herbs uses and the drugs that contain this herb

1. ARNICA MONTANA L.
(ASTERACEAE)

2. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY.
• is a European medical plant type contains a variety of terpenoids and has mostly been used in the
treatment of sprains and bruises but is also used in cosmetics.
• Arnica flower preparations are used in homeopathy, where highly diluted arnica tinctures in liquid or
tablet form are popular. and External usage of A. montana in preparations for treating muscular and joint
injuries, as well as irritation of the mouth and throat
• The bulk raw material for arnica is normally offered as dried entire flowers or dried flower extracts. Arnica
tinctures (typically prepared with 50-70 percent aqueous ethanol) are offered as nutritional supplements
or for topical application.
•

3. • Another name of the plant: mountain tobacco, wolfsbane, leopard's bane (wolfsbane is a popular name for a genus of
poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae).
• the important part of the plant that is used for different pharmaceutical purposes is leaves, rhizomes, roots
and inflorescences.
• Sesquiterpenes, essential oils, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, specifically chlorogenic acids, are all found in
arnica.
• Arnica Montana is a cardiotropic, neurotropic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti-sclerotic, and
antitumor medication that is extensively used in folk medicine, complementary and alternative medicine.

4. • The most common homeopathic remedy for bruises is Arnica montana.
Arnica montana can be used topically to a bruised region
with unbroken skin as an ointment or lotion.
Arnica montana can be given sublingual or orally:
1) bruising to the periorbital tissues and bruising postsurgical trauma
2) hematomas localized bleeding visible under the skin's surface.
3) including concussions
4) head trauma

5. • dental operations
• used to treat bruises that haven't totally healed over time.
• painful muscles after overexertion
• dermatological problems like alopecia.
• lipid lowering agent.
• Cytotoxic activity.
• Acne, ulcers, arthritis, burns.

6. ACTIVE INGREDIENT
• Arnica Montana (AM) is a natural limuloid with
around 59 active components,
including helenalin, sesquiterpene lactones of
arnica and dihydrohelenalin. (a) and (b) in
Figure 1.
• Researchers have found lignans of the furofuran
and phillygenin also essential oil, inulin,
tannins in Arnica Montana. Arnica montana is
said to contain caffeic acid and flavonoids.

7. ACTIVITIES
• A. montana is a medicinal plant that is commonly used in herbal medicine. Plant components
such as , rhizomes (Rhizoma Arnicae), inflorescences (Flores Arnicae),leaves (Folia
Arnicae)and roots (Radix Arnicae), are obtained for medicinal uses.
Sesquiterpene lactones, which are proven to relieve inflammation and pain, are most active
ingredients of the entire plant (this process works by stimulating white blood cell
Leukocyte activity) indicate antioxidant.
• Arnica is a nervous system tonic that stimulates blood circulation and can elevate BP, specifically in
the coronary arteries. It has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities that can help to relieve
swelling and pain.

8. ARNICA MONTANA ESSENTIAL OILS
• Depending on the geographical area, environmental variables, and plant organ, the
chemical content of essential oil and its primary volatile components in arnica can vary.
• The amount of EO extracted differ in arnica parts such as: rhizomes, flower heads, and plant
roots.
• Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons make up the majority of essential oils. The goal of this study
was to determine the chemical content of essential oil extracted from A. montana achenes
and to see how it affected apoptotic production. The chemical content of essential oil
extracted from achenes was analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry GC-
MS, which indicated that 96.38 percent of the total EO content was present.
• Essential oils were shown to have anticancer activity by causing apoptosis in anaplastic
cells. Apoptosis induction at a rate of 25.7–32.7 percent.

