This document provides information about a Pig workshop being conducted by Sudar Muthu. It introduces Pig, describing it as a platform for analyzing large data sets. It outlines some key Pig components like the Pig Shell, Pig Latin language, libraries, and user defined functions. It also discusses why Pig is useful, highlighting aspects like its data flow model and ability to increase programmer productivity. Finally, it previews topics that will be covered in the workshop, such as loading and storing data, Pig Latin operators, and writing user defined functions.

1. Pig Workshop
Sudar Muthu
http://sudarmuthu.com
http://twitter.com/sudarmuthu
https://github.com/sudar

2. Who am I?
Research Engineer by profession
I mine useful information from data
You might recognize me from other HasGeek events
Blog at http://sudarmuthu.com
Builds robots as hobby ;)

3. Special Thanks
HasGeek

4. What I will not cover?

5. What I will not cover?
What is BigData, or why it is needed?
What is MapReduce?
What is Hadoop?
Internal architecture of Pig
http://sudarmuthu.com/blog/getting-started-with-hadoop-and-pig

6. What we will see today?

7. What we will see today?
What is Pig
How to use it
Loading and storing data
Pig Latin
SQL vs Pig
Writing UDF’s
Debugging Pig Scripts
Optimizing Pig Scripts
When to use Pig

8. So, all of you have Pig installed
right? ;)

9. What is Pig?
“Platform for analyzing large
sets of data”

10. Components of Pig
Pig Shell (Grunt)
Pig Language (Latin)
Libraries (Piggy Bank)
User Defined Functions (UDF)

11. Why Pig?
It is a data flow language
Provides standard data processing operations
Insulates Hadoop complexity
Abstracts Map Reduce
Increases programmer productivity
… but there are cases where Pig is not suitable.

12. Pig Modes

13. For this workshop, we will be
using Pig only in local mode

14. Getting to know your Pig shell

15. pig –x local
Similar to Python’s shell

16. Different ways of executing Pig
Scripts
Inline in shell
From a file
Streaming through other executable
Embed script in other languages

17. Loading and Storing data
Pigs eat anything

18. Loading Data into Pig
file = LOAD 'data/dropbox-policy.txt' AS (line);
data = LOAD 'data/tweets.csv' USING PigStorage(',');
data = LOAD 'data/tweets.csv' USING PigStorage(',')
AS ('list', 'of', 'fields');

19. Loading Data into Pig
PigStorage – for most cases
TextLoader – to load text files
JSONLoader – to load JSON files
Custom loaders – You can write your own custom
loaders as well

20. Viewing Data
DUMP input;
Very useful for debugging, but don’t use it on huge
datasets

21. Storing Data from Pig
STORE data INTO 'output_location';
STORE data INTO 'output_location' USING PigStorage();
STORE data INTO 'output_location' USING
PigStorage(',');
STORE data INTO 'output_location' USING BinStorage();

22. Storing Data
Similar to `LOAD`, lot of options are available
Can store locally or in HDFS
You can write your own custom Storage as well

23. Load and Store example
data = LOAD 'data/data-bag.txt' USING
PigStorage(',');
STORE data INTO 'data/output/load-store' USING
PigStorage('|');
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/load-store.pig

24. Pig Latin

25. Data Types
Scalar Types
Complex Types

26. Scalar Types
int, long – (32, 64 bit) integer
float, double – (32, 64 bit) floating point
boolean (true/false)
chararray (String in UTF-8)
bytearray (blob) (DataByteArray in Java)
If you don’t specify anything bytearray is used by
default

27. Complex Types
tuple – ordered set of fields
(data) bag – collection of tuples
map – set of key value pairs

28. Tuple
Row with one or more fields
Fields can be of any data type
Ordering is important
Enclosed inside parentheses ()
Eg:
(Sudar, Muthu, Haris, Dinesh)
(Sudar, 176, 80.2F)

29. Bag
Set of tuples
SQL equivalent is Table
Each tuple can have different set of fields
Can have duplicates
Inner bag uses curly braces {}
Outer bag doesn’t use anything

30. Bag - Example
Outer bag
(1,2,3)
(1,2,4)
(2,3,4)
(3,4,5)
(4,5,6)
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/data-bag.pig

31. Bag - Example
Inner bag
(1,{(1,2,3),(1,2,4)})
(2,{(2,3,4)})
(3,{(3,4,5)})
(4,{(4,5,6)})
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/data-bag.pig

