This document presents a rare case of plasma cell granuloma (PCG) occurring in the clavicle of a 35-year-old male patient. PCG is a rare non-neoplastic lesion comprised of plasma cells and inflammatory cells. The patient presented with swelling on his right clavicle causing restricted arm movement. Biopsy results found sheets of plasma cells characteristic of PCG. While PCG is typically considered benign, the patient later developed systemic myeloma. This case highlights the importance of distinguishing PCG from other lesions to avoid unnecessary aggressive treatment.
Secondary Extramedullary Plasmacytoma Diagnosed by Fine Needle Aspiration Cyt...Apollo Hospitals
This case report describes a 33-year old female patient who presented with multiple subcutaneous lumps. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the lumps revealed sheets of plasmacytoid cells, indicating a diagnosis of secondary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Further investigations including immunoglobulin profile, serum protein electrophoresis and bone marrow biopsy confirmed the presence of multiple myeloma. While extramedullary plasmacytomas usually represent systemic multiple myeloma, cytological diagnosis allows for timely treatment.
Role of Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping in Plasma Cell DyscrasiasApollo Hospitals
Immunophenotyping is being routinely used for the diagnosis of leukemias. With the advent of specific markers for plasma cells, it has become possible to differentiate between benign and malignant plasma cells based on their immunophenotypic profile. The enhanced use of immunophenotyping in plasma cells dyscrasias may help to categorize the borderline cases which can not be done with morphology alone. Also the immunophenotypic profiling of plasma cells would help in Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) evaluation of patients on treatment of multiple myeloma (MM).
Actualización en la etiología, clasificación y manejo de las glomerulopatías.pdfjhinner eloy
This document provides an overview of recent updates in the classification and management of various glomerular diseases. It discusses how new genetic discoveries have led to changes in classifications, such as membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis now being divided into C3 glomerulopathy and immunoglobulin/C3 positive categories. Treatment options for diseases like minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis have expanded with the use of rituximab and complement inhibitors. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is now classified based on etiology into anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and immune complex disorders.
The document provides information on pilocytic astrocytomas including:
- Pilocytic astrocytomas most commonly occur in the cerebellum in children between 5-15 years old. They present as well-circumscribed yet non-encapsulated masses that are often cystic with a projecting nodule.
- Microscopically, they have a biphasic pattern of dense, elongated astrocytes alternating with loose, microcystic regions. They frequently contain Rosenthal fibers and abnormal, thick-walled blood vessels.
- Pilocytic astrocytomas are considered low-grade tumors that grow slowly by expansion rather than infiltration. They have a benign
This document provides an overview of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). APL accounts for 5-8% of acute myeloid leukemia cases in younger patients. It is characterized by the presence of abnormal promyelocytes in the bone marrow and blood. APL represents a medical emergency due to a high risk of hemorrhage from disseminated intravascular coagulation. The diagnosis of APL is confirmed by identifying the characteristic t(15;17) translocation resulting in the PML-RARA fusion gene. Modern treatment with differentiation therapy has improved outcomes, with younger patients and those with lower white blood cell counts having a superior prognosis.
This case report describes a rare case of plasmacytoid myoepithelioma (PM) located in the hard palate of a 15-year-old male. Histological analysis revealed sheets and islands of round plasmacytoid cells with hyaline cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry showed the cells were positive for S-100 protein and vimentin, but negative for smooth muscle actin and cytokeratin 14. Though usually considered a benign tumor, myoepitheliomas can be more aggressive than pleomorphic adenomas. Complete surgical excision was performed and no recurrence was detected.
This document provides an overview of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor. It describes the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis through imaging, histologic findings, treatment options including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, and prognosis. GBM is difficult to treat due to tumor heterogeneity, rapid growth and recurrence. The standard of care involves maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy, but the median survival time remains less than 2 years.
