Plagiarism (Concepts & Avoidance)

Maysa A.I. Awadallah / Professor of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt 44511 / maawadallah@zu.edu.eg / maawadallah1974@gmail.com

Plagiarism
“ConCept & AvoidAnCe”
Prof. Dr. Maysa A. I. Awadallah
Professor of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Zagazig University
maawadallah@zu.edu.eg
maawadallah1974@gmail.com
http://argusresidence.ca/even
ts/a-night-of-wine-roses

http://thechukwuka.com/please-introduce-yourself/
http://www.thetrainingbox.eu.com/the-networking-way-to-introduce-yourself/

Respect

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/what-do-you-expect-gm694845640-128711755

□ Session 1: 9:30am-12pm
✓ Plagiarism definition
✓ Intentional and unintentional plagiarism
✓ Plagiarism avoidance
✓ Citation principles
• Common knowledge (facts)
□ Break 12 -12.30 pm
□ Session 2: 12:30 - 2pm
✓ Examples
✓ exercises
✓ Summary
http://www.sparklebox.co.uk/class-management/routines-organisation/visual-timetable/#.WnVpb7wjS1s

□ What do you know
about plagiarism?
□ Time : I0 min
https://ieltstacticsblog.wordpress.com/di
scussion-room/
http://www.montessoritoys.sk/blog/vitajte

 AUTHORSHIP OR COPYRIGHT
 REFERENCE
 CITATION OR DOCUMENTATION
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/9KdsBstdL4zNjEZFfVjQuf7mL-
vmMU6iL9gN0HVW2BFs6bZoqcZWCGU5gLfUmGbSUe-SeQ=s170

■
Copyright-concept-vector-illustration-icons-738346879?src=g04y97KOyGe4atDhQ85I1g-1-18
https://www.robeson.k12.n
c.us/cms/lib/.../75/1.01--
Copyright.ppt
A copyright is the legal right
granted to an author, composer,
playwright, publisher, or
distributor to exclusive
publication, production, sale, or
distribution of a literary, musical,
dramatic, or artistic work.
www.aipla.org/committe
es/committee_pages/Pub
lic.../Copyrights.pp

CITATION- DOCUMENTATION
 The practice of acknowledging sources by
clearly indicating what you have borrowed and
giving the proper bibliographic information for
each source
‫واضحت‬ ‫بصورة‬ ‫االصلي‬ ‫بمصدره‬ ‫النص‬ ‫الحاق‬ ‫عمليت‬‫القارئ‬ ‫وإمداد‬
‫المصدر‬ ‫لتتبع‬ ‫كافيت‬ ‫بمعلوماث‬

 In text citations identify the source of a quotation.
 Format like this (AUTHOR’S LAST NAME,
PUBLICATION DATE, AND PAGE NUMBER P. OR PP.).
1 2 3
 In text citations are quick and limited in information.
 In text citations refer the reader to a References page.
 The reader then knows where the information came
from.
CITATIONS IN TEXT “IN TEXT CITATIONS”
Mrs. McGowan, Teacher-Librarian (2011)
Adapted from Ms. E. Hansen, QE (2006)
Adapted from Ms. M. Mirka, Centennial (2004)
http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b806/library/Plagiarism.ppt

IMPORTANCE OF CITATION
To:
 Respect and acknowledge the work of others.
"‫ا‬ًّّ‫ق‬َ‫ح‬ ‫عليك‬ َ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ه‬‫وأل‬ ،‫ا‬ًّّ‫ق‬َ‫ح‬ ‫عليك‬ َ‫ك‬ِ‫س‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫ن‬ِ‫ل‬ َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬‫و‬ ،‫ا‬ًّّ‫ق‬َ‫ح‬ ‫عليك‬ َ‫ك‬ِّ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬ِ‫ل‬ َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬.ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ق‬َ‫ح‬ ٍّ‫ق‬َ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬ َّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬ ِ‫ْط‬‫ع‬َ‫أ‬َ‫ف‬«(‫الفارسى‬ ‫سلمان‬).
 Avoid cheating and copying
 Give your work credibility and reliability
 Follow academic writing conventions
 Allow the reader to source the information and be able to read
further.
 Make it very clear to the reader that you are not trying to pretend
that the ideas are yours, hence become more confident in your
writing.