32. Map
Set of key value pairs
Similar to HashMap in Java
Key must be unique
Key must be of chararray data type
Values can be any type
Key/value is separated by #
Map is enclosed by []

33. Map - Example
[name#sudar, height#176, weight#80.5F]
[name#(sudar, muthu), height#176, weight#80.5F]
[name#(sudar, muthu), languages#(Java, Pig, Python
)]

34. Null
Similar to SQL
Denotes that value of data element is unknown
Any data type can be null

35. Schemas in Load statement
We can specify a schema (collection of datatypes) to `LOAD`
statements
data = LOAD 'data/data-bag.txt' USING PigStorage(',') AS
(f1:int, f2:int, f3:int);
data = LOAD 'data/nested-schema.txt' AS
(f1:int, f2:bag{t:tuple(n1:int, n2:int)}, f3:map[]);

36. Expressions
Fields can be looked up by
Position
Name
Map Lookup

37. Expressions - Example
data = LOAD 'data/nested-schema.txt' AS
(f1:int, f2:bag{t:tuple(n1:int, n2:int)}, f3:map[]);
by_pos = FOREACH data GENERATE $0;
DUMP by_pos;
by_field = FOREACH data GENERATE f2;
DUMP by_field;
by_map = FOREACH data GENERATE f3#'name';
DUMP by_map;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/lookup.pig

38. Operators

39. Arithmetic Operators
All usual arithmetic operators are supported
Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (*)
Division (/)
Modulo (%)

40. Boolean Operators
All usual boolean operators are supported
AND
OR
NOT

41. Comparison Operators
All usual comparison operators are supported
==
!=
<
>
<=
>=

42. Relational Operators
FOREACH
FLATTERN
GROUP
FILTER
COUNT
ORDER BY
DISTINCT
LIMIT
JOIN

43. FOREACH
Generates data transformations based on columns of data
x = FOREACH data GENERATE *;
x = FOREACH data GENERATE $0, $1;
x = FOREACH data GENERATE $0 AS first, $1 AS
second;

44. FLATTEN
Un-nests tuples and bags. Most of the time results in
cross product
(a, (b, c)) => (a,b,c)
({(a,b),(d,e)}) => (a,b) and (d,e)
(a, {(b,c), (d,e)}) => (a, b, c) and (a, d, e)

45. GROUP
Groups data in one or more relations
Groups tuples that have the same group key
Similar to SQL group by operator
outerbag = LOAD 'data/data-bag.txt' USING PigStorage(',') AS (f1:int, f2:int, f3:int);
DUMP outerbag;
innerbag = GROUP outerbag BY f1;
DUMP innerbag;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/group-by.pig

46. FILTER
Selects tuples from a relation based on some condition
data = LOAD 'data/data-bag.txt' USING PigStorage(',') AS
(f1:int, f2:int, f3:int);
DUMP data;
filtered = FILTER data BY f1 == 1;
DUMP filtered;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/filter-by.pig

47. COUNT
Counts the number of tuples in a relationship
data = LOAD 'data/data-bag.txt' USING PigStorage(',') AS (f1:int, f2:int, f3:int);
grouped = GROUP data BY f2;
counted = FOREACH grouped GENERATE group, COUNT (data);
DUMP counted;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/count.pig

48. ORDER By
Sort a relation based on one or more fields. Similar to SQL order by
data = LOAD 'data/nested-sample.txt' USING PigStorage(',') AS (f1:int, f2:int, f3:int);
DUMP data;
ordera = ORDER data BY f1 ASC;
DUMP ordera;
orderd = ORDER data BY f1 DESC;
DUMP orderd;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/order-by.pig

49. DISTINCT
Removes duplicates from a relation
data = LOAD 'data/data-bag.txt' USING PigStorage(',') AS (f1:int, f2:int, f3:int);
DUMP data;
unique = DISTINCT data;
DUMP unique;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/distinct.pig

50. LIMIT
Limits the number of tuples in the output.
data = LOAD 'data/data-bag.txt' USING PigStorage(',') AS (f1:int, f2:int, f3:int);
DUMP data;
limited = LIMIT data 3;
DUMP limited;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/limit.pig

51. JOIN
Joins relation based on a field. Both outer and inner
joins are supported
a = LOAD 'data/data-bag.txt' USING PigStorage(',') AS (f1:int, f2:int, f3:int);
DUMP a;
b = LOAD 'data/simple-tuples.txt' USING PigStorage(',') AS (t1:int, t2:int);
DUMP b;
joined = JOIN a by f1, b by t1;
DUMP joined;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/join.pig