Secondary Extramedullary Plasmacytoma Diagnosed by Fine Needle Aspiration Cyt...Apollo Hospitals
This case report describes a 33-year old female patient who presented with multiple subcutaneous lumps. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the lumps revealed sheets of plasmacytoid cells, indicating a diagnosis of secondary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Further investigations including immunoglobulin profile, serum protein electrophoresis and bone marrow biopsy confirmed the presence of multiple myeloma. While extramedullary plasmacytomas usually represent systemic multiple myeloma, cytological diagnosis allows for timely treatment.
Role of Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping in Plasma Cell DyscrasiasApollo Hospitals
Immunophenotyping is being routinely used for the diagnosis of leukemias. With the advent of specific markers for plasma cells, it has become possible to differentiate between benign and malignant plasma cells based on their immunophenotypic profile. The enhanced use of immunophenotyping in plasma cells dyscrasias may help to categorize the borderline cases which can not be done with morphology alone. Also the immunophenotypic profiling of plasma cells would help in Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) evaluation of patients on treatment of multiple myeloma (MM).
Actualización en la etiología, clasificación y manejo de las glomerulopatías.pdfjhinner eloy
This document provides an overview of recent updates in the classification and management of various glomerular diseases. It discusses how new genetic discoveries have led to changes in classifications, such as membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis now being divided into C3 glomerulopathy and immunoglobulin/C3 positive categories. Treatment options for diseases like minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis have expanded with the use of rituximab and complement inhibitors. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is now classified based on etiology into anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and immune complex disorders.
The document provides information on pilocytic astrocytomas including:
- Pilocytic astrocytomas most commonly occur in the cerebellum in children between 5-15 years old. They present as well-circumscribed yet non-encapsulated masses that are often cystic with a projecting nodule.
- Microscopically, they have a biphasic pattern of dense, elongated astrocytes alternating with loose, microcystic regions. They frequently contain Rosenthal fibers and abnormal, thick-walled blood vessels.
- Pilocytic astrocytomas are considered low-grade tumors that grow slowly by expansion rather than infiltration. They have a benign
This document provides an overview of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). APL accounts for 5-8% of acute myeloid leukemia cases in younger patients. It is characterized by the presence of abnormal promyelocytes in the bone marrow and blood. APL represents a medical emergency due to a high risk of hemorrhage from disseminated intravascular coagulation. The diagnosis of APL is confirmed by identifying the characteristic t(15;17) translocation resulting in the PML-RARA fusion gene. Modern treatment with differentiation therapy has improved outcomes, with younger patients and those with lower white blood cell counts having a superior prognosis.
This case report describes a rare case of plasmacytoid myoepithelioma (PM) located in the hard palate of a 15-year-old male. Histological analysis revealed sheets and islands of round plasmacytoid cells with hyaline cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry showed the cells were positive for S-100 protein and vimentin, but negative for smooth muscle actin and cytokeratin 14. Though usually considered a benign tumor, myoepitheliomas can be more aggressive than pleomorphic adenomas. Complete surgical excision was performed and no recurrence was detected.
This document provides an overview of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor. It describes the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis through imaging, histologic findings, treatment options including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, and prognosis. GBM is difficult to treat due to tumor heterogeneity, rapid growth and recurrence. The standard of care involves maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy, but the median survival time remains less than 2 years.
The new 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Soft Tissue Tumors was published in 2020, updating the classification with contemporary knowledge of clinicopathologic and molecular features of soft tissue tumors. Key changes include the addition of newly described entities, outcome data, updated prognostic information, and genetic studies that resulted in some tumors being split into separate entities. The classification emphasizes the continued importance of morphology while also incorporating expanding genetic contributions to understanding pathogenesis.
Cytological diagnosis of mesothelioma:Recent AdvancesnehaSingh1543
This document discusses recent advances in the cytological diagnosis of mesothelioma. It begins with an introduction to mesothelioma, including its etiology and risk factors associated with asbestos exposure. The document then covers the cytological diagnostic approach, including distinguishing features of malignant mesothelioma cells compared to reactive mesothelial cells or metastatic adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and biomarkers like GLUT-1, IMP-3, and BAP1 loss are important diagnostic tools. Recent advances include the discovery of genetic alterations like chromothripsis and an immunogenic potential of mesothelioma.
