.
Inquiry Into Pediatric Forensic Pathology In Ontario Goudge Inquiry
This document provides an executive summary of the report from the Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario. The summary discusses how the sudden, unexpected death of a child is devastating and takes on further tragedy if criminal acts are suspected. It also outlines the impact on parents, surviving children, extended families, communities, and the criminal justice system. The summary emphasizes the importance of the forensic pathologist in determining whether a child's death was caused by criminal acts and, if so, identifying the perpetrator. It concludes that failures in investigating these cases can have extraordinarily high consequences.
Trial Tactics And Technics
This document discusses trial tactics and techniques based on the advice of experienced litigators. It recommends gaining experience through taking on as many trials as possible in one's early career, even if they are minor cases. While advocacy skills can be learned, experience trying many cases, preferably dozens per year, is the best teacher. Different advocates have different styles as well, so one should not slavishly copy others but develop their own approach. Overall, industry, hard work, and experience are more important than innate talent for most advocates to achieve success.
Vitamin D Deficiency In Utero
1) The study examined the impact of maternal vitamin D status on fetal skeletal development through 3D ultrasound measurements in 424 pregnant women.
2) It found that suboptimal maternal vitamin D status was associated with increased femur cross-sectional area and splaying in utero, resembling signs of rickets.
3) This suggests that ensuring optimal maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy may be important for proper fetal skeletal development.
Vitamin D Deficiency In Pre Birth Studies
1) Lower maternal vitamin D status was associated with greater femoral metaphyseal cross-sectional area and higher femoral splaying index in fetuses at 19 weeks and 34 weeks gestation, suggesting maternal vitamin D insufficiency can influence fetal femoral development as early as 19 weeks.
2) Over 30% of mothers had vitamin D levels considered insufficient or deficient. Lower maternal vitamin D levels were related to increased femoral splaying and larger femoral cross-sectional area in fetuses.
3) The findings suggest that improving maternal vitamin D status early in pregnancy through supplementation may help support optimal fetal bone development.
Vita D Perrine Cg Ea At Adherence To Vit D Recommendations Among Us Infants P...
This study examined adherence to vitamin D recommendations among US infants using data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II from 2005-2007. The researchers estimated the percentage of infants meeting the 2003 and 2008 vitamin D recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics at various ages from 1 to 10.5 months. They found that use of oral vitamin D supplements was low, ranging from 1% to 13% regardless of whether infants were breastfed, formula-fed, or mixed-fed. Most infants did not consume adequate amounts of vitamin D according to the 2008 recommendation, suggesting pediatricians should encourage vitamin D supplementation for breastfed and partially breastfed infants.
Vita D Supple Breatfed Infants Pediatrics 2010
This document summarizes a study examining the use of supplemental vitamin D among infants who were breastfed for prolonged periods. The study found that among infants who were predominantly breastfed for at least 6 months, the rate of receiving supplemental vitamin D was only 15.9%. Parental decisions about vitamin D supplementation were significantly associated with whether the parent agreed their pediatrician recommended it and whether they believed breast milk contains all needed nutrition. Educational efforts are needed to increase compliance with guidelines recommending all breastfed infants receive vitamin D supplementation.
Vita D Defic Mothers Newborns Merewood Pediatrics 2010
This study found high rates of vitamin D deficiency in mothers and newborns in Boston, Massachusetts. 58% of infants and 36% of mothers had vitamin D levels below 20 ng/mL. Risk factors for infant deficiency included a deficient mother, winter birth, black race, and a maternal BMI over 35. Prenatal vitamin use was protective against deficiency for both mothers and infants, however 30% of mothers still had low vitamin D levels despite taking prenatal vitamins.
Vita D Defic Insuffic Pregnancy Johnson Am J Perinatol 2010
This study found that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are common among pregnant women in the United States, especially for African American and Hispanic women. The study measured vitamin D levels in 154 African American, 194 Hispanic, and 146 Caucasian pregnant women early in their pregnancies. It found that 97% of African American women, 81% of Hispanic women, and 67% of Caucasian women had insufficient or deficient vitamin D levels. African American women were the most likely to have deficiency, while Caucasian women were the most likely to have sufficient levels. Race was identified as the most important risk factor for deficiency or insufficiency.