9. THE ACTIVE COMPONENT IN THE ESSENTIAL
OIL OF ARNICA:
Component percentage structure Benefit
2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene 39.54 - 44.65%
- Antibacterial
- antifungal
- insecticidal properties.
cumene 13.24 -10.71%
Produce acetone and
phenol the benefit of
phenol as anti-oxidant.
decanal 7.31 - 6.28% fragrances and flavoring

10. MECHANISM OF ACTION (MOA)
• The compounds Helenian and dihyrdohelenalin may be responsible for Arnica's
effects. These compounds may alter immune cell behavior, kill the bacteria, limit
the activity of inflammatory substances and blood cells, and destroy cancer cells.
Another brand name of arnica montana:
• Arnicare.
• Arniflora

11. SIDE EFFECT
• Bronchoconstriction (shortness of breath)
• Diarrhea.
• Vomiting.
• Stomach pain.
• fast heartbeat.

12. DOSAGE FORM
• Topically, arnica tinctures, creams, ointments contain arnica oil, and gels, tinctures,
or liquid extracts (liquid extracts are prepared using 1:20 ratio of fresh flowers to
50% aqueous ethanol) are used to relieve bruises, sprains, and localized muscle
discomfort.

13. DOSAGE FORMS
Topical Cream or Gel
• Adults and children aged 2 years and up:
As early as possible after the injury, apply a
thin coating to the injured area(s). Rep 3–4
times daily, or as required. Avoid contact
with open wounds and eyes.
Tablets.
• Used for adults and children 92-60 years old.
• For children: To make it simpler to swallow, dissolve 2 tablets in 1
tablespoon of water.
• Minor muscular or joint aches and pains; sprains, strains, bruising,
backache, or overexertion are temporarily relieved.

14. DRUG-HERB INTERACTION.
• When applying topical formulations of arnica, there are no serious
medication interactions. When used orally, arnica may increase
the action of anticoagulants and other medications that raise
the risk of bleeding. They may interact with medications such as
analgesics, blood pressure medications, steroids and blood
thinners.

15. ADULTERATION.
1) The European Pharmacopoeia now lists only A. montana as a recognized
species. Other Arnica species, such as A. latifolia, , A. sororia and A.
cordifolia can be sold officially in the US under the Standardized Common
Name "arnica."
Replacement of arnica flowers with blossoms of so-called "Mexican arnica" is
the most widespread kind of adulteration in the arnica trade.
2) Adulteration with Cota tinctoria all yellow flowering Asteraceae species.

16. Mexican arnica American arnica

17. ADULTERATION
3) Arnica has been protected due to excessive
harvesting. When compared to H. inuloides, the
comparatively high price of A. montana flowers has offered a
motivation for commercially driven adulteration.
Heterotheca
inuloides

18. HOW CAN WE DETECT THE
ADULTERATION
• Adulteration of arnica with H. inuloides
is readily detected using macroscopic,
microscopic, chemical analysis, and/or
DNA analysis especially the H. inuloides
are less costly.

19. CASE STUDY
• Positive: I use this product for swelling and pain associated with tooth extractions and wisdom teeth.
Reduce the swelling and no pain after surgery. That was my results from using Arnica.
• Negative: Case: A 27-year-old lady was admitted to the hospital with a quickly developing necrotic lesion
on her face and left leg and a high temperature. She stated that she had used a 1.5 percent arnica lotion
to her face before to the onset of these symptoms. Her skin lesions disappeared after three weeks of
prednisolone treatment.

20. PRECAUTIONS
• Arnica is really considered harmful. It can induce heart damage, vomiting, excessive bleeding,
organ failure, coma, and life threatening if taken orally.
• 1) Gastroenteritis can be caused by drinking tea made from Arnica montana flowers.
• 2) Arnica should not be used internally, and its preparations should not be applied to open
wounds. Because of its toxicity, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classed arnica
as an unsafe herb. It should not be used orally or applied to damaged skin where absorption
might occur.
Pregnancy and lactation: do not use it due to the activation of uterine.
• When children take the plant's roots and flowers, they experience, tiredness, vomiting and
coma.

21. DEVIL’S CLAW (PEDALIACEAE)

22. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY.
Other names for the plant include grapple plant, wood spider.
Harpogophytum procumbens, also known as Harpagophyti radix in the pharmaceutical
industry. Root extracts have been demonstrated to be pharmacologically active in the
treatment of osteoarthritis, degenerative rheumatoid arthritis and tendonitis in medical
examinations.
Harpagophytum procumbens has a long history of indigenous applications, where it is
converted into a variety of health products including teas, pills, capsules, topical gels and
patches.
The indigenous people of South Africa have long taken devil's claw as a traditional treatment
for ailments ranging from liver and kidney problems to allergies, headaches, and
rheumatism.

23. DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURES
• Physical similarity between the body part to be cured and
the shape of the plant.
Some believe that the appearance of the plant gives an
indication of what it can be used to treat

24. USES
• Harpogophytum procumbens is applied in the form of beverages, decoctions, tinctures, extracts and powders, for a number
of health problems. Other medicinal uses applications include:
• Arthritis
• Ulcers.
• Pain such as back pain, osteoarthritis (musculoskeletal)
• Migraine headaches.
• blood disorders
• postpartum discomfort
• Dyspepsia
• Wounds.
• Sprains.

25. ACTIVE INGREDIENT.
• Iridoids and other compounds such as amino acids,
harpagoquinones, flavonoids, carbohydrates and
phytosterols have been isolated from H. procumbens as a result of
several phytochemical experiments. The monoterpenoids,
cyclopenta known as iridoids are a significant .

26. ACTIVITY
• - H. procumbens has been shown to have:
- anti-oxidant,
- analgesic,
- antibacterial,
- anti diabetic
- antimalarial
- according to scientific research. Iridoid glycosides (such as harpagoside and harpagide) which are widely
present and are recognized to have anti-inflammatory action, have been the target of phytochemical research.
• - Harpagophytum procumbens has anti-inflammatory properties and useful in the treatment of low back pain.
• - The antioxidant activity seen in devil's claw extracts might be related to flavinoids (recognized free radical
scavengers) and plant phenols (hydrogen donors and oxygen radical neutralizers).

27. ACTIVITY.
• Digestive treatment
• The activity of devil's claw given by iridoid glycosides accelerates digestion by
increasing stomach acid production. As a result, devil's claw is a stimulant for
hunger, a digestive stimulant, and a liver and gall bladder tonic.
• Chondroprotectors
Inflammatory mediators, such as leukotrienes, COX2, and nitric oxide, may be
inhibited.

29. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• As analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic
• Harpagoside decreases inflammation by lowering nuclear factor
GABA, which decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric
oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production.

30. SIDE EFFECT
Diarrhea.
Headache
stomach pain.
Vomiting.
Headache
All of these side effect due to the harpagoside that effect as anti-inflammatory.
Problems in menstrual periods.
Ringing in the ears.

31. Dosage
form
tablet tincture Dried root
Dose 600-1200 mg
contain(50-100)mg of
harpagoside
0.2-1 mL three times per day 0.5- 1.5 g by mouth three times per
day with water
Uses Used for muscle and joints
pain
Anti-inflammation Problems in stomach and digestion and
for loss appetite.

32. HERB-DRUG INTERACTION
interact with blood clotting with warfarin and interfere with ticlopidine. (because H. procumbens
inhibit COX2 which induce the bleeding).
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines may cause side effects and drug interactions.
• Interact with stomach acid medicines such as famotidine. (because it increase stomach acidity).
• Do not take it with anxiolytics or anti-depressant.
• Do not take it with drugs that treats: malaria, HIV, tuberculosis.

33. ADULTERATION
• 1) Intentional adulteration of H. procumbens raw material with H. zeyheri is
common, and this can affect the efficacy of poor management health products.
• H. zeyheri has a low active ingredient concentration.
• 2) Occasionally, Devil's claw is contaminated with harpagoside-deficient main
roots or other unpleasant plants like Acanthosicyos.
H. zeyheri

34. CASE STUDY.
• Costocondritis is an uncommon disease that I suffer from. which is
why no medical practitioner is willing to treat it. It's when the back
ribs freeze up, causing pain in the sturnum and breast bone if
edema is present, such as in the breasts, and ribs.
• I thought I'd give Devils Claw a try, and after about a week of taking
one pill in the morning and one in the evening, I have no side left or
right rib discomfort, so I believe it's working right away. I also use
Ibruprothen, steroid pills, and tramadol, but none of them appeared
to be helping my Costocondritis until I started using Devil's Claw a
week ago after three months of use, so it's certainly worth ago.

35. PRECAUTION
• With pregnancy and cardiovascular diseases.
• It's CI to take it with chronotropic,
antiarrythmic or inotropic medications due to the
inducing of gastric secretions.
• Do not take it with drugs that lowers blood sugar
because H. Procumbens lowers blood sugar.