52. SQL vs Pig
From Table – Load file(s)
Select – FOREACH GENERATE
Where – FILTER BY
Group By – GROUP BY + FOREACH GENERATE
Having – FILTER BY
Order By – ORDER BY
Distinct - DISTINCT

53. Let’s see a complete example
Count the number of words in a
text file
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/count-words.pig

54. Extending Pig - UDF

55. Why UDF?
Do operations on more than one field
Do more than grouping and filtering
Programmer is comfortable
Want to reuse existing logic
Traditionally UDF can be written only in Java. Now other
languages like Python are also supported

56. Different types of UDF’s
Eval Functions
Filter functions
Load functions
Store functions

57. Eval Functions
Can be used in FOREACH statement
Most common type of UDF
Can return simple types or Tuples
b = FOREACH a generate udf.Function($0);
b = FOREACH a generate udf.Function($0, $1);

58. Eval Functions
Extend EvalFunc<T> interface
The generic <T> should contain the return type
Input comes as a Tuple
Should check for empty and nulls in input
Extend exec() function and it should return the value
Extend getArgToFuncMapping() to let UDF know about
Argument mapping
Extend outputSchema() to let UDF know about output
schema

59. Using Java UDF in Pig Scripts
Create a jar file which contains your UDF classes
Register the jar at the top of Pig script
Register other jars if needed
Define the UDF function
Use your UDF function

60. Let’s see an example which
returns a string
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/strip-quote.pig

61. Let’s see an example which
returns a Tuple
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/get-twitter-names.pig

62. Filter Functions
Can be used in the Filter statements
Returns a boolean value
Eg:
vim_tweets = FILTER data By FromVim(StripQuote($6));

63. Filter Functions
Extends FilterFun, which is a EvalFunc<Boolean>
Should return a boolean
Input it is same as EvalFunc<T>
Should check for empty and nulls in input
Extend getArgToFuncMapping() to let UDF know
about Argument mapping

64. Let’s see an example which
returns a Boolean
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/from-vim.pig

65. Error Handling in UDF
If the error affects only particular row then return
null.
If the error affects other rows, but can recover, then
throw an IOException
If the error affects other rows, and can’t
recover, then also throw an IOException. Pig and
Hadoop will quit, if there are many IOExceptions.

66. Can we try to write some more
UDF’s?

67. Writing UDF in other languages

68. Streaming

69. Streaming
Entire data set is passed through an external task
The external task can be in any language
Even shell script also works
Uses the `STREAM` function

70. Stream through shell script
data = LOAD 'data/tweets.csv' USING PigStorage(',');
filtered = STREAM data THROUGH `cut -f6,8`;
DUMP filtered;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/stream-shell-script.pig

71. Stream through Python
data = LOAD 'data/tweets.csv' USING PigStorage(',');
filtered = STREAM data THROUGH `strip.py`;
DUMP filtered;
https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples/stream-python.pig

72. Debugging Pig Scripts
DUMP is your friend, but use with LIMIT
DESCRIBE – will print the schema names
ILLUSTRATE – Will show the structure of the schema
In UDF’s, we can use warn() function. It supports
upto 15 different debug levels
Use Penny -
https://cwiki.apache.org/PIG/pennytoollibrary.html

73. Optimizing Pig Scripts
Project early and often
Filter early and often
Drop nulls before a join
Prefer DISTINCT over GROUP BY
Use the right data structure

74. Using Param substitution
-p key=value - substitutes a single key, value
-m file.ini – substitutes using an ini file
default – provide default values
http://sudarmuthu.com/blog/passing-command-line-
arguments-to-pig-scripts

75. Problems that can be solved using Pig
Anything data related

76. When not to use Pig?
Lot of custom logic needs to be implemented
Need to do lot of cross lookup
Data is mostly binary (processing image files)
Real-time processing of data is needed

77. External Libraries
PiggyBank -
https://cwiki.apache.org/PIG/piggybank.html
DataFu – Linked-In Pig Library -
https://github.com/linkedin/datafu
Elephant Bird – Twitter Pig Library -
https://github.com/kevinweil/elephant-bird

78. Useful Links
Pig homepage - http://pig.apache.org/
My blog about Pig -
http://sudarmuthu.com/blog/category/hadoop-pig
Sample code – https://github.com/sudar/pig-samples
Slides – http://slideshare.net/sudar

79. Thank you