Gliomas are the commonest tumor of brain arising from the supportive cells of the brain with diverse form and presentation the treatment of which is surgical and demands adjuvant therapy for most of circumstances.
1) Oncocytic lesions in salivary glands range from hyperplasia to carcinoma and include nodular oncocytic hyperplasia, oncocytoma, and oncocytic carcinoma.
2) Nodular oncocytic hyperplasia is a non-neoplastic proliferation of oncocytes appearing in nodules. Oncocytoma is a benign epithelial neoplasm composed of oncocytes.
3) Oncocytic carcinoma is a rare malignant epithelial neoplasm with infiltrative growth and cytological atypia that can arise de novo or from a pre-existing oncocytoma.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can invade the brain and central nervous system, leading to primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). PCNSL resembles diffuse large B-cell lymphoma but the molecular mechanisms that cause PCNSL are uncertain. Survival has improved with methotrexate-based chemotherapy instead of radiation, but most patients eventually relapse. Advances in imaging and molecular markers have improved diagnosis but better tools are still needed to monitor treatment response and identify therapeutic targets.
This document provides information about glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor. It discusses the causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of GBM. Key points include that the exact cause is unknown but genetic factors are involved; common symptoms depend on the tumor location in the brain; diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging; treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and newer approaches; and prognosis is generally poor with median survival of 14 months despite treatment.
csf.pptx found in spinal cord. Csf is collected by lambar punctureLincyJohny1
The CSF is formed by the choroid plexus in the brain and maintains a constant chemical makeup. Examination of CSF cells and components can help diagnose CNS diseases. Normal CSF contains few lymphocytes and monocytes. Increased or transformed cells may indicate conditions like meningitis, multiple sclerosis, or cancers like medulloblastoma. Specific leukemias and lymphomas can also be identified in the CSF through cytological analysis of cell morphology and markers.
Low-grade gliomas are a diverse group of uncommon brain tumors that typically occur in young adults. While historically graded on features like cell abnormalities and proliferation, the current WHO system grades them from I-II based on these factors and prognosis. Grade I lesions rarely recur after surgery alone, while Grade II tumors are infiltrative and tend to progress despite low proliferation. Surgery aims for maximal safe resection, and radiation therapy after surgery can delay tumor recurrence by around 2 years based on clinical trials, though does not impact overall survival or rate of malignant transformation. Observation is reasonable for very low risk lesions with total resection in young patients.
Megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis involve the production of megakaryocytes and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Megakaryoblasts are early stage megakaryocytes that are 8-24 μm in size with minimal nuclear lobulation and scant cytoplasm. They express surface adhesion molecules like integrin αIIbβ3 and glycoprotein Ib-IX complex. Megakaryoblasts undergo endomitosis, replicating their DNA without cell division to become polyploid. Cytokines such as thrombopoietin are critical for megakaryoblast survival and proliferation.
Spleen is an important organ of the reticuloendothelial system. It plays a crucial role in the immunological system of the body. Understanding the consequences and diagnosis of hyposlenic and asplenic states is essential. Splenectomy is performed for a variety of indications ranging from haematological conditions to trauma. Complications of splenectomy include surgical as well as immunological. Overwhelming post splenectomy infection is one of the most dreaded complication with high mortality. The physiological basis of immunological function of the spleen, hyposplenism and complications of splenectomy are presented in this paper.
This document summarizes the case of a 67-year-old woman presenting with chronic headache and right-sided weakness. Imaging revealed a heterogeneous mass centered in the splenium of the corpus callosum, with significant edema. The differential diagnosis includes glioblastoma, lymphoma, metastasis, demyelination, and toxoplasmosis. Histopathology found features consistent with glioblastoma such as cellular atypia, necrosis, endothelial proliferation, and GFAP positivity.
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal antibodies. When myeloma cells spread throughout the bone marrow, it is called multiple myeloma. Renal impairment is a common feature of symptomatic multiple myeloma and can provide a clue to the diagnosis. The International Myeloma Working Group diagnostic criteria require either 10% or more plasma cells in the bone marrow or a biopsy-proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of end organ damage like hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, or bone lesions.
