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This document discusses molecules and the different types of bonds that hold atoms together to form compounds. It describes ionic bonds, which form when one atom transfers electrons to another, and covalent bonds, which form when atoms share electrons. The document also discusses molecular spectra arising from rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules, and how infrared spectroscopy can analyze molecular vibrations. Potential energy graphs illustrate the attractive and repulsive forces between atoms at different distances that determine molecular structure.
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This document provides an overview of basic nuclear physics concepts. It discusses the structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It defines terms like atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. It explains concepts such as binding energy, radioactive decay modes (alpha, beta, gamma), activity, and half-life. Radioactive decay is described as the process by which unstable atoms emit particles or radiation to become more stable. Common decay types and their products are outlined.
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The document discusses the elementary particles that make up the universe. It explains that all matter is composed of atoms, which themselves are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are composed of quarks. The elementary particles are divided into three families with similar properties. Tables are provided that summarize the key properties of each particle such as mass, electric charge, strong charge, and weak charge. There are four fundamental forces that act on these particles: gravitation, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force.
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Este documento ofrece instrucciones para dibujar letras a mano, incluyendo una lista de materiales necesarios como lápiz, rotulador y papel. Recomienda llenar todas las letras, números y signos de puntuación, y menciona algunos tipos de letra como Bodoni, Futura y Garamond. Además, da consejos sobre el contraste, tamaños ópticos, líneas verticales y conectar letras para ir más rápido al dibujar.
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CT scans use X-rays and computers to create detailed images of the inside of the body. CT scanning was independently developed in the 1970s by Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack. A CT scan works by using an X-ray device and detector that rotate around the body, detecting differences in radiation absorption as they pass through tissues. The data is then used to construct a series of cross-sectional images of the bones, muscles, fat, and organs inside the body. CT scans allow doctors to see internal structures in great detail and find diseases that may not be visible on regular X-rays.
Zeeman Effect
The Zeeman effect is the splitting of a spectral line into multiple spectral lines when in the presence of a magnetic field. It was first observed in 1896 by Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman when he placed a sodium flame between magnetic poles and observed the broadening of spectral lines. Zeeman's discovery earned him the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics. The pattern and amount of splitting provides information about the strength and presence of the magnetic field.