 A reference list at the end of a paper provides the full
information necessary to identify and retrieve each
source. It cites works that specifically support a particular
article
 References should be alphabetically listed by author’s
last name at the end of the paper (Or listed according to
the instruction of the journals where you will publish
your paper).
‫المراجع‬:‫الوثائقية‬ ‫المعلومات‬‫دقة‬ ‫بكل‬ ‫للمصدر‬ ‫القارئ‬ ‫ترشد‬ ‫التي‬.
https://st2.depositphotos.com/1014014/7742/i/950/depositphotos_77423226-stock-
photo-references-check-list-sign-concept.jpg

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/dPva8QqMNp0y18wOqVA3OUoShA1dtwK_Cq4NG5cFIBPgrb
UDM2yx4I5mmfSiuqCAVB3CjQ=s168

https://www.slideshare.net/iamatbschool/harvard-referencing-the-complete-guide-for-citation
 You collected 200 paper during preparing your work .
 You used only 150 paper during writing the manuscript & cite them.
 You did not used 50 paper in writhing but their reading influenced your idea.
 The 150 paper = Reference
 The whole 200 paper = Bibliography

https://www.slideshare.net/maryaliceosborne/plagiarism-vs-
cheating-what-is-the-difference-presentation

https://wiki.uiowa.edu
/pages/viewpage.action
?pageId=58105925
Cheating is getting
unauthorized help
on an assignment
or exam
https://www.slideshare.net/HCI_Lab/investigating-students-attitude-towards-cheatingand-plagiarism

PoliticsNJ, The Pulblis Group, Hoboken, NJ.
http://www.politicsnj.com/plagerism090903.htm.
Plagiarism defined:
The word
“plagiarism”
comes from the
Latin plagiarus
meaning
“kidnapper”
‫االخرين‬ ‫افكار‬ ‫ملكية‬ ‫وادعاء‬ ‫سرقة‬

ANOTHER DEFINITION:
Plagiarism means using another’s work without giving
them credit and saying that it is your own.
From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation
http://gladstone.vsb.b
c.ca/library/cheating/

Term Paper Mills
• http://www.freeessay.com
• http://www.termpapersites.com
• http://www.essayland.com
• http://www.cheater.com
• http://www.schoolbytes.com

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
□ Intentional (Fraud) □ Unintentional
Plainly plagiarize others
 Copying a friend’s work
 Buying or borrowing papers
 Cutting and pasting blocks of
text from electronic sources
without documenting
 Web publishing without
permissions of creators
The act of trying, but failing,
to avoid plagiarism
 Weak paraphrasing
 Incorrect citation
 Incorrect usage of quotation

UNINTENTIONAL PLAGIARISM - WEAK PARAPHRASING
Weak Paraphrasing
• The act of changing only a few words of
the original material and verbatim
copying (‫الحرفى‬‫النسخ‬) the rest original
material.
• Or, rearranging the words or sentences
of the paragraph.

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/pSNVOtH-
MR_UjzffqF6RpSFvROfeMSW9xxFsnmiUCcYqcZ3a1Bg-kXpxVGCGCNuztZxo=s85

UNINTENTIONAL PLAGIARISM - INCORRECT CITATION
• Any usage of sources in building an argument,
explaining an idea, or explaining previous work
must be properly cited.
• Ignoring citation in such situation is considered
plagiarism.
• Citing sources you didn‟t use is considered
plagiarism.

UNINTENTIONAL PLAGIARISM -
INCORRECT USAGE OF QUOTATION “ “
 Any verbatim copying from other sources must
be surrounded by quotation marks “ “.
 Quoting only part of the copied section is
considered plagiarism
 Quoting a non-verbatim section or a paraphrased
section is not acceptable
 Quoting a source without using quotation marks-
even if you do cite it.