The Next Innocence Project Law Reivew On Sbs
The article discusses shaken baby syndrome (SBS) convictions and new scientific research casting doubt on the forensic significance of the diagnostic triad used to convict hundreds of caregivers. It presents the case of Audrey Edmunds, who was convicted of murder and sentenced to 18 years in prison based solely on expert testimony that an infant suffered from SBS, despite no evidence the caregiver shook the baby. New research has undermined the triad as proof of shaking and removed shaking from the syndrome. However, the criminal justice system has been slow to incorporate this, and triad-based convictions continue regularly. The author argues this constitutes a criminal justice crisis requiring resolution.
Strengthening Forensic Science A Way Station On The Way To Justice
1) The document discusses the need to strengthen forensic science through ongoing validation research to determine which practices are scientifically valid and the limits of their validity.
2) It proposes a series of "validation investigations" be conducted by a respected body like the National Academy of Sciences to determine if certain forensic techniques and theories have already been scientifically validated or not.
3) The validation investigations would examine all prior studies to determine if a technique has been validated, has not been validated, or has been found invalid. This would provide clarity on forensic practices and could reveal issues requiring re-examination of past convictions.
Shaken Baby Law Review Ssrn Id1494672
The document discusses the scientific and legal history of shaken baby syndrome. It describes the medical theory behind shaken baby syndrome - that violently shaking an infant can cause subdural hematomas and retinal hemorrhages leading to death. It notes the debate between experts who support the theory and those who are critical of it. The author argues that this is a genuine battle between qualified experts on both sides, and that expert testimony from both sides should be admitted in court under the Daubert and Kumho standards for expert testimony."
Shaken Baby Is A Myth Forensic Science
This document discusses shaken baby syndrome (SBS) cases and challenges the prevailing assumptions around SBS. It summarizes that shaking alone cannot cause the injuries typically associated with SBS, and that many other causes could result in retinal hemorrhages and subdural hematomas. It provides tips for challenging SBS claims using Daubert motions and expert witnesses in biomechanics, radiology, neurology and pathology that can argue alternative causes. Contact information is given for several medical experts who may be willing to review cases or testify that the injuries were not necessarily caused by shaking.
Shaken Baby Case Mcneill
This case involves a negligence claim brought by L.C. and L.S. against the Ministry of Children and Families regarding their investigation into injuries sustained by L.C.'s infant son, D.C. D.C. was found to have a serious skull fracture and was initially removed from L.C.'s care. The Ministry conducted an investigation but L.C. maintained her innocence. The key issues are whether the Ministry owed a duty of care to L.C. and L.S., whether the Ministry breached the standard of care in its investigation, and whether any breach caused damages.
Rickets Abuse Kathy Keller
This document summarizes the growing issue of vitamin D deficiency (DD) in infants and children. It discusses how DD rates have risen significantly in recent decades across diverse populations. Multiple factors are contributing to the problem, including decreased food fortification of vitamin D, more sun avoidance behaviors, increased obesity rates, and longer breastfeeding durations without adequate supplementation. The document outlines how DD can manifest radiographically as softening of the skull and indistinct facial bones in young infants, as well as subtle metaphyseal changes in the long bones that could be mistaken for abuse-related fractures without consideration of the underlying DD.
Rickets Canada Surveillance Cmaj 2007
The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program is a national surveillance system that identifies cases of rare diseases in children through the participation of over 2300 pediatricians. A recent study using this program identified over 100 cases of vitamin D deficiency rickets in Canadian children. National surveillance systems are important for collecting epidemiological data on uncommon conditions to answer research questions and guide public health policy. The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program provides valuable data and stimulates collaborative research that can improve children's health.
