The document summarizes findings from a survey on shared core norms and values, religious identification, and bridging social capital across different ethnic groups in several European countries. Some key findings include: - Support for free speech and democracy is generally high across groups, though some minority groups show less support than majority groups in their countries. - Minority Muslim groups tend to be more supportive of strong religious leaders holding public office compared to majority groups. - A substantial portion of many groups, including some majorities, think strong leadership is better than democracy. - Attitudes towards intergroup contact are generally positive, though families intermarrying between groups is less accepted.

1. Thursday 21 June 2012, 10h-10h45
Plenary Session (studio 5, Flagey)
Survey findings (part II):
shared core norms and values, religious
identification and bridging social capital
Dirk JACOBS
Université Libre de Bruxelles

2. Support for democracy
free speech
leaders with strong beliefs
democratic attitudes

3. Attitude towards free speech
Everybody has the right to say whatever he or she wants in
public (% agree strongly + agree) • Support for free
speech lower for the
DE CH UK BE national majority
group than for most
National majority group ethnic groups in UK
95,6% 83,7% 72,6% 67,1% and Belgium
• Lowest support for
Ex-Yugoslavia group free speech among
96,4% 87,4% 93,3% 79,1%
Pakistani in UK
Turkish group • Support for free
96,4% 90,8% 77,8% 92,4% speech very high in
Germany for all
Moroccan group
93,8% 56,2% 88,5% 70,6% groups (except
Pakistini who score
Pakistani group a bit lower)
79,4% 74,5% 40,2% 80%
• Question not asked
in France and the
Netherlands

4. More people with strong religious beliefs in office
It would be better if more people with strong religious beliefs
held public office (% agree strongly + agree) • A substantial part
of the ethnic minority
Muslim groups tend
NL DE CH UK BE FR to favour more
people with strong
National majority religious beliefs in
24,2% 31% 21,5% 2,1% 20,2% 23,6%
office, but there are
Ex-Yugoslavia group some notable
26,7% 51,3% 12,3% 43,3% 43,8% 32,6% exceptions (Turks in
Switzerland)
Turkish group
44,7% 64,9% 13,1% 30,7% 73,3% 53%
• National majority
Moroccan group group in the UK least
53,8% 45,9% 23% 48,8% 54,4% 47,9%
in favour of people
Pakistani group with strong religious
41,7% 27,6% 27,2% 16,7% 50,7% 54,1% beliefs in public
office

5. Strong leaders better than democracy • From a normative
point of view we
Having a strong leader who does not have to bother with observe worrying
parliament and elections would be (% very good + fairly good) results for Belgium
that a substantial
part of the studied
groups (including the
DE CH UK BE majority population)
thinks strong
National majority group 11,6% 16,3% 1,3% 35,2% leadership is more
important than
Ex-Yugoslavia group 31,8% 52,5% 49,6% 47,8% representative
democracy
Turkish group 18,1% 38,0% 46,9% 45,4% • Ethnic minority
Muslim groups are
Moroccan group 16,1% 16,1% 33,1% 53,0%
more in favour of
Pakistani group 19,6% 36,9% 17,4% 51,2% strong leadership
• Low call for strong
leadership among
majority group in UK
• Question not asked
in FR and NL

6. Strong leaders better than democracy
Having a strong leader who does not have to bother with
parliament and elections would be (BELGIUM)
Having a strong leader who does not
have to bother with parliament and
elections would be
Very Fairly Fairly Very bad
good good Bad
National majority 6,1% 29,1% 29,9% 34,9%
Ex-Yugoslavian 16,2% 31,6% 11,8% 40,4%
Turkish 16,6% 28,8% 29,3% 25,3%
Moroccan 14,5% 38,5% 15,8% 31,2%
Pakistan 15,6% 35,6% 23,0% 25,9%

7. Democracy and the maintenance of order
• From a normative
Democracies are not good at maintaining order point of view we
(% agree + strongly agree) observe worrying
results once more as
a substantial part of
the population thinks
NL DE CH UK BE FR democracy is not the
most suited for
National majority group keeping order
25,8% 15,1% 23,6% 6,2% 31,2% 42,3%
Ex-Yugoslavia group • Scores tend to be
37,7% 24,1% 51,5% 62,1% 47,2% 42,9%
higher among the
Turkish group ethnic minority
30,2% 19,2% 42,8% 28,6% 40,6% 53,1%
Muslim groups than
Moroccan group among the ethnic
30,9% 13,2% 34,3% 48,4% 44,8% 38,9%
majority group, but
Pakistani group there are important
35,3% 18% 40% 41,3% 45% 47%
fluctuations

8. Democracy best form of governance
Democracy is better than any other form of government
(% agree + strongly agree) • In general, a large
majority of all groups
still believes
democracy is the
NL DE CH UK BE FR best form of
government
National majority group
91,1% 92,1% 92,2% 93,8% 84,8% 82,2%
• Strikingly, in
Ex-Yugoslavia group
90,8% 89,3% 86,4% 100% 90,8% 85% France and Belgium
support for
Turkish group
85,2% 89% 90,2% 72,4% 83,5% 75,6% democracy is lower
for the majority non-
Moroccan group
87,6% 91,3% 89,2% 56,2% 86,4% 78,5% Muslim group than in
other countries
Pakistani group
82,8% 87,2% 90,8% 68,1% 82,5% 83,6%

