Actual trends in software development are pushing the need to face a multiplicity of diverse activities and interaction styles characterizing complex and distributed application domains, in such a way that the resulting dynamics exhibits some grade of order, i.e. in terms of evolution of the system and desired equilibrium. Autonomous agents and Multiagent Systems are argued in literature as one of the most immediate approaches for describing such a kind of challenges. Actually, agent research seems to converge towards the definition of renewed abstraction tools aimed at better capturing the new demands of open systems. Besides agents, which are assumed as autonomous entities purposing a series of design objectives, Multiagent Systems account new notions as first-class entities, aimed, above all, at modeling institutional/organizational entities, placed for normative regulation, interaction and teamwork management, as well as environmental entities, placed as resources to further support and regulate agent work.
The starting point of this thesis is recognizing that both organizations and en- vironments can be rooted in a unifying perspective. Whereas recent research in agent systems seems to account a set of diverse approaches to specifically face with at least one aspect within the above mentioned, this work aims at proposing a unifying approach where both agents and their organizations can be straightforwardly situated in properly designed working environments. In this line, this work pursues reconciliation of environments with sociality, social interaction with environment based interaction, environmental resources with organizational func- tionalities with the aim to smoothly integrate the various aspects of complex and situated organizations in a coherent programming approach. Rooted in Agents and Artifacts (A&A) meta-model, which has been recently introduced both in the context of agent oriented software engineering and programming, the thesis pro- motes the notion of Embodied Organizations, characterized by computational infrastructures attaining a seamless integration between agents, organizations and environmental entities.
Embodied Organizations A unifying perspective in programming Agents, Organiza...Michele Piunti
The document proposes a unifying approach to modeling agents, organizations, and environments. It introduces the concept of "embodied organizations" where organizational entities are integrated into and control resources in agent environments. This is aimed to better reconcile agents and their work environments with institutional dimensions like organizations. The approach uses artifacts from the A&A meta-model to represent environmental resources and infrastructure that can embody organizations and aid in implementing organizational functions and control over agents. Specifications from the Moise model are used to define organizational structures, missions, norms etc. that can be enforced through such environmental artifacts.
The document discusses evaluating the implementation of a reading program for 5-7 year old children. Key implementation questions include whether volunteers and coordinators implement the program as designed, whether volunteers receive needed training and support, and whether the discussion group model is meeting resident expectations. Evaluating implementation helps determine what actually happens in the program, its characteristics, who participates, what works and doesn't work, and why the program was or wasn't effective. It allows improvements to be made while the program is developing.
Introduction on stakeholder collaboration framework during the MeTA Multi Stakeholder Processes
Workshop for MeTA pilot Countries in Wageningen UR Centre for Development Innovation
Portfolio management and agile: a look at risk and valueJohn Goodpasture
The document is a presentation about portfolio management and agile given to the PMI Central Florida Chapter. It discusses how portfolio value and risk trade-offs can be compatible with agile practices like dynamic backlogs and incremental plans. While portfolio value is planned, agile allows for emergent outcomes. The presentation addresses tensions between portfolio planning and agile emergence, and how portfolios and agile both address value and risk through diversification and frequent deliveries.
The document summarizes a study conducted by NASA to identify behavioral competencies of highly regarded systems engineers. It describes the methodology used, which involved interviewing and observing 37 systems engineers across NASA centers. The study identified 13 behavioral competencies grouped under themes of leadership, communication, problem solving, and attributes. Key differences from a similar study at JPL included NASA systems engineers placing more emphasis on face-to-face interaction and use of visuals. Future areas of study are also outlined.
The document describes an activity system model for understanding management practices and processes at micro levels. It explains the key components of an activity system including subjects, objects, outcomes, tools, rules, community and division of labor. It then maps out how specific management processes like planning, implementation, feedback and evaluation fit within this framework and are mediated by social and organizational factors. The goal of the activity system is the reproduction or transformation of patterns of behavior through the interactions between these elements.