Reemerging Nutritional Rickets
Nutritional rickets, once thought to be conquered, has reemerged as a public health issue in the United States. Recent case reports have highlighted dark-skinned breastfed infants, especially those in northern latitudes without vitamin D supplementation, as being most vulnerable. This article reviews a seminal 1917 study by Alfred Hess on using cod liver oil to prevent rickets in a black community in New York. The study found that cod liver oil effectively prevented and treated rickets in African American infants. Hess's success led to the development of the first rickets clinic and was an important step in overcoming the early 20th century rickets epidemic through vitamin D supplementation.
Rahman Shaken Baby Case
This document summarizes a court case from the Supreme Court of British Columbia regarding two parents, Muhammad and Muzzammil Rahman, appealing a lower court's decision granting continuing custody of their four children to the Director of Child, Family and Community Service. The case involves the death of the parents' two-year-old niece while in their care. While the mother was initially charged and acquitted of manslaughter, the Director has had custody of the Rahmans' four children since 2005. The Rahmans are appealing to have custody of their four children returned to them.
Mscr 2 Newer Clinical Signs Of Early Rickets
This document summarizes a 1924 medical article on newer clinical signs of early rickets. It discusses:
1) Craniotabes, or softening of the cranial bones, was found in 60% of infants examined in the first 4 months, most commonly on the occiput and parietals. Associated findings included palpable parietal bosses and flattened areas on the back or sides of the head.
2) Common abnormal chest shapes in the first 4 months were square, triangular, and oval, rather than the normal circular shape. Specific characteristics of each shape are described.
3) Costomalacia, or softening of the cartilage portion of ribs near the sternum, was a
Molly Gena Law Review On Sbs
This document summarizes the issues surrounding shaken baby syndrome convictions. It introduces the medical symptoms associated with SBS (brain hemorrhaging, retinal hemorrhaging, brain swelling), and discusses how SBS convictions are often based solely on medical testimony of these symptoms. It also discusses how the science around SBS is changing, with some experts arguing there can be other causes of the symptoms besides shaking. The document examines the role of medical experts in SBS trials and how their standards of "reasonable medical certainty" may not be compatible with legal standards of "beyond a reasonable doubt." It concludes innocent people may be convicted of crimes related to SBS due to uncertainties in the medical understanding and problems with medical expert testimony.
Metabolic Bone Disorders 2011
The document is a program for the 2nd National Conference on Metabolic Bone Disorders taking place on February 15-16, 2011 in London. The conference will bring together experts in fields related to metabolic bone disorders to discuss causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management of conditions like osteoporosis, fractures, and other disorders. Over the two days, there will be keynote speeches and sessions on topics such as pathogenesis of osteoporosis, use of biomarkers, identification and treatment of fractures, management of primary and secondary osteoporosis, and other disorders including Paget's disease and osteomalacia.
More Related Content
More from alisonegypt
Vitamin D Deficiency In Pre Birth Studies
1) Lower maternal vitamin D status was associated with greater femoral metaphyseal cross-sectional area and higher femoral splaying index in fetuses at 19 weeks and 34 weeks gestation, suggesting maternal vitamin D insufficiency can influence fetal femoral development as early as 19 weeks.
2) Over 30% of mothers had vitamin D levels considered insufficient or deficient. Lower maternal vitamin D levels were related to increased femoral splaying and larger femoral cross-sectional area in fetuses.
3) The findings suggest that improving maternal vitamin D status early in pregnancy through supplementation may help support optimal fetal bone development.
Vita D Perrine Cg Ea At Adherence To Vit D Recommendations Among Us Infants P...
This study examined adherence to vitamin D recommendations among US infants using data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II from 2005-2007. The researchers estimated the percentage of infants meeting the 2003 and 2008 vitamin D recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics at various ages from 1 to 10.5 months. They found that use of oral vitamin D supplements was low, ranging from 1% to 13% regardless of whether infants were breastfed, formula-fed, or mixed-fed. Most infants did not consume adequate amounts of vitamin D according to the 2008 recommendation, suggesting pediatricians should encourage vitamin D supplementation for breastfed and partially breastfed infants.