9. Attitudes towards
intergroup contacts
neighbours
boss
family members

10. How would you feel about having neighbours from the outgroup
BELGIUM Pleasant Unpleasant
Would not make a
difference
National majority 2,6% 7,9% 89,5%
Yugoslavian 10,0% 0% 90,0%
Turkish 22,4% 2,7% 74,9%
Moroccan 17,2% 0% 82,8%
Pakistan 15,0% 1,4% 83,7%
How would you feel about having a boss from the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 0,8% 18,1% 81,1%
Yugoslavian 7,2% 1,3% 91,4%
Turkish 11,1% 8,7% 80,2%
Moroccan 6,7% 1,6% 91,7%
Pakistan 11,0% 4,1% 84,9%
How would you feel about your family members marrying a member
of the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 2,1% 23,9% 74,0%
Yugoslavian 4,7% 20,3% 75,0%
Turkish 8,8% 44,4% 46,8%
Moroccan 11,9% 30,0% 58,1%
Pakistan 5,4% 32,7% 61,9%

11. How would you feel about having neighbours from the outgroup
UK Pleasant Unpleasant
Would not make a
difference
National majority 2,3% 16,6% 81,0%
Yugoslavian 10,0% 0,7% 89,3%
Turkish 43,6% 0,8% 55,6%
Moroccan 48,0% 0% 52,0%
Pakistan 16,0% 0,8% 83,2%
How would you feel about having a boss from the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 0,5% 12,0% 87,5%
Yugoslavian 8,8% 4,1% 87,2%
Turkish 36,5% 4,4% 59,0%
Moroccan 27,0% 35,1% 37,8%
Pakistan 12,0% 0,8% 87,1%
How would you feel about your family members marrying a member
of the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 0,5% 25,1% 74,4%
Yugoslavian 20,1% 14,6% 65,3%
Turkish 19,8% 19,4% 60,9%
Moroccan 41,9% 43,2% 14,9%
Pakistan 7,7% 13,8% 78,5%

12. How would you feel about having neighbours from the
NETHERLANDS outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 1,0% 11,8% 87,2%
Yugoslavian 6,5% 1,4% 92,0%
Turkish 10,8% 0,4% 88,8%
Moroccan 9,2% 0,4% 90,4%
Pakistan 20,4% 1,4% 78,2%
How would you feel about your family members marrying a
member of the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 1,1% 28,1% 70,8%
Yugoslavian 3,7% 12,5% 83,8%
Turkish 3,6% 22,3% 74,1%
Moroccan 3,3% 23,0% 73,8%
Pakistan 4,0% 28,6% 67,5%

13. How would you feel about having neighbours from the
FRANCE outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 5,4% 3,8% 90,8%
Yugoslavian 11,0% 0,7% 88,3%
Turkish 15,4% 1,2% 83,4%
Moroccan 11,7% 3,1% 85,2%
Pakistan 23,8% 0,7% 75,5%
How would you feel about your family members marrying a
member of the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 3,9% 13,7% 82,4%
Yugoslavian 4,9% 18,2% 76,9%
Turkish 10,2% 29,4% 60,4%
Moroccan 8,8% 39,4% 51,8%
Pakistan 11,5% 30,2% 58,3%

14. How would you feel about having neighbours from the outgroup
GERMANY Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 5,3% 9,5% 85,3%
Yugoslavian 18,8% 1,2% 80,1%
Turkish 11,1% 1,6% 87,4%
Moroccan 12,1% 0% 87,9%
Pakistan 9,3% 1,9% 88,8%
How would you feel about having a boss from the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 0,5% 21,4% 78,0%
Yugoslavian 12,6% 4,3% 83,1%
Turkish 4,4% 3,6% 92,1%
Moroccan 9,4% 3,9% 86,6%
Pakistan 3,2% 4,5% 92,3%
How would you feel about your family members marrying a member
of the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 1,6% 29,3% 69,1%
Yugoslavian 8,0% 22,3% 69,7%
Turkish 5,3% 30,5% 64,2%
Moroccan 6,8% 25,3% 67,9%
Pakistan 2,7% 43,0% 54,4%

15. How would you feel about having neighbours from the outgroup
SWITZERLAND
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 3,2% 9,3% 87,5%
Yugoslavian 8,5% 1,2% 90,3%
Turkish 12,0% 0% 88,0%
Moroccan 15,6% 0,7% 83,7%
Pakistan 16,7% 0,7% 82,7%
How would you feel about having a boss from the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 2,0% 16,5% 81,6%
Yugoslavian 6,1% 4,1% 89,8%
Turkish 8,1% 1,2% 90,7%
Moroccan 9,0% 0,7% 90,3%
Pakistan 10,7% 2,7% 86,6%
How would you feel about your family members marrying a member
of the outgroup
Would not make a
Pleasant Unpleasant
difference
National majority 3,5% 22,0% 74,5%
Yugoslavian 5,3% 19,8% 74,9%
Turkish 8,8% 13,7% 77,5%
Moroccan 9,0% 30,6% 60,4%
Pakistan 8,4% 21,0% 70,6%