The document provides an executive briefing on strategic issues surrounding cloud services. It defines different types of cloud services and models. It also discusses the business drivers for cloud computing including cost optimization, risk optimization, and strategic agility. Additionally, it outlines some of the legal and security risks organizations should consider when using cloud services, such as data privacy and protection, contracting risks, and security vulnerabilities. It emphasizes the importance of having appropriate security policies, service level agreements, and terms in cloud contracts.
The document proposes a unifying approach to programming multi-agent systems that embodies organizations within agent environments. It aims to enable agents to interact with both organizational and environmental entities, and allow environmental changes to impact organizations and agent activities. The approach models agents, organizations, and environments and their interactions. It uses an artifact-based programming model where agents interact through artifacts that represent environmental resources and organizational functions. Organizations are specified using the Moise model in terms of their structural, functional, and deontic dimensions. The approach is demonstrated in a hospital scenario where agents interact through environment and organization artifacts.
Embodied Organizations A unifying perspective in programming Agents, Organiza...Michele Piunti
The document proposes a unifying approach to modeling agents, organizations, and environments. It introduces the concept of "embodied organizations" where organizational entities are integrated into and control resources in agent environments. This is aimed to better reconcile agents and their work environments with institutional dimensions like organizations. The approach uses artifacts from the A&A meta-model to represent environmental resources and infrastructure that can embody organizations and aid in implementing organizational functions and control over agents. Specifications from the Moise model are used to define organizational structures, missions, norms etc. that can be enforced through such environmental artifacts.
The document discusses evaluating the implementation of a reading program for 5-7 year old children. Key implementation questions include whether volunteers and coordinators implement the program as designed, whether volunteers receive needed training and support, and whether the discussion group model is meeting resident expectations. Evaluating implementation helps determine what actually happens in the program, its characteristics, who participates, what works and doesn't work, and why the program was or wasn't effective. It allows improvements to be made while the program is developing.
Introduction on stakeholder collaboration framework during the MeTA Multi Stakeholder Processes
Workshop for MeTA pilot Countries in Wageningen UR Centre for Development Innovation
Portfolio management and agile: a look at risk and valueJohn Goodpasture
The document is a presentation about portfolio management and agile given to the PMI Central Florida Chapter. It discusses how portfolio value and risk trade-offs can be compatible with agile practices like dynamic backlogs and incremental plans. While portfolio value is planned, agile allows for emergent outcomes. The presentation addresses tensions between portfolio planning and agile emergence, and how portfolios and agile both address value and risk through diversification and frequent deliveries.
The document summarizes a study conducted by NASA to identify behavioral competencies of highly regarded systems engineers. It describes the methodology used, which involved interviewing and observing 37 systems engineers across NASA centers. The study identified 13 behavioral competencies grouped under themes of leadership, communication, problem solving, and attributes. Key differences from a similar study at JPL included NASA systems engineers placing more emphasis on face-to-face interaction and use of visuals. Future areas of study are also outlined.
The document describes an activity system model for understanding management practices and processes at micro levels. It explains the key components of an activity system including subjects, objects, outcomes, tools, rules, community and division of labor. It then maps out how specific management processes like planning, implementation, feedback and evaluation fit within this framework and are mediated by social and organizational factors. The goal of the activity system is the reproduction or transformation of patterns of behavior through the interactions between these elements.
The document provides an executive briefing on strategic issues surrounding cloud services. It defines different types of cloud services and models. It also discusses the business drivers for cloud computing including cost optimization, risk optimization, and strategic agility. Additionally, it outlines some of the legal and security risks organizations should consider when using cloud services, such as data privacy and protection, contracting risks, and security vulnerabilities. It emphasizes the importance of having appropriate security policies, service level agreements, and terms in cloud contracts.
