This document provides an introduction to a book about police patrol operations and communications systems. It emphasizes the crucial role of patrol operations in policing, describing patrol as the backbone and most important component of any police organization. The introduction highlights the crime prevention role of patrol officers through their physical presence and visibility in the community. It also discusses the objectives of the book, which are to provide knowledge on police patrol, especially in the Philippine context, and benefit criminology students, patrol officers, and others interested in police operations and patrol work.

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Police Patrol Operations with Police Communications Systems
First Edition
Philippine Copyright, 2013
By: ChapterHouse Publishing Incorporated
All Rights Reserved.
The text of this book or any part hereof, may not be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including copying, recording, storage in any informational retrieval
system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher.
Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, or dissemination of any
portion of this book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.
Published and Distributed by:
ChapterHouse Publishing Incorporated
Novaliches, Quezon City
Edited by:
The English Factor
www.englishfactor.com
“Providing international-quality editorial services at reasonable costs.”
ISBN: 978-971-95775-3-9

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION V
ACKNOWLEDGMENT VII
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2
HISTORY OF POLICE PATROL
3
Early Police 3
English Police 4
Peel’s Nine Principles 6
American Police 7
Philippine Police 8
The Manila Police District
10
Discussion Questions 13
CHAPTER 3
PATROL IN POLICE OPERATIONS
15
Theory of Preventive Patrol 16
Patrol as the Backbone in Police Service
17
Basic Types of Patrol 17
Patrol-Related Programs of the PNP
18
Discussion Questions 19

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CHAPTER 4
PATROL FUNCTIONS 21
Preventive Enforcement 23
Selective Enforcement 23
Traffic Enforcement
23
Calls for Service 24
Emergency Calls for Service 24
Routine Calls for Service 25
Calls for General Information 25
Assisting Other Agencies 26
Control of Public Gatherings 26
Preservation of Evidence 26
Inspectional Service 27
Conduct Initial Investigation 27
Criminal Apprehension 28
Court Testimony 28
Writing Reports 28
Self Initiated Field Activity 29
Occupational Information on Police Patrol Officers
30
Discussion Questions 33
CHAPTER 5
PATROL METHODS 35
35
Foot Patrol
Advantages of Foot Patrol 37
Disadvantages of Foot Patrol 38
Key Initiatives to Make Foot Patrol Succeed
38
Strategic Planning for Foot Patrols
39
Foot Patrol Tactics 40
Motorized Patrol 40
Automobile or Mobile patrol 41
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile Patrol
41
One-Man Versus Two-Man Automobile Patrol
42
Conduct of Mobile Crew in Patrol Driving
43
Mobile Patrol Tactics 43
Helicopter/Air Patrol 44
Advantages and Disadvantages of Helicopter Patrol
44

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Bicycle Patrol 46
Advantages of Bike Patrol 47
Disadvantages of Bike Patrol 47
Specialized Patrol 48
Canine/Dog Patrol 48
Horse Patrol 49
Boat/Maritime Patrol 49
Team Policing 50
Television/CCTV Patrol 51
Detective Beat Patrol 52
Discussion Questions 53
CHAPTER 6
PATROL TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
55
Proactive Patrol System 56
Orientation and Response Time to Calls
57
Visibility Patrol Strategies 57
Anatomy of a Crime 59
Patterns of Patrol 59
Patrol Observation 59
General Vehicle Patrol Techniques 60
Stopping Vehicles and Interrogating Drivers
62
Factors to be Considered When Designing Patrol Beats
63
Police Patrol and Observation 64
Categories of Police Hazards 65
Discussion Questions 67
CHAPTER 7
PATROL PLANNING AND DEPLOYMENT 69
Patrol Planning 69
Importance of a Patrol Plan 70
Objectives of Patrol Planning 70
Pre-requisite in the Conduct of Planning
71
Key Components of a Complete Plan
71
Types of Patrol Plans 72
Territorial Units in Patrol 74

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High-Risk Areas for Patrol 75
Patrol Personnel Management 75
Patrol Force Deployment 76
Objectives of Patrol Deployment 77
Factors to Consider in Patrol Force Deployment
78
Patrol Shift Scheduling 79
Shift Types 79
Shift Rotation 80
Preparations for Patrol Operation 82
Discussion Questions 85
CHAPTER 8
COMMUNITY POLICING 87
The Community-Oriented Policing System (COPS) Program
88
COPS as Management Philosophy 88
The Barangay Peacekeeping Operations (BPO) Program
90
Discussion Questions 91
CHAPTER 9
POLICE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
93
Communication 93
Elements of Communication 94
Communication Channels 95
Tactical Operations Center 95
Direction of Flow of Communication
96
Essentials of a Police Communication System
97
Barriers to Communication 98
Feedback 98
Types of Feedback 99
Police Telecommunications 99
Radio Communications 100
Frequency Bands 101
General Types of Radio Waves
101
Components of a Classic Radio Communication System
102
New Technology 103
Fax Technology 103
Satellite Technology 103