This document discusses glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor in adults. It covers the histology, genetics, clinical presentation, diagnosis using MRI, and standard treatment approach of maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy with temozolomide. The addition of carmustine wafers and consideration of MGMT promoter methylation status are discussed. Median survival ranges from 12-21 months even with aggressive multimodal therapy.
The document discusses several types of brain tumors including gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and pilocytic astrocytomas. It provides details on the incidence, location, genetics, morphology, and prognosis of these tumors. Key points include that gliomas are classified based on resemblance to glial cells but are molecularly distinct, diffuse astrocytomas are the most common adult glioma and range from low to high grade, oligodendrogliomas often have co-deletion of chromosomes 1p and 19q, and pilocytic astrocytomas frequently involve the BRAF gene.
Ulcerative Colitis with Aseptic Abscesses Controlled by Vedolizumab: A Case R...georgemarini
Aseptic abscesses (AAs) are neutrophilic infiltrative lesions that often coincide with systemic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). According to recent literature, medical therapies in IBD with AAs include corticosteroid, immunosuppressants and anti-TNFα biologics.
Prevalence and Determinants of Distress Among Residents During COVID Crisisgeorgemarini
Residents are predisposed to develop distress, burnout, and depression. With COVID-19, new stressful working conditions were imposed. This study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on residents’ wellbeing in France.
A Road from Coronary to Pulmonary: A Rare Imaging Presentationgeorgemarini
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Its association with Pulmonary Atresia is considered to be the most severe form, the diagnosis of which plays an important role in determination of the treatment protocol. In such cases, systemic vascular channels called Major Aortopulmonary Collateral Arteries (MAPCA’s) develop from aorta and its major branches to supply and maintain the pulmonary circulation. Such patients commonly undergo a Cardiac CT as an imperative pre-operative investigation for detailed information of these collaterals which helps plan further management. Here, we present a Case Report of an adult female patient with Pentalogy of Fallot wherein, a Cardiac CT showed the presence of dilated coronary-to-pulmonary collateral circulation. i.e. CAPA apart from the normally visualized MAPCA’s, an extremely rare occurrence.
Patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2) infection mainly present severe pneumonia associated with complications related to cytokine storm syndrome. So, it was associated with thrombotic incidents like acute limb ischemia and pulmonary embolism.
Loop –Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Based POINT-OF-CARE for Rapid ...georgemarini
Abstract Infectious diseases, including foodborne diseases, to this day remain a major health threat worldwide. Molecular diagnostics, based on nucleic acid (NA) amplification technologies, are in the forefront for the detection of pathogens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most widely used methods for nucleic acid amplification in pathogen diagnostic.
Wen Dan Tang: A Potential Jing Fang Decoction for Headache Disordersgeorgemarini
Chinese herbal medicine is considered relatively safe, inexpensive, and easily accessible. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly popular in the western countries. Wen Dan Tang, a Jing Fang ancient classical Chinese herbal formula, with a broad indication profile, has been used for several centuries in China to treat various illnesses.
Abstract Syringoma is a benign eccrine sweat gland tumor affecting mostly females at puberty projected with multiple soft papules usually 1-2 mm in diameter. During puberty, syringoma appears among females; it is presented as multiple soft papules, 1-2 mm in diameter, as a benign eccrine sweat gland tumor. The sites of predilection are lower eyelids, and cheeks. The regions of tendency are cheeks and lower eyelids. Syringoma of the vulvar is a rare disorder few cases of which have been reported in literature.
Rural Healthcare in Light of a Multinational Pandemic: A Global Perspectivegeorgemarini
Abstract Rural healthcare recently came into international spotlight, with recent reported influx of the COVID-19 into rural regions. This article focuses on susceptibilities of the rural population to pandemics and mitigating measures to prevent formation of disease epicentre. Rural Healthcare is by far one of the most neglected areas of medicine. The discrepancies in quality of rural healthcare has been evident for decades, yet no lasting measures have been able to bridge this gap till date. Lessons gleaned from the recent SARS and H1N1 pandemics has once again fallen through the cracks in a futile attempt to curb urban spread. http://dx.doi.org/10.47829/ACMCR.2021.61801
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The new 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Soft Tissue Tumors was published in 2020, updating the classification with contemporary knowledge of clinicopathologic and molecular features of soft tissue tumors. Key changes include the addition of newly described entities, outcome data, updated prognostic information, and genetic studies that resulted in some tumors being split into separate entities. The classification emphasizes the continued importance of morphology while also incorporating expanding genetic contributions to understanding pathogenesis.