The document proposes a unifying approach to programming multi-agent systems that embodies organizations within agent environments. It aims to enable agents to interact with both organizational and environmental entities, and allow environmental changes to impact organizations and agent activities. The approach models agents, organizations, and environments and their interactions. It uses an artifact-based programming model where agents interact through artifacts that represent environmental resources and organizational functions. Organizations are specified using the Moise model in terms of their structural, functional, and deontic dimensions. The approach is demonstrated in a hospital scenario where agents interact through environment and organization artifacts.
Requirement analysis, architectural design and formal verification of a multi...ijcsit
This paper presents an approach based on the analysis, design, and formal verification of a multi-agent
based university Information Management System (IMS). University IMS accesses information, creates
reports and facilitates teachers as well as students. An orchestrator agent manages the coordination
between all agents. It also manages the database connectivity for the whole system. The proposed IMS is
based on BDI agent architecture, which models the system based on belief, desire, and intentions. The
correctness properties of safety and liveness are specified by First-order predicate logic.
UCSF Profiles has integrated with Apache Shindig to add OpenSocial capabilities, allowing it to function as a research networking web platform supporting collaborative applications. As the library of applications grows through contributions from other institutions, the value of the platform increases, attracting more developers and users in a virtuous cycle. Early applications focused on local data, but newer applications access external web services for data and collaboration across institutions. The platform aims to seamlessly support cross-institutional collaboration within research networking tools.
UCSF Profiles has integrated with Apache Shindig to add OpenSocial capabilities, allowing it to function as a research networking web platform supporting collaborative applications. As the library of applications grows through contributions from other institutions, the value of the platform increases, attracting more developers and users in a virtuous cycle. Early applications focused on local data, but newer applications access external APIs and aim to enable seamless cross-institutional collaboration. The platform combines social networking features with research functions to support team formation and collaboration across locations.
CREATING AND SHARING KNOWLEDGE THROUGH A CORPORATE SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE: TH...Julio Figueroa
Paper published in PACIS2012
There have been various claims that enterprise social networking sites (ESN) might improve business effectiveness and performance. Nevertheless, many of the initiatives supported by ESNs have failed. This paper argues that divergent perceptions about ESNs across the different levels of the organization may explain failures in ESNs’ design and implementation. Using an extended version of the Technological Frames of Reference framework (Orlikowski & Gash, 1994), this paper reports on a study that analyzed employee’s perceptions about an ESN within a software engineering firm. It was found that significant divergent perceptions in the organization led to a social order that discouraged employees to create and share knowledge through the ESN. This paper highlights the importance of aligning top management perceptions about the ESN with its actual scope. It also highlights the relevance of aligning perceptions about the ESN across the different levels of the organization. This paper proposes extending the original Technological Frames of Reference framework in order to better understand people’s perceptions about technologies that support knowledge management systems. It also proposes an explanatory model for understanding how people’s perceptions about a corporate social networking site impact on its usage.
A Framework for Engineering Enterprise Agilityrahmanmokhtar
This document presents a framework for engineering enterprise agility that uses ontologies, viewpoints, and agent-based middleware. The framework aims to enable enterprises to meaningfully share and communicate information between distributed systems. It proposes an architecture with components that utilize HTTP and integrate ontologies, viewpoints, and agent-middleware using open standards to promote semantic interoperability. The framework is intended to support the growth and agility of heterogeneous distributed enterprise systems.
- Organisational agility is developed through adopting agile operating principles across three domains: technology architecture, operating model, and mindset.
- An agility assessment identifies existing principles and determines which create or inhibit agility. It provides insight into changes needed.
- Leaders influence agility through their understanding and application of operating principles across these domains. Adopting agile principles confers agility.
This document provides an overview of conceptual approaches for EUIS project management and systems design. It discusses six conceptual approaches to EUIS analysis: organizational communications, functional, information resource management, decision support, quality of work life, and management of computing resources. It also discusses five conceptual approaches and theories that can be applied to systems design: general systems theory, coordination theory, action research, third wave management, and a systems change model for EUIS projects. Finally, it provides a high-level overview of EUIS project management, including defining project management and outlining the EUIS project management model.