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Scanning Technology 104
Video Technology 105
Telephone Communications 105
Cellular Telephones 106
Use of Phonetic Alphabet 106
Official APCO Ten-Code Signals
107
Discussion Questions 111
CHAPTER 10
PNP PROCEDURES ON PATROL OPERATIONS
113
GENERAL PROCEDURES 113
Rule 1. POLICE BLOTTER 114
Rule 2. POLICE UNIFORM 114
Rule 3. POLICE NOTEBOOK AND PEN
114
Rule 4. INTER-UNIT COORDINATION
114
Rule 5. BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF
POLICE INTERVENTION OPERATIONS 115
Rule 6. WARNING BY USE OF MEGAPHONES
115
Rule 7. WARNING SHOTS 115
Rule 8. USE OF FORCE 116
Rule 9. MOVING VEHICLES 117
Rule 10. THINGS TO BE DONE AFTER AN
ARMED CONFRONTATION 117
Rule 11. INVESTIGATION BY THE TERRITORIAL
UNIT CONCERNED 118
BASIC PROCEDURES 118
Rule 12. PATROL PROCEDURES 118
Rule 13. SPOT CHECKS /ACCOSTING AND
PAT-DOWN SEARCHES 123
Rule 14. ARREST 126
Rule 17. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES
132
Rule 18. CRIME SCENE RESPONSE PROCEDURES
136
Rule 20. DEMOLITIONS, INJUNCTIONS AND
OTHER SIMILAR ORDERS 138
Rule 22. POLICE ASSISTANCE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF FINAL DECISIONS OR ORDERS OR RESOLUTIONS
OF THE COMELEC OR DILG OR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

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UNIT EXERCISING DISCIPLINARY POWERS IN
ADMINISTRATIVE CASES OF ELECTED OFFICIALS
139
SPECIAL PROCEDURES 141
Rule 23. RALLIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS
141
Rule 24. CIVIL DISTURBANCE MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS
149
Rule 25. CHECKPOINTS 151
Rule 26. HOSTAGE SITUATION/BARRICADED SITUATIONS
161
Rule 29. BOMB, BOMB THREAT AND BOMB INCIDENT
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES 162
REFERENCES 167
IMAGE CREDITS 169

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Introduction
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Police authorities throughout the world consider patrol as
the most important component in any police organization. This is
because patrol officers have direct contact with the public and project
the authority and visibility of police service in the community. In fact,
patrol is considered the “backbone of policing, the central aspect of
police operations, and the center of police activity” (Walker & Katz,
2002). To a great extent, the physical presence of a patrol force can
discourage an individual’s desire to commit a crime or violation.
The significance of patrol in police work was underscored
by an influential leader and author, O.W. Wilson, who was Dean
Emeritus of the School of Criminology at the University of California
at Berkeley and a former police chief in Wichita, Kansas and Chicago,
Illinois. In his book Police Administration, he stated that:
“Patrol is an indispensable service that plays a leading
role in the accomplishment of the police purpose. It
is the only form of police service that directly attempts
to eliminate opportunity for misconduct. It also checks
the development of desire for misconduct by destroying
wholesome influences, by actively creating wholesome ones,
and by probably influencing individual and group attitudes
in its routine daily association with the public… Constant
availability is important because time is of the essence
in most police work. In addition to performing duties
relating to incidents of misconducts, the complete coverage
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Police Patrol Operations with Police Communications Systems
provided by patrol makes it available for other services.
The Patrolman searches for and returns lost persons and
property and informs and assists citizens. He serves as
the eyes and ears of the police department by gathering
information useful to the administration, to the special
branches of police service and other city departments.”
(Wilson, 1963)
The patrol force is considered to be the backbone or nucleus
of the police service since it is responsible for the performance
of practically all primary police tasks.
Patrol officers can be
considered the most valuable people in the police department because
all activities radiate from them. A police department’s ability to carry
out its functions depends greatly on the patrol officer’s 24/7 watchful
vigilance. Hence, the patrol force is responsible for accomplishing the
total police job.
Retired Police Major Isaias Alma Jose of the Manila Police
District (MPD) constantly reminded his patrol officers that visibility
and omnipresence is their psychological tool to make their presence
felt, so as to give a feeling of security to the law abiding citizen and
a feeling of fear to the would-be criminal. He was a highly respected
police officer and my mentor as a student of criminology. He instilled in
me the importance of performing patrol work -- which the objective is
to prevent the commission of the crime by destroying the opportunity
through constant and alert patrolling. He likewise inspired me to instill
in others the crucial role of patrol operations in crime prevention;
hence, the creation of this book. It is my sincere hope that police
officers, criminology students and the general public realize the service
that every patrol officer provides to the community.
This book aims to provide the requisite knowledge on police
patrol, specifically in the Philippine setting. It is generally intended to
facilitate the learning of criminology students, but it can also benefit
the patrol officer seeking continuous learning or other students and
professionals interested in the field of police operations, specifically in
patrol work.