Many people do not like green eggs
and ham.
Is this plagiarism?
YES!
The phrase, “do not like green eggs
and ham” was taken directly from
someone else’s work, word for word,
and was not cited appropriately.
Many people “do not like green eggs
and ham.”
Is this plagiarism?
YES!
The phrase “do not like green eggs
and ham” is in quotes, showing that it
is in fact someone else’s work, but
there is no reference listed as a
citation.
Many people do not like green eggs
and ham (Geisel, 1960).
Is this plagiarism?
YES!
While a citation is present, the phrase
“do not like green eggs and ham” is still
taken word for word from Geisel’s
work. The lack of quotes implies that
these are your words, which they are
not.
Many people “do not like green eggs
and ham” (Geisel, 1960, p. 12).
Is this plagiarism?
No!
The phrase “do not like green eggs and
ham” is in quotes, showing that it is
someone else’s work, and the correct
citation is in place. However, most
instructors would prefer you to
paraphrase a quote this short and
convey the meaning of the source.
turnitin.com/assets/en_us/images/.../20140421-plagiarism-seuss.ppt

Plagiarism is an academic crime .... Even it is unintentional
http://slideplayer.com/slide/9471757/

Intentional Plagiarism
• Copy/paste of partial or complete
sentences from several sources
 Copy/paste of sentences from many
sources and interleaving (or
mixing-up) the sentences of
different sources.
 Using someone else's ideas without
citation
 This includes things like design ideas,
argument structure, discussion,
methodology, and implementation
 Stealing, buying, or ghost writing
of partial or complete paper.
>
From: Mirka,2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation
https://in.linkedin.com/
in/debarati-bhowmik-
a5b294115

Intentional Plagiarism - Cont'd
 Reproduction of graphics, audio, or video materials
without citation.
 Reproduction of mathematical derivation without
citation.
 Reproduction of experimental testing and results.
 Copying material from the internet, even if it has no
author.
no known author.
https://www.prepostseo.com/p/4-types-of-plagiarism

The reason behind plagiarism?
How can we avoid plagiarism?
□ Time : 10min
https://tenor.com/search/w
hat-do-you-think-gifs
http://laoblogger.com/the-yellow-
clipart-activities.html

https://www.slideshare.net/Emran_Mostofa/plagiarism-and-its-consequences
Lack of research skills
Lack of linguistic skills

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/janabielecki-1422359-
plagiarism-quoting-paraphrasing-and-summarizing/

Use quotations when:
• You want to add the power of an author's words to
support your argument.
• You want to disagree with an author's argument.
• You are comparing and contrasting specific points of
view.
• You want to note the important research that precedes
your own.
Quotations are the exact words of an author,
copied directly from a source, word for word.
This slide is taken from/ Naglaa Fathy, Assist.
Prof of Parasitiology, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt 44511,
Plagiarism “Concepts & Avoidance”

Rulesof quotations:
 Quote must be enclosed between Quotation mark “ “.
 Quotation must be minimally used.
 Quotation must be cited.
 There are special rules for:
 Omitted words within a quote.
 Added Words into a quote
 Quoting within quotes.
 Block quote.
 Short quote
It should be enclosed between Quotation mark “ “, Followed by
Citation & then Full stop. Ex: “ dddddd” (Tapscott, 1998).

https://www.wikihow.com/Quote-in-a-Research-Paper#/Image:Quote-in-a-Research-Paper-
Step-7-Version-2.jpg
 Omitted words from a quotation should be replaced
by ellipses ... or (...).
Ellipses is inserted to show that some of the sentence is not
included in your quote.

 Added phrases inside a quotation should be enclosed in brackets [ ].
Brackets are inserted into a quote to add information that you
deem important/necessary but which is not included in the quote
itself.

 Quoting within Quotes
 When you have "embedded quotes," or quotations within
quotations, you should switch from the normal quotation
marks (“ ") to single quotation marks („ ') to show the
difference.
 For example, if an original passage by John
Archer reads:
 The Mountain Coyote has been described as a “wily” and
“single-minded” predator by zoologist Lma Warner.
 your quotation might look like this:
 As John Archer explains, “The Mountain Coyote has been
described as a 'wily' and 'single-minded' predator by
zoologist Lma Warner.”
http://www.plagiarism.org/article/quoting-material

Block quotation does not need the addition of quotation marks “ “.
In stead, it requires specific rules that depends on the writing or the
formatting style that you will follow (APA or MLA).
You may use
America Psychological Association
(APA)
Modern Language Association
(MLA)
When your work belonged to
Social science Liberal arts &Humanities
The social sciences include, but are not
limited to:
anthropology, archaeology, economics,
history, human
geography, linguistics, political
science , psychology, public health,
and sociology.
Humanities – includes art,
literature, linguistics, philosophy,
religion, ethics, modern foreign
languages, music, theater, speech,
classical languages (Latin/Greek)
etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science https://www.topuniversities.com/blog/what-
liberal-arts-education