Cytological diagnosis of mesothelioma:Recent AdvancesnehaSingh1543
This document discusses recent advances in the cytological diagnosis of mesothelioma. It begins with an introduction to mesothelioma, including its etiology and risk factors associated with asbestos exposure. The document then covers the cytological diagnostic approach, including distinguishing features of malignant mesothelioma cells compared to reactive mesothelial cells or metastatic adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and biomarkers like GLUT-1, IMP-3, and BAP1 loss are important diagnostic tools. Recent advances include the discovery of genetic alterations like chromothripsis and an immunogenic potential of mesothelioma.
Gliomas are the commonest tumor of brain arising from the supportive cells of the brain with diverse form and presentation the treatment of which is surgical and demands adjuvant therapy for most of circumstances.
1) Oncocytic lesions in salivary glands range from hyperplasia to carcinoma and include nodular oncocytic hyperplasia, oncocytoma, and oncocytic carcinoma.
2) Nodular oncocytic hyperplasia is a non-neoplastic proliferation of oncocytes appearing in nodules. Oncocytoma is a benign epithelial neoplasm composed of oncocytes.
3) Oncocytic carcinoma is a rare malignant epithelial neoplasm with infiltrative growth and cytological atypia that can arise de novo or from a pre-existing oncocytoma.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can invade the brain and central nervous system, leading to primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). PCNSL resembles diffuse large B-cell lymphoma but the molecular mechanisms that cause PCNSL are uncertain. Survival has improved with methotrexate-based chemotherapy instead of radiation, but most patients eventually relapse. Advances in imaging and molecular markers have improved diagnosis but better tools are still needed to monitor treatment response and identify therapeutic targets.
This document provides information about glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor. It discusses the causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of GBM. Key points include that the exact cause is unknown but genetic factors are involved; common symptoms depend on the tumor location in the brain; diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging; treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and newer approaches; and prognosis is generally poor with median survival of 14 months despite treatment.
csf.pptx found in spinal cord. Csf is collected by lambar punctureLincyJohny1
The CSF is formed by the choroid plexus in the brain and maintains a constant chemical makeup. Examination of CSF cells and components can help diagnose CNS diseases. Normal CSF contains few lymphocytes and monocytes. Increased or transformed cells may indicate conditions like meningitis, multiple sclerosis, or cancers like medulloblastoma. Specific leukemias and lymphomas can also be identified in the CSF through cytological analysis of cell morphology and markers.
Low-grade gliomas are a diverse group of uncommon brain tumors that typically occur in young adults. While historically graded on features like cell abnormalities and proliferation, the current WHO system grades them from I-II based on these factors and prognosis. Grade I lesions rarely recur after surgery alone, while Grade II tumors are infiltrative and tend to progress despite low proliferation. Surgery aims for maximal safe resection, and radiation therapy after surgery can delay tumor recurrence by around 2 years based on clinical trials, though does not impact overall survival or rate of malignant transformation. Observation is reasonable for very low risk lesions with total resection in young patients.
Megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis involve the production of megakaryocytes and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Megakaryoblasts are early stage megakaryocytes that are 8-24 μm in size with minimal nuclear lobulation and scant cytoplasm. They express surface adhesion molecules like integrin αIIbβ3 and glycoprotein Ib-IX complex. Megakaryoblasts undergo endomitosis, replicating their DNA without cell division to become polyploid. Cytokines such as thrombopoietin are critical for megakaryoblast survival and proliferation.