Vita D Supple Breatfed Infants Pediatrics 2010
This document summarizes a study examining the use of supplemental vitamin D among infants who were breastfed for prolonged periods. The study found that among infants who were predominantly breastfed for at least 6 months, the rate of receiving supplemental vitamin D was only 15.9%. Parental decisions about vitamin D supplementation were significantly associated with whether the parent agreed their pediatrician recommended it and whether they believed breast milk contains all needed nutrition. Educational efforts are needed to increase compliance with guidelines recommending all breastfed infants receive vitamin D supplementation.
Vita D Defic Mothers Newborns Merewood Pediatrics 2010
This study found high rates of vitamin D deficiency in mothers and newborns in Boston, Massachusetts. 58% of infants and 36% of mothers had vitamin D levels below 20 ng/mL. Risk factors for infant deficiency included a deficient mother, winter birth, black race, and a maternal BMI over 35. Prenatal vitamin use was protective against deficiency for both mothers and infants, however 30% of mothers still had low vitamin D levels despite taking prenatal vitamins.
Vita D Defic Insuffic Pregnancy Johnson Am J Perinatol 2010
This study found that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are common among pregnant women in the United States, especially for African American and Hispanic women. The study measured vitamin D levels in 154 African American, 194 Hispanic, and 146 Caucasian pregnant women early in their pregnancies. It found that 97% of African American women, 81% of Hispanic women, and 67% of Caucasian women had insufficient or deficient vitamin D levels. African American women were the most likely to have deficiency, while Caucasian women were the most likely to have sufficient levels. Race was identified as the most important risk factor for deficiency or insufficiency.
The Next Innocence Project Law Reivew On Sbs
The article discusses shaken baby syndrome (SBS) convictions and new scientific research casting doubt on the forensic significance of the diagnostic triad used to convict hundreds of caregivers. It presents the case of Audrey Edmunds, who was convicted of murder and sentenced to 18 years in prison based solely on expert testimony that an infant suffered from SBS, despite no evidence the caregiver shook the baby. New research has undermined the triad as proof of shaking and removed shaking from the syndrome. However, the criminal justice system has been slow to incorporate this, and triad-based convictions continue regularly. The author argues this constitutes a criminal justice crisis requiring resolution.
Strengthening Forensic Science A Way Station On The Way To Justice
1) The document discusses the need to strengthen forensic science through ongoing validation research to determine which practices are scientifically valid and the limits of their validity.
2) It proposes a series of "validation investigations" be conducted by a respected body like the National Academy of Sciences to determine if certain forensic techniques and theories have already been scientifically validated or not.
3) The validation investigations would examine all prior studies to determine if a technique has been validated, has not been validated, or has been found invalid. This would provide clarity on forensic practices and could reveal issues requiring re-examination of past convictions.
Shaken Baby Law Review Ssrn Id1494672
The document discusses the scientific and legal history of shaken baby syndrome. It describes the medical theory behind shaken baby syndrome - that violently shaking an infant can cause subdural hematomas and retinal hemorrhages leading to death. It notes the debate between experts who support the theory and those who are critical of it. The author argues that this is a genuine battle between qualified experts on both sides, and that expert testimony from both sides should be admitted in court under the Daubert and Kumho standards for expert testimony."
Shaken Baby Is A Myth Forensic Science
This document discusses shaken baby syndrome (SBS) cases and challenges the prevailing assumptions around SBS. It summarizes that shaking alone cannot cause the injuries typically associated with SBS, and that many other causes could result in retinal hemorrhages and subdural hematomas. It provides tips for challenging SBS claims using Daubert motions and expert witnesses in biomechanics, radiology, neurology and pathology that can argue alternative causes. Contact information is given for several medical experts who may be willing to review cases or testify that the injuries were not necessarily caused by shaking.
Shaken Baby Case Mcneill
This case involves a negligence claim brought by L.C. and L.S. against the Ministry of Children and Families regarding their investigation into injuries sustained by L.C.'s infant son, D.C. D.C. was found to have a serious skull fracture and was initially removed from L.C.'s care. The Ministry conducted an investigation but L.C. maintained her innocence. The key issues are whether the Ministry owed a duty of care to L.C. and L.S., whether the Ministry breached the standard of care in its investigation, and whether any breach caused damages.
