Malachra capitata (Brazil Jute) is a tropical American herb or undershrub with yellow flowers. It reproduces through both self-pollination and cross-pollination. Various insects including bees, ants, and butterflies pollinate its funnel-shaped flowers and transfer both pollen and nectar. Studies found that the plant is self-compatible and capable of self-pollination and cross-pollination. Fruit set was highest with cross-pollination from other plants. Seed dispersal methods include wind, water, animals, explosion, and fire, allowing seeds to spread to new locations away from the parent plant.

1. POLLINATION AND SEED DISPERSAL OF
Malachra capitata
Name - Anusua Parbat
Roll -096
Semester- III
Paper code-
BOTGCOR03P
Name - Sudip Soin
Roll - 111
Semester- III
Paper code -
BOTGCOR03P
Brahmanada keshab chandra college

2. INDEX
Title Page no.
1. Introduction 1
2. Description 3
3. Seed dispersal 6
4. Types of seed dispersal 7
5. Conclusion 8
6. Acknowledgement 8
7. References 8

3. Self pollination is the transfer of pollen
grains from the anther to the stigma of the same
flower or other flower in the same plant.
Example: Mirabilis sp. ,Oxalis sp. , Oryza sp.
1. INTRODUCTION :
■ POLLINATION ■
● Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from
the male antherof a flower to the female stigma.
● The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to
create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways
that plants can produce offspringis by makingseeds.
● There are two main types of pollination---
(i) Self pollination :
(ii) Cross pollination :
Cross-pollination is the process of applying
pollen from one flower to the pistils of another
flower.
Example: Mangifera sp. , Carica papaya , Bignonia
sp.
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4. ■ AGENTS OF POLLINATION ■
Pollination is effective by many agents like Wind, water,
insects etc.On the basic of the agents that
bringPollination is as follow:
1. Anemophily (Wind)
2. Hydrophily (Water)
3. Entomophily (Insects)
4. Ornithophily (Birds)
5. Chiropterophily (Bats)
6. Molacophily (snails)
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Entomophily
Ornithophily

5. • Common Name- Brazil Jute
• Native – Tropical American ,cultivated and
naturalinaturalized elsewhere.
• Malachra species are annual, perennial herbs or
undershrubs.
• Inflorescences 0.5-1.5 cm long, stout bearing 3-7
heads; each head with 2-5 flowers encircled by 3 or 4
leafy bracts.
• Leaves alternate, orbicular or ovate, stellate and
simple hairs on both surfaces.
• Corolla brightyellow.
• Ovary glabrous .
• Fruit schizocarp, pear shaped, 5-6 mmacross
• seeds trigonous, hairy, brownish black when mature.
• Fowlering and fruiting in Apr-Dec.
2. DESCRIPTION :
■ The Objective Of This project is to Study The Pollination in Malachra capitata (L.) L. :
● Flower Morphology:
• The flowers are pedicellate,medium-sized,bisexual.
• The epicalyx segments are three.
• The calyx lobes are five, short, 5–8 mm long, and slenderly pointed apically.
• The corolla has five, free, yellow petals in imbricate aestivation, 10–15 mm long.
• The stamens are numerous, yellow, monoadelphous;
• The filaments are united to form a short staminal tube but the filaments arise from all levels ofthe tube.
• The anthers are yellow, reniform and monothecous.
• The entire staminal column bends to one side of the flower.
• The ovary is superior with five united carpels (syncarpous); each carpel consists of a single ovule on axile placentation.
• The style passes through the staminal tube to a position above the stamens and branches at the top into exactly the same number
as the locules, and each branch is terminated with a wet, capitate stigma.
Systematic Position
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6. ● Pollination and Pollinators in Malachra capitata:
• The funnel-shaped flowers with a short, basal, corolla tube
expose to foragers the entire length of the staminal column
and stylar branches.
• They were foraged consistently from 0700–1800 h.
• The foragers included bees of family Apidae: Apis
dorsata, A. cerana, A. florea, Trigona iridipennis,Xylocopa
latipes, and X. pubescens.
• Ants of family Formicidae: Camponotus sp.
• Butterflies : Pachliopta aristolochiae(Papilionidae), Euploea
core (Nymphalidae) and Borbo cinnara [see Table 1]
• Of these, the honey bees (Apis and Trigona) collected
both pollen and nectar while other bees, the ant and
butterflies collected only nectar.
Table 1: List of insects foragers on
Malachra capitata P:Pollen, N:Nectar
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Captured by Sudip Soin

7. ● Breeding Systems: The results of breeding system
studies indicate that the flowers are self-compatible and
capable of both self- and cross-pollination. Fruit set is 4% in
autogamy (unmanipulated), 24% in autogamy
(manipulated), 38% in geitonogamy but 82% in xenogamy,
and 21.2% in open-pollinations(Table 1). Seeds are
produced by all modes of pollination. Bud and flower
abortion was absent.
Table 2:
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Captured by Sudip Soin
Captured by Sudip Soin

8. SEEDDISPERSAL
Plants make seeds that can grow into
new plants, but if the seeds just fall to the ground
under the parent plant, they might not get enough
sun, water or nutrients from the soil. Because plants
cannot walk around and take their seeds to other
places, they have developed other methods to
disperse (move) their seeds. The most common
methods are wind, water, animals, explosion and
fire.
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Captured by Sudip Soin

9. 7

10. Conclusion
Virtually all of the world’s seed plants need to be pollinated. This is just as true for
cone-bearing plants, such as pine trees, as for the more colorful and familiar flowering
plants. Pollen, looking like insignificant yellow dust, bears a plant’s male sex cells and is
a vital link in the reproductive cycle.
I express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Biswarupa Ghosh, our botany proffessor who
rendered invaluable suggestions and guidence, active support at every step of the
project I carried out.I am also thankfullto my partner who helped me at every step.
Acknowledgement
Reference
• MAJOR ARTICLE 131 TAPROBANICA VOL. 05: NO. 02 MIXED BREEDING SYSTEM AND ENTOMOPHILY
IN Malachra capitata L. (MALVACEAE) Sectional Editor: James L. Reveal Submitted: 19 August 2013, Accepted: 18 November
2013 P. Suvarna Raju1,2 and A. J. Solomon Raju1 1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
530 003, India E-mail: ajsraju@yahoo.com2
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259451711_Mixed_breeding_system_and_entomophily_in_Malachra_capitata_L_M
alvaceae
• http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Brazil%20Jute.html
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