My Empirikom 2012 presentation in Aachen, Germany. I discuss my work with analytical constructs (genre ecologies, activity systems, activity networks), illustrating them with a case and showing how they might point to better understandings of computer-mediated communication in professional environments.
Knowledge and complexity perspective of human capital managementAmjad Adib
This document discusses knowledge management and complexity perspectives in human capital management. It provides overviews of knowledge management, complexity science approaches, and social network analysis. Key points covered include definitions of knowledge management, complexity driving forces, knowledge management processes, and using social network analysis to map relationships and flows of knowledge. The goal is to understand how to optimize organizational configuration to maximize competitive advantages.
A Framework For Creating Hybrid-Open Source Software CommunitiesJoe Andelija
This document proposes a framework for organizations to create "hybrid-open source" software communities that incorporate aspects of open source development. It first analyzes open source software communities based on their structure, processes, and culture. Open source communities have a flexible division of labor, use asynchronous communication for coordination, distribute decision-making power broadly, and have fluid membership boundaries. The document then presents a framework to guide organizations in fostering similar environments internally to manage software development and realize benefits like those seen in open source projects.
The document discusses applying collaborative technologies to software development. It outlines the contents, which include introducing collaboration, discussing problems with non-collaborative work, and describing the proposed collaborative application's attributes and capabilities. The document aims to design an architecture that enables easy collaboration between distributed software engineers to reduce costs and improve productivity.
Fundamentals of object orientation, objects, classes, classification and object models delivered to post-graduate students of Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Abstract: multi-agent systems and particularly bdi agents are mostly used in a wide range of projects, from agent-based simulations to air-traffic control. They all benefit from the autonomy and proactive behavior that provides agent-based architectures, as well as the characteristics of reasoning that are outlined by the bdi architecture. Thereforethe belief desire intention agent model and agentspeak language have becomea state-of-the-art and one of the challenging research subjects in the agent modeling and programming area.
In particular the bdi architecture is frequently used in the development of agents that try to simulate certainaspects of human behavior, and precisely perception and formulation of beliefs are two of the elements of bdiagents that require special attention in the development of such agents. Thiswork propose a way to extend the reasoning cycle algorithm on bdi agents, in a way that it allows to process inaccurate perceptions in the formulation of beliefs in such agents; it also shows an example implemented in agentspeak as well as the results of its execution within the jason interpreter.Keywords: Agent, Agent Speak, Beliefs, BDI, Fuzzy-BDI, Fuzzy Perceptions, Simulation.
Title :An Extended Reasoning Cycle Algorithm for BDI Agents
Author: Donald Rodriguez-Ubeda, Dora-Luz Flores, Luis Palafox, Manuel Castanon-Puga, Carelia Gaxiola-Pacheco, Ricardo Rosales
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology
ISSN: 2350- 1022
Paper Publications
Abstract: multi-agent systems and particularly bdi agents are mostly used in a wide range of projects, from agent-based simulations to air-traffic control. They all benefit from the autonomy and proactive behavior that provides agent-based architectures, as well as the characteristics of reasoning that are outlined by the bdi architecture. Thereforethe belief desire intention agent model and agentspeak language have becomea state-of-the-art and one of the challenging research subjects in the agent modeling and programming area.
In particular the bdi architecture is frequently used in the development of agents that try to simulate certainaspects of human behavior, and precisely perception and formulation of beliefs are two of the elements of bdiagents that require special attention in the development of such agents. Thiswork propose a way to extend the reasoning cycle algorithm on bdi agents, in a way that it allows to process inaccurate perceptions in the formulation of beliefs in such agents; it also shows an example implemented in agentspeak as well as the results of its execution within the jason interpreter.
The document outlines the development of an evaluation plan for the Outillons-Nous (ON) knowledge transfer and exchange project run by the Coalition des organismes communautaires québécois de lutte contre le sida (COCQ-Sida). Interviews were conducted with stakeholders and a logic model was developed to represent the ON project based on its objectives, activities, expected results, and relevance, efficacy, and efficiency evaluations. The evaluation plan will be validated by stakeholders and used to evaluate upcoming ON sessions to document the project's impact according to the needs of participants and COCQ-Sida's mission.