Spleen is an important organ of the reticuloendothelial system. It plays a crucial role in the immunological system of the body. Understanding the consequences and diagnosis of hyposlenic and asplenic states is essential. Splenectomy is performed for a variety of indications ranging from haematological conditions to trauma. Complications of splenectomy include surgical as well as immunological. Overwhelming post splenectomy infection is one of the most dreaded complication with high mortality. The physiological basis of immunological function of the spleen, hyposplenism and complications of splenectomy are presented in this paper.
This document summarizes the case of a 67-year-old woman presenting with chronic headache and right-sided weakness. Imaging revealed a heterogeneous mass centered in the splenium of the corpus callosum, with significant edema. The differential diagnosis includes glioblastoma, lymphoma, metastasis, demyelination, and toxoplasmosis. Histopathology found features consistent with glioblastoma such as cellular atypia, necrosis, endothelial proliferation, and GFAP positivity.
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal antibodies. When myeloma cells spread throughout the bone marrow, it is called multiple myeloma. Renal impairment is a common feature of symptomatic multiple myeloma and can provide a clue to the diagnosis. The International Myeloma Working Group diagnostic criteria require either 10% or more plasma cells in the bone marrow or a biopsy-proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of end organ damage like hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, or bone lesions.
This document discusses glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor in adults. It covers the histology, genetics, clinical presentation, diagnosis using MRI, and standard treatment approach of maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy with temozolomide. The addition of carmustine wafers and consideration of MGMT promoter methylation status are discussed. Median survival ranges from 12-21 months even with aggressive multimodal therapy.
The document discusses several types of brain tumors including gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and pilocytic astrocytomas. It provides details on the incidence, location, genetics, morphology, and prognosis of these tumors. Key points include that gliomas are classified based on resemblance to glial cells but are molecularly distinct, diffuse astrocytomas are the most common adult glioma and range from low to high grade, oligodendrogliomas often have co-deletion of chromosomes 1p and 19q, and pilocytic astrocytomas frequently involve the BRAF gene.
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Patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2) infection mainly present severe pneumonia associated with complications related to cytokine storm syndrome. So, it was associated with thrombotic incidents like acute limb ischemia and pulmonary embolism.
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Abstract Infectious diseases, including foodborne diseases, to this day remain a major health threat worldwide. Molecular diagnostics, based on nucleic acid (NA) amplification technologies, are in the forefront for the detection of pathogens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most widely used methods for nucleic acid amplification in pathogen diagnostic.
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Abstract Syringoma is a benign eccrine sweat gland tumor affecting mostly females at puberty projected with multiple soft papules usually 1-2 mm in diameter. During puberty, syringoma appears among females; it is presented as multiple soft papules, 1-2 mm in diameter, as a benign eccrine sweat gland tumor. The sites of predilection are lower eyelids, and cheeks. The regions of tendency are cheeks and lower eyelids. Syringoma of the vulvar is a rare disorder few cases of which have been reported in literature.
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Abstract Rural healthcare recently came into international spotlight, with recent reported influx of the COVID-19 into rural regions. This article focuses on susceptibilities of the rural population to pandemics and mitigating measures to prevent formation of disease epicentre. Rural Healthcare is by far one of the most neglected areas of medicine. The discrepancies in quality of rural healthcare has been evident for decades, yet no lasting measures have been able to bridge this gap till date. Lessons gleaned from the recent SARS and H1N1 pandemics has once again fallen through the cracks in a futile attempt to curb urban spread. http://dx.doi.org/10.47829/ACMCR.2021.61801
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and being difficult-to-clean the long pipes and having a cold water reservoir. Social gatherings also
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
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Plasma Cell Granuloma of the Clavicle- A Rare Case Presentation
1. Plasma Cell Granuloma of the Clavicle- A Rare Case Presenta-
tion
Akhtar K*
, Kamal M , Alam S and Sherwani RK
Department of Pathology, Aligarh Muslim University, India
Volume 2 Issue 1- 2019
Received Date: 04 Jan 2018
Accepted Date: 26 Jan 2019
Published Date: o4 Feb 2019
1. Abstract
Plasma cell granuloma (PCG), also known as inflammatory pseudotumor, is a rare non neoplastic
lesion. Although the etiology of the lesion is unclear, an altered antigen antibodyreaction have
been implicated to play a role. Some authors consider PCG to be a result of inflammation follow-
ing minor trauma or surgery. Others have reported cases of PCG associated with drug (amlodipine
and cyclosporine) intake. Thus the etiology seems to be multifactorial. The lesion shows no sex
predilection and may occur at any age. PCG is usually asymptomatic but can become symptomatic
secondary to its size and location. Here we present a rare case of plasma cell granuloma of the
clavicle. To the best of our knowledge plasma cell granuloma of the clavicle is the first case of PCG
at this foci to be reported in literature till date.
Annals of
Clinical and Medical Case Reports
Citation:Akhtar K, Kamal M , Alam S and Sherwani RK, Plasma Cell Granuloma of the Clavicle- A Rare
Case Presentation. Annals of Clinical and Medical Case Reports. 2019; 2(1): 1-3.
United Prime Publications: http://unitedprimepub.com
*Corresponding Author (s): Kafil Akhtar, Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru
Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, E-mail: drkafilakhtar@
gmail.com
Case Report
2. Keywords
Plasma cell granuloma; Clav-
icle; Histopathology
3. Introduction
Plasma cell granuloma (PCG), also known as inflammatory
pseudotumor, is a rare non neoplastic lesion comprised of a pre-
dominant polyclonal plasma cell infiltrate admixed with other
inflammatory cells in a fibrovascular background [1]. PCG pri-
marily occurs in lungs, but can be seen in other extrapulmonary
locations as well which includes oral cavity, brain, kidney, stom-
ach, heart and temporal bone [2-5].
In 1968, Bhaskar, Levin and Firch first reported the cases of gin-
gival plasma cell granuloma [2]. Due to the rarity of plasma cell
granuloma each new case should be reported in order to better
understand its etiopathogenesis, treatment and prognosis.
Here we present a rare case of plasma cell granuloma of the clavi-
cle. To the best of our knowledge plasma cell granuloma of the
clavicle is the first case of PCG at this foci to be reported in lit-
erature till date.
4. Case Presentation
A 35-year old male presented with swelling on the medial end of
right clavicle with history of difficulty in elevating right arm for
last 3 months. On examination, the swelling was non tender with
a smooth surface and well defined margins. It was firmin consist-
ency and measured about 2 cm in diameter. The overlying skin
had normal temperature as compared to surrounding area. There
was restriction of movement of arm during abduction along with
pain. X-ray showed an osteolytic lesion on medial end of right
clavicle (Figure 1).
Figure 1: X-ray showed an osteolytic lesion on medial end of right clavicle.
Fine needle aspiration cytology was done from the lesion and the
smears showed plenty of small plasmacytoid cells in dispersed
fashion. Wide excision biopsy from anterior approach was per-
formed and the respected specimen was sent for histopathologi-
cal examination. Grossly, the mass was globular and measured
2x3cm with irregular surface and presence of bony tissue. Mi-
croscopy revealed sheets and clusters of plasmacytoid cells in
sheets having eccentrically placed nuclei, coarse condensed
“clock-face” chromatin pattern and abundant cytoplasmadmixed
with lymphocytes and histiocytes on the background of loose
myxoid and collagenized stroma showing scattered fibroblasts
and myofibroblastswith foci of Russell bodies (Figures 2,3). Mi-
totic figures or nuclear atypia were not seen. Immunostaining
3. Volume 2 Issue 1 -2019 Case Report
United Prime Publications: http://unitedprimepub.com 3
local aggressiveness, and recurrences may affect the prognosis of
the disease [9,10].
6. Conclusion
Plasma cell granuloma is a rare non-neoplastic lesion, the exact
etiopathogenesis and prognosis of which is yet to be known. The
gross and microscopic similarities to other spindle cell tumors
can also be misinterpreted as those of a more aggressive lesion. So
awareness of PCG and its distinctive morphologic features is im-
portant in avoiding the misdiagnosis. It is essential to distinguish
PCG from other poor prognostic mimikers to avoid unnecessar-
ily aggressive treatment.
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