16. Religious identification
Religious identification (OLS) • measured with a 5 point scale
Ref: B Std. β t Sig.
(« not at all » to « very strongly »
France/Majority Error
(Constant) 2,633 0,080 32,913 0,000
identifying with one’s religion or
United Kingdom -0,211 0,045 -0,066 -4,657 0,000 philosophy of life)
Belgium 0,002 0,048 0,001 0,039 0,969
Netherlands -0,263 0,049 -0,074 -5,397 0,000 • least religious identification in UK
Germany 0,000 0,046 0,000 0,000 1,000 and the Netherlands
Switzerland -0,022 0,046 -0,007 -0,475 0,635
Ex-Yugoslavian 0,702 0,044 0,207 16,130 0,000 • all Muslim ethnic minority groups
Turkish 1,319 0,040 0,437 32,865 0,000
have stronger religious
Pakistani 1,670 0,045 0,473 37,381 0,000
Moroccan 1,475 0,042 0,447 34,851 0,000
identification than non-Muslim
Male -0,187 0,028 -0,075 -6,694 0,000 majority group
Age 0,007 0,001 0,084 7,092 0,000
Education in • higher educated, being in a job,
years -0,017 0,004 -0,051 -4,535 0,000 being male leads to less religious
(Self)employed -0,110 0,029 -0,044 -3,837 0,000 identification

17. Progressiveness/Conservatism
Progressiveness (OLS)
Ref: B Std. β t Sig. • attitudes towards abortion,
France/Majority Error homosexuality and premarital sex
(Constant) 22,327 0,604 36,958 0,000
United Kingdom -3,121 0,315 -0,148 -9,913 0,000
• women more progressive,
Belgium -1,810 0,322 -0,081 -5,622 0,000
Netherlands 0,711 0,332 0,031 2,143 younger people more progressive
0,032
Germany -1,494 0,311 -0,072 -4,805 • higher educated and people
0,000
Switzerland -0,143 0,316 -0,007 -0,451 holding a job more progressive
0,652
Ex-Yugoslavian -8,084 0,332 -0,370 -24,365 • UK, Germany, Belgium and
0,000
Turkish -10,037 0,318 -0,516 -31,589 0,000
Switzerland more conservative
Pakistani -10,249 0,359 -0,441 -28,544 0,000
than France and the Netherlands
Moroccan -9,221 0,346 -0,430 -26,680 0,000
• all Muslim ethnic minority groups
Male -0,616 0,186 -0,038 -3,316 0,001
Age -0,023 0,006 -0,042 -3,497
less progressive
0,000
Education in years 0,171 0,026 0,077 6,660 • strong religious identification
0,000
(Self)employed 1,033 0,190 0,063 5,439 more conservative
0,000
Religious • people holding more bridging
identification -1,520 0,085 -0,234 -17,883 0,000 social capital tend to be more
Bridging social progressive
capital 0,366 0,028 0,181 12,861 0,000

18. Bridging social capital
Bridging social capital (OLS) • measured through level of
Ref: B Std. β t Sig. acquaintances in the out-group
France/Majority Error
(Constant) 6,877 0,390 17,653 0,000
• all Muslim groups have more
United Kingdom -0,161 0,169 -0,016 -0,957 0,339
Belgium 0,768 0,172 0,071 4,479 0,000 bridging capital than the non-
Netherlands 2,514 0,176 0,221 14,252 0,000 Muslim group
Germany 0,488 0,166 0,048 2,939 0,003
Switzerland 0,426 0,168 0,041 2,539 0,011 • more bridging capital among
Ex-Yugoslavian 4,563 0,169 0,419 27,007 0,000 majority group in the Netherlands,
Turkish 4,232 0,156 0,446 27,078 0,000 Belgium, Germany and
Pakistani 4,658 0,177 0,416 26,370 0,000 Switzerland and less in France
Moroccan 5,065 0,170 0,486 29,873 0,000
and the UK
Male 0,390 0,098 0,049 3,997 0,000
Age -0,003 0,003 -0,011 -0,901 0,368
Education in years 0,047 0,014 0,042 3,420 0,001 • higher educated and people in
(Self)employed 0,425 0,099 0,053 4,289 0,000 employment have more bridging
Religious capital
identification -0,335 0,045 -0,105 -7,412 0,000
Experienced • those who experiences hostility
hostilities 0,384 0,107 0,044 3,589 0,000 have nevertheless more bridging
Perceived distance -0,241 0,023 -0,137 -10,399 0,000
social capital

19. More results and analyses to come in scientific
publications, so keep track !