polysaccharide based hydrogels in tissue engineering and biomedical application

1. Biomimicry of microbial polysaccharide
hydrogels for tissue engineering and
regenerative medicine
By – Mashuk Khan

2. Introduction
 Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked networks of
hydrophilic polymers that can hold a lot of water without being
solvated. Hydrogel-based scaffolds are suitable 3D matrices in
which cells can be grown to build tissues in vitro because of the
aquatic environment (Liu et al., 2010).
 TERM entails the repair, replacement, or regeneration of injured
and difficult-to-heal tissues (Gomes, Rodrigues, Domingues, &
Reis, 2017; Liu et al., 2017). Tissue repair is currently accomplished
mostly through the transplantation of tissues obtained from a healthy
donor (allograft) or from the patient's own body (an autograft).

3. Gellan gum, Xanthan gum and dextran for
biomedical application -
Polysaccharide Microbe Structure Application
Gellan gum Sphingimonas eleda Composed of a tetrasaccharide
repeating unit, consisting of
two residues of d-glucose, one
residue of l-rhamnose and one
residue of d-glucuronic acid.
Gelling agent Thickener
Emulsifier Stabilizer
Xanthan gum Xanthomonas campestris Composed of a
pentasaccharide repeating
consisting of D-glucose, D-
mannose and D-glucuronic
the molar ratio of 2:2:1
Food additive Binder Thickener
Stabilizer
Dextran Leuconostoc mesenteroides
Streptococcus mutans
Consist of α-1,6 glycosidic
linkages between D-glucose
monomers, with branches from
α-1,3 linkages
Antithrombotic Volume
expander Lubricant

4. Biofunctionalization of microbial polysaccharide
hydrogels using inorganic materials
 Physical mixes of two or more materials are known as composite
hydrogel materials or hydrogel blends (Bae & Kim, 1993; Jones and
Division, 2009). Gelation can only occur if at least one of the
components can form a continuous network. Individual constituents
should not be covalently crosslinked with one another if there are
two or more polymers capable of creating networks (copolymer
systems).
In some instances, incorporation of particle, polymer or
nanomaterial reinforcements permits the fabrication of cell-adhesive
hydrogel matrices, which may also be characterized by high
mechanical performance and/or other biocompatible functionality
(Anjum et al., 2016; Crosby & Lee, 2007; Y. Guo et al., 2016) .

5. Schematic Representation of the material blending of
microbial polysaccharide with bioactive particles

6. Classification
Direct Incorporation of Inorganic materials
Enzymatic Incorporation of inorganic materials
Nano-inorganic materials
Synthetic inorganic materials

7. Improvement of mechanical properties -
Physiologically, the ECM's mechanical
characteristics influence several cellular functions,
including migration, development, differentiation,
and even cell survival. The cell mechanosensing
process can be tweaked by changing the mechanical
properties of the hydrogel scaffold, resulting in a
more favourable milieu for cell development. (Schwartz,
Schaller, & Ginsberg, 1995)

8. Improvement of other biological properties -
When nanoparticles were integrated into the meshwork of
xanthan gum hydrogels, they were given serendipitous
qualities.
Gold nanoparticles at the optimal concentration were non-
toxic and biocompatible with human cells.

9. Biofunctionalization of microbial polysaccharide
hydrogels using organic materials -
Nature has an incredible storehouse of organic
compounds that have yet to be discovered for their
potential in biomedical applications. Traditional
bioactive compounds have been generated from
nature-derived organic products since the dawn of
humanity.

10. Classification
Nature-derived organic materials
Polymeric organic materials
Cell-adhesive materials
Nano-organic materials
Synthetic electroactive organic material

11. Conclusion and future perspective
 Natural hydrogels and their derivatives have quickly established
themselves as mainstays in TERM due to their intrinsic
biocompatibility and implantation safety. As our understanding of
the chemistry and manipulation of the material develops, microbial
polysaccharides, which have been widely used in the food and
pharmaceutical excipient industries, offer significant promise in the
biomedical field.

12. References
 (Bae & Kim, 1993; Jones and Division, 2009)
 (Liu et al., 2010),
 (Gomes, Rodrigues, Domingues, & Reis, 2017; Liu et al., 2017
 (Anjum et al., 2016; Crosby & Lee, 2007;
 Y. Guo et al., 2016)
 (Schwartz, Schaller, & Ginsberg, 1995)