The document outlines the structure and evaluation of arguments in philosophy and critical thinking, defining an argument as a claim supported by premises. It discusses the roles of conclusions, implicit premises, and questions, emphasizing the importance of identifying and evaluating arguments. Additionally, it distinguishes between deductive and inductive arguments based on the strength of premises in relation to their conclusions.

1. PHILOSOPHY PRESENTATION
TOPICS:1.STRUCTURE OF AN ARGUMENT 2.EVALUATION OF AN
ARGUMENT 3.TYPES OF AN ARGUMENT

2. STRUCTURE OF AN ARGUMENT
► 1. What is argument?
► – Basically, argument is a claim defended with reasons.
It is composed of a group of statements with one or
more statements (premises) supporting another
statement
► . What is statement?
► – A sentence declaring something that can be true or
false.

3. ► 3. What is argument in Critical Thinking?
► – In Critical Thinking, argument is an act of presenting
reasons to support individual’s position or point of view.
It is not quarrel or dispute. Or simply, as Bassham’s
definition of an argument: A claim defended with
reasons.
– Non-arguments are descriptions, explanations &
summaries, command, etc.

4. 4. The roles of questions as a
conclusion and premise
► Interesting form of question is leading questions which is
used when trying to guide someone’s answer in a
certain direction or trying to get them to say the things
you want. This tactic widely used by lawyers. For
instance: Instead of asking a witness on the stand:
“Where were you on the night of September 5th, 2012?”
The questioner would say: “You were driving to Kuala
Lumpur on the night of Septemeber 5th, weren’t you?”

5. ► 5. Main components in argument. (a) Premises, (b)
Conclusion:
► – A simple argument must have a conclusion and at
least two premises.
– Premises or propositions are statements that directly
support the conclusion.
– Conclusion is what an author or an individual wants
me to believe, accept or do.

6. ► 6. Implicit conclusion & implicit premise:
► – An implicit conclusion is when the conclusion is not
stated outright and the arguer assumes that you will
know it.
– An implicit premise is when the premise is not stated
outright and the arguer assumes that you will know it.

7. ► An example of an argument and its analysis:
► – This is an example of argument and its conclusion is in
the first sentence: The premises given are: 1) that
speakers of more than one language have better
understanding of how languages are structured; 2) a
second language can help people to have better
understanding and appreciation of their first language.

8. How To Evaluate An Argument
► Identify the conclusion and the premises.
► Put the argument in standard form.
► Decide if the argument is deductive or
non-deductive.

9. How to evaluate an argument
► Determine whether the argument succeeds
logically.
► Make a final judgment: is the argument
good or bad?

10. Types Of Argument
► Deductive Argument
► Inductive Argument

11. Deductive Argument
► A deductive argument is an argument in which it is
thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the
truth of the conclusion

12. Inductive Argument
► In an inductive argument, the premises are intended
only to be so strong that, if they are true, then it is
unlikely that the conclusion is false.