Rickets Abuse Kathy Keller
This document summarizes the growing issue of vitamin D deficiency (DD) in infants and children. It discusses how DD rates have risen significantly in recent decades across diverse populations. Multiple factors are contributing to the problem, including decreased food fortification of vitamin D, more sun avoidance behaviors, increased obesity rates, and longer breastfeeding durations without adequate supplementation. The document outlines how DD can manifest radiographically as softening of the skull and indistinct facial bones in young infants, as well as subtle metaphyseal changes in the long bones that could be mistaken for abuse-related fractures without consideration of the underlying DD.
Rickets Canada Surveillance Cmaj 2007
The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program is a national surveillance system that identifies cases of rare diseases in children through the participation of over 2300 pediatricians. A recent study using this program identified over 100 cases of vitamin D deficiency rickets in Canadian children. National surveillance systems are important for collecting epidemiological data on uncommon conditions to answer research questions and guide public health policy. The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program provides valuable data and stimulates collaborative research that can improve children's health.
Reemerging Nutritional Rickets
Nutritional rickets, once thought to be conquered, has reemerged as a public health issue in the United States. Recent case reports have highlighted dark-skinned breastfed infants, especially those in northern latitudes without vitamin D supplementation, as being most vulnerable. This article reviews a seminal 1917 study by Alfred Hess on using cod liver oil to prevent rickets in a black community in New York. The study found that cod liver oil effectively prevented and treated rickets in African American infants. Hess's success led to the development of the first rickets clinic and was an important step in overcoming the early 20th century rickets epidemic through vitamin D supplementation.
Rahman Shaken Baby Case
This document summarizes a court case from the Supreme Court of British Columbia regarding two parents, Muhammad and Muzzammil Rahman, appealing a lower court's decision granting continuing custody of their four children to the Director of Child, Family and Community Service. The case involves the death of the parents' two-year-old niece while in their care. While the mother was initially charged and acquitted of manslaughter, the Director has had custody of the Rahmans' four children since 2005. The Rahmans are appealing to have custody of their four children returned to them.
Mscr 2 Newer Clinical Signs Of Early Rickets
This document summarizes a 1924 medical article on newer clinical signs of early rickets. It discusses:
1) Craniotabes, or softening of the cranial bones, was found in 60% of infants examined in the first 4 months, most commonly on the occiput and parietals. Associated findings included palpable parietal bosses and flattened areas on the back or sides of the head.
2) Common abnormal chest shapes in the first 4 months were square, triangular, and oval, rather than the normal circular shape. Specific characteristics of each shape are described.
3) Costomalacia, or softening of the cartilage portion of ribs near the sternum, was a
Molly Gena Law Review On Sbs
This document summarizes the issues surrounding shaken baby syndrome convictions. It introduces the medical symptoms associated with SBS (brain hemorrhaging, retinal hemorrhaging, brain swelling), and discusses how SBS convictions are often based solely on medical testimony of these symptoms. It also discusses how the science around SBS is changing, with some experts arguing there can be other causes of the symptoms besides shaking. The document examines the role of medical experts in SBS trials and how their standards of "reasonable medical certainty" may not be compatible with legal standards of "beyond a reasonable doubt." It concludes innocent people may be convicted of crimes related to SBS due to uncertainties in the medical understanding and problems with medical expert testimony.
Metabolic Bone Disorders 2011
The document is a program for the 2nd National Conference on Metabolic Bone Disorders taking place on February 15-16, 2011 in London. The conference will bring together experts in fields related to metabolic bone disorders to discuss causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management of conditions like osteoporosis, fractures, and other disorders. Over the two days, there will be keynote speeches and sessions on topics such as pathogenesis of osteoporosis, use of biomarkers, identification and treatment of fractures, management of primary and secondary osteoporosis, and other disorders including Paget's disease and osteomalacia.
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Vita D Defic Insuffic Pregnancy Johnson Am J Perinatol 2010
Vita D Defic Insuffic Pregnancy Johnson Am J Perinatol 2010
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Unexplained Subural Hematoma In Children Is It Always Abuse
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Retinal Bleeding Caused By Accidental Household Trauma
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