The document discusses improving the process of software installations and upgrades. It explores using personas and activity theory to understand the key stakeholders and their roles. Specific steps are outlined to analyze the installation activity system, including clarifying the subjects, objects, tools, rules, and division of labor. Story mapping and concept mapping are introduced as tools to help mediate understanding between different teams involved in the installation process.
This document outlines the key sub-systems that make up an organization: the external interface sub-system which deals with public relations and branding; the goals sub-system which defines the organization's mission; and the structural, tasks, technology, and people sub-systems which cover work rules, job responsibilities, resources, and employee relations.
The document presents a method for assessing organizational readiness for internal use of social media in information-intensive organizations. It uses organizational semiotics techniques, including containment analysis, organizational morphology, and collateral analysis to identify key factors of readiness. These techniques help provide a systematic approach to analyzing the informal, formal, and technical social norms and relationships within an organization that are important for readiness. The analysis identifies substantive activities, communication activities, and control activities related to potential social media use, as well as surrounding environmental factors. The goal is to develop a method that can help organizations evaluate their preparedness and identify gaps before adopting social media tools internally.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Requirement analysis, architectural design and formal verification of a multi...ijcsit
This paper presents an approach based on the analysis, design, and formal verification of a multi-agent
based university Information Management System (IMS). University IMS accesses information, creates
reports and facilitates teachers as well as students. An orchestrator agent manages the coordination
between all agents. It also manages the database connectivity for the whole system. The proposed IMS is
based on BDI agent architecture, which models the system based on belief, desire, and intentions. The
correctness properties of safety and liveness are specified by First-order predicate logic.
UCSF Profiles has integrated with Apache Shindig to add OpenSocial capabilities, allowing it to function as a research networking web platform supporting collaborative applications. As the library of applications grows through contributions from other institutions, the value of the platform increases, attracting more developers and users in a virtuous cycle. Early applications focused on local data, but newer applications access external web services for data and collaboration across institutions. The platform aims to seamlessly support cross-institutional collaboration within research networking tools.
UCSF Profiles has integrated with Apache Shindig to add OpenSocial capabilities, allowing it to function as a research networking web platform supporting collaborative applications. As the library of applications grows through contributions from other institutions, the value of the platform increases, attracting more developers and users in a virtuous cycle. Early applications focused on local data, but newer applications access external APIs and aim to enable seamless cross-institutional collaboration. The platform combines social networking features with research functions to support team formation and collaboration across locations.
CREATING AND SHARING KNOWLEDGE THROUGH A CORPORATE SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE: TH...Julio Figueroa
Paper published in PACIS2012
There have been various claims that enterprise social networking sites (ESN) might improve business effectiveness and performance. Nevertheless, many of the initiatives supported by ESNs have failed. This paper argues that divergent perceptions about ESNs across the different levels of the organization may explain failures in ESNs’ design and implementation. Using an extended version of the Technological Frames of Reference framework (Orlikowski & Gash, 1994), this paper reports on a study that analyzed employee’s perceptions about an ESN within a software engineering firm. It was found that significant divergent perceptions in the organization led to a social order that discouraged employees to create and share knowledge through the ESN. This paper highlights the importance of aligning top management perceptions about the ESN with its actual scope. It also highlights the relevance of aligning perceptions about the ESN across the different levels of the organization. This paper proposes extending the original Technological Frames of Reference framework in order to better understand people’s perceptions about technologies that support knowledge management systems. It also proposes an explanatory model for understanding how people’s perceptions about a corporate social networking site impact on its usage.
A Framework for Engineering Enterprise Agilityrahmanmokhtar
This document presents a framework for engineering enterprise agility that uses ontologies, viewpoints, and agent-based middleware. The framework aims to enable enterprises to meaningfully share and communicate information between distributed systems. It proposes an architecture with components that utilize HTTP and integrate ontologies, viewpoints, and agent-middleware using open standards to promote semantic interoperability. The framework is intended to support the growth and agility of heterogeneous distributed enterprise systems.
- Organisational agility is developed through adopting agile operating principles across three domains: technology architecture, operating model, and mindset.
- An agility assessment identifies existing principles and determines which create or inhibit agility. It provides insight into changes needed.
- Leaders influence agility through their understanding and application of operating principles across these domains. Adopting agile principles confers agility.
This document provides an overview of conceptual approaches for EUIS project management and systems design. It discusses six conceptual approaches to EUIS analysis: organizational communications, functional, information resource management, decision support, quality of work life, and management of computing resources. It also discusses five conceptual approaches and theories that can be applied to systems design: general systems theory, coordination theory, action research, third wave management, and a systems change model for EUIS projects. Finally, it provides a high-level overview of EUIS project management, including defining project management and outlining the EUIS project management model.
My Empirikom 2012 presentation in Aachen, Germany. I discuss my work with analytical constructs (genre ecologies, activity systems, activity networks), illustrating them with a case and showing how they might point to better understandings of computer-mediated communication in professional environments.
Knowledge and complexity perspective of human capital managementAmjad Adib
This document discusses knowledge management and complexity perspectives in human capital management. It provides overviews of knowledge management, complexity science approaches, and social network analysis. Key points covered include definitions of knowledge management, complexity driving forces, knowledge management processes, and using social network analysis to map relationships and flows of knowledge. The goal is to understand how to optimize organizational configuration to maximize competitive advantages.
A Framework For Creating Hybrid-Open Source Software CommunitiesJoe Andelija
This document proposes a framework for organizations to create "hybrid-open source" software communities that incorporate aspects of open source development. It first analyzes open source software communities based on their structure, processes, and culture. Open source communities have a flexible division of labor, use asynchronous communication for coordination, distribute decision-making power broadly, and have fluid membership boundaries. The document then presents a framework to guide organizations in fostering similar environments internally to manage software development and realize benefits like those seen in open source projects.
The document discusses applying collaborative technologies to software development. It outlines the contents, which include introducing collaboration, discussing problems with non-collaborative work, and describing the proposed collaborative application's attributes and capabilities. The document aims to design an architecture that enables easy collaboration between distributed software engineers to reduce costs and improve productivity.
Fundamentals of object orientation, objects, classes, classification and object models delivered to post-graduate students of Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Abstract: multi-agent systems and particularly bdi agents are mostly used in a wide range of projects, from agent-based simulations to air-traffic control. They all benefit from the autonomy and proactive behavior that provides agent-based architectures, as well as the characteristics of reasoning that are outlined by the bdi architecture. Thereforethe belief desire intention agent model and agentspeak language have becomea state-of-the-art and one of the challenging research subjects in the agent modeling and programming area.
In particular the bdi architecture is frequently used in the development of agents that try to simulate certainaspects of human behavior, and precisely perception and formulation of beliefs are two of the elements of bdiagents that require special attention in the development of such agents. Thiswork propose a way to extend the reasoning cycle algorithm on bdi agents, in a way that it allows to process inaccurate perceptions in the formulation of beliefs in such agents; it also shows an example implemented in agentspeak as well as the results of its execution within the jason interpreter.Keywords: Agent, Agent Speak, Beliefs, BDI, Fuzzy-BDI, Fuzzy Perceptions, Simulation.
Title :An Extended Reasoning Cycle Algorithm for BDI Agents
Author: Donald Rodriguez-Ubeda, Dora-Luz Flores, Luis Palafox, Manuel Castanon-Puga, Carelia Gaxiola-Pacheco, Ricardo Rosales
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology
ISSN: 2350- 1022
Paper Publications
Abstract: multi-agent systems and particularly bdi agents are mostly used in a wide range of projects, from agent-based simulations to air-traffic control. They all benefit from the autonomy and proactive behavior that provides agent-based architectures, as well as the characteristics of reasoning that are outlined by the bdi architecture. Thereforethe belief desire intention agent model and agentspeak language have becomea state-of-the-art and one of the challenging research subjects in the agent modeling and programming area.
In particular the bdi architecture is frequently used in the development of agents that try to simulate certainaspects of human behavior, and precisely perception and formulation of beliefs are two of the elements of bdiagents that require special attention in the development of such agents. Thiswork propose a way to extend the reasoning cycle algorithm on bdi agents, in a way that it allows to process inaccurate perceptions in the formulation of beliefs in such agents; it also shows an example implemented in agentspeak as well as the results of its execution within the jason interpreter.
The document outlines the development of an evaluation plan for the Outillons-Nous (ON) knowledge transfer and exchange project run by the Coalition des organismes communautaires québécois de lutte contre le sida (COCQ-Sida). Interviews were conducted with stakeholders and a logic model was developed to represent the ON project based on its objectives, activities, expected results, and relevance, efficacy, and efficiency evaluations. The evaluation plan will be validated by stakeholders and used to evaluate upcoming ON sessions to document the project's impact according to the needs of participants and COCQ-Sida's mission.
The document discusses improving the process of software installations and upgrades. It explores using personas and activity theory to understand the key stakeholders and their roles. Specific steps are outlined to analyze the installation activity system, including clarifying the subjects, objects, tools, rules, and division of labor. Story mapping and concept mapping are introduced as tools to help mediate understanding between different teams involved in the installation process.
This document outlines the key sub-systems that make up an organization: the external interface sub-system which deals with public relations and branding; the goals sub-system which defines the organization's mission; and the structural, tasks, technology, and people sub-systems which cover work rules, job responsibilities, resources, and employee relations.
The document presents a method for assessing organizational readiness for internal use of social media in information-intensive organizations. It uses organizational semiotics techniques, including containment analysis, organizational morphology, and collateral analysis to identify key factors of readiness. These techniques help provide a systematic approach to analyzing the informal, formal, and technical social norms and relationships within an organization that are important for readiness. The analysis identifies substantive activities, communication activities, and control activities related to potential social media use, as well as surrounding environmental factors. The goal is to develop a method that can help organizations evaluate their preparedness and identify gaps before adopting social media tools internally.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Introducing BoxLang : A new JVM language for productivity and modularity!Ortus Solutions, Corp
Just like life, our code must adapt to the ever changing world we live in. From one day coding for the web, to the next for our tablets or APIs or for running serverless applications. Multi-runtime development is the future of coding, the future is to be dynamic. Let us introduce you to BoxLang.
Dynamic. Modular. Productive.
BoxLang redefines development with its dynamic nature, empowering developers to craft expressive and functional code effortlessly. Its modular architecture prioritizes flexibility, allowing for seamless integration into existing ecosystems.
Interoperability at its Core
With 100% interoperability with Java, BoxLang seamlessly bridges the gap between traditional and modern development paradigms, unlocking new possibilities for innovation and collaboration.
Multi-Runtime
From the tiny 2m operating system binary to running on our pure Java web server, CommandBox, Jakarta EE, AWS Lambda, Microsoft Functions, Web Assembly, Android and more. BoxLang has been designed to enhance and adapt according to it's runnable runtime.
The Fusion of Modernity and Tradition
Experience the fusion of modern features inspired by CFML, Node, Ruby, Kotlin, Java, and Clojure, combined with the familiarity of Java bytecode compilation, making BoxLang a language of choice for forward-thinking developers.
Empowering Transition with Transpiler Support
Transitioning from CFML to BoxLang is seamless with our JIT transpiler, facilitating smooth migration and preserving existing code investments.
Unlocking Creativity with IDE Tools
Unleash your creativity with powerful IDE tools tailored for BoxLang, providing an intuitive development experience and streamlining your workflow. Join us as we embark on a