Block quote
APA style MLA style
How long the quote to be
considered a block quote
40 words or more 4 lines or more
Steps to block quote
Introduce your block quote with a colon.
Ex: According to Wallace:
Then Press Enter button to add a line break .
Then indent the entire
quote by pressing the
button Tab a single time =
5 spaces = 0.5 inch
Then indent the entire
quote by pressing the
button Tab two times = 10
spaces = 1 inch
Quotation marks
Quotation marks are not required in block quote. You
have already stated who the author is/what is being
referred to in the introduction sentence.
Citation
Add the in-text parenthetical citation after the period at
the end of the quote.
(eg. .(Tapscott, 1998, p. 40))
Font of the block quote change the font to one noticeably smaller
Mrs. McGowan,
Teacher-Librarian
(2011)
http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b
806/library/Plagiarism.ppt
N.B
For quotations within that quotation, use normal quotation marks, not single
ones.

Incorporate a block quote by adding a complete line space between your own content
and the quote, and offsetting it by indenting the entire quote to the right a single time.
Block quotes

2. Paraphrasing
https://www.tes.com/lessons/FAcxXuxmeUuIgg/paraphrasing-and-summarizing

https://www.google.com.eg/search?sa=G&hl=ar&q=can+you+imagine+how+
hot+i+d+be+if+i+ate+right&tbm=isch&tbs=simg

https://www.slideshare.net/MGC1987/paraphrasing-summarizing-and-
citing-information

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/9uanSWL03gx-
PjYfLDidQ_NJTQtIr1XPlcIhNA6-nnRojScaXH2vtCR7dpN3T87uctlDkno=s131

https://www.google.com.eg/search?sa=G&hl=ar&q=paraphrasing+active+vo
ice+to+passive+voice+example&

For good paraphrasing use these 2
steps:
f
1- changing structure of the paragraph
AND
2- changing words
Naglaa Fathy, Assist. Prof of
Parasitiology, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
44511, Plagiarism “Concepts &
Avoidance”

1-changing structure of the paragraph
We will show you some useful tips for changing
structure of the paragraph.
Tip no 1:
search for the point(s) of your
focus and start with it. This will lead
naturally to changes in wording.
https://lh3.googleusercontent.co
m/MSBfSh3zj3LaXdmUa6_Ov1-
kjwhYS-yQLrEp3nX6YdNWty-
9452SQ8mDSv8HWCNOQDlOxj8=s8
5
Naglaa Fathy, Assist. Prof of
Parasitiology, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
44511, Plagiarism “Concepts &
Avoidance”

Tip no 2: Change the voice from active to passive and vice versa.
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductiontothepassivevoiceii-131202170734-
phpapp01/95/introduction-to-the-passive-voice-ii-15-638.jpg?cb=1386025685

The active voice is especially useful in the
introduction and discussion sections of your
manuscript, where you discuss previous research
and then introduce your own.
The passive voice is useful in the Methods
section, where the steps taken are more
important than the doer. For example, in a
surgery document, a reader would prefer “A
catheter was inserted for post-operative bladder
irrigation” over “We inserted a catheter for post-
operative bladder irrigation.”

Tip no 3:Change clauses to phrases and vice versa.

• Tip no 4:
break up long sentences, combine short ones, expand phrases
for clarity, or shorten them for conciseness
https://www.google.com.eg/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fslideplayer.com024&q=shortening

https://www.slideshare.net/zulaikhaali188/7-c-s-of-communication-29286112

Instead of Try
afford an opportunity allow, let
as a means of to
at this point in time now
due to the fact that because
during the period during
has a requirement for needs
in a timely manner quickly, promptly
in accordance with by, following, per, under
in advance of before
in regard to about, concerning, on
in the amount of for
in the event that if
in the near future shortly, soon
no later than June 1 by June 1
pertaining to about
provides guidance for guides
under the provisions of under
until such time as until
with reference to about
with the exception of except
https://www.prdaily.com/Main/Articles/20_phrases_you_can_replace_with_one_word__11285.aspx
In stead of Try

2. Changing Words
https://www.tes.com/lessons/DtUZvdhgMS9vSQ/synonyms

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C8Ep1e5WkAAubvc.jpg

How to get a synonym for any word
Google translate
Microsoft office
(Word)
Word web pro

https://techcrunch.com/2012/10/31/google-translate-gets-a-better-dictionary-with-smarter-
rankings-reverse-translations-and-grouped-synonyms/google-translate-synonyms/
Google translate

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/RaiXqBeyDf-
6lrDFYKljEiiJTbXdJBvjHJ6onfE7tv4_RqLiyfXNnonxZcrRMP6UWLonzg=s131
Microsoft office Word)

http://www.word-buff.com/word-finder.html
Word web pro

http://www.dcielts.com/ielts-writing/cohesion-and-avoiding-repetition/

https://www.slideshare.net/kevcummins/paraphrasing-11995847

*

Summarizing
 Condensing an author‟s ideas to a more concentrated
segment.
https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory
/r/reading_of_the_will.asp
http://www.cqeacademy.co
m/cqe-body-of-
knowledge/quantitative-
methods-tools/collecting-
and-summarizing-data/
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/j
anabielecki-1422359-plagiarism-quoting-
paraphrasing-and-summarizing/

*
He states, “anything takes on a new meaning when
we think of it as a monument” (Boorstin, 1987, p.
215) and adds that monuments can be both man-
made and natural.
Note punctuation
What makes this sentence elegant or unique?
The sentence has both a direct quotation and a paraphrase!
http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b806/library/Plagiarism.
ppt

*
Johnston and Cutchins (1988) state that “life is hard for
animal babies of all kinds, but for young reptiles,
surviving their first year is especially difficult” (p. 36).
 To put two authors in the brackets, you must use the
ampersand “&” symbol.
(Johnston & Cutchins, 1988, p. 36)
 For more than 3 authors, you may use the Latin phrase
“et al” which means “and the rest”
(Abrams, et al, 2010, p. 345)
ppt

*
 For electronic sources that do not provide page
numbers:
 Use the paragraph number, if available, preceded
by the paragraph symbol ¶ or the abbreviation
para.
 Ex: (Myers, 2008, ¶ 5)
 If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible,
cite the heading and the number of the
paragraph following it to direct the reader to the
location of the material (APA, 2010, Section 7.11).
 (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
http://schools.cbe.ab.ca/b806/library/Plagiarism.ppt

*
Many times, you will encounter and need to cite a
resource that does not have an author. It might be a
Corporation. We are used to doing citations using the
author’s last name. However, this is not always possible.
REFERENCE LISTING of resources that do not have
authors:
No Author
Sports nutrition: Nutrition science & the Olympics.
(2008). Retrieved from
http://btc.montana.edu/olympics/nutrition/default.htm
ppt

https://www.slideshare.net/gagandeep35
16/plagiarism-powerpoint-57177986

https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=atTRlg6i
aGo

No need to document when:
✓ You are discussing your own experiences,
observations, or reactions
✓ Compiling the results of original research, from
science experiments... .etc.
✓ You are using common knowledge

https://owl.excelsior.edu/plagiarism/plagiarism-how-to-avoid-it/plagiarism-common-knowledge/

Common Knowledge
 Information that satisfy any of the following criteria is
considered common knowledge
• Known or observable facts
• Known or common phrases
Information known by most
people in a certain
Field
is considered common
knowledge
to anyone who belongs to the
community of that field
Community
is considered common
knowledge
With in that
community

When to cite a common knowledge?
If common knowledge is
introduced as a verbatim
copy from a source.
If the target audience is
not familiar with facts or
information.

https://s3.amazonaws.com/libapps/customers/517/images/InText_3_options.png

How to detect Plagiarism?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdYKlmzYJOM

List of sites that check your paper
1. Copyscape.com (Free/Paid)
2. Grammarly.com (Free Trial/Paid) Winner “Accuracy”
3. Writecheck.com (Paid only)
4. Plagscan.com (Paid only)
5. Turnitin.com (Paid only)
6. Plagium.com (Free)
7. Scanmyessay.com (Free)
8. Plagiarism-detect.com (Free) Winner “Free”
9. Dustball.com (Free)
10. Plagiarisma.net (Free)
11. Quetext: Plagiarism Checker (free)

Plagiarism (Concepts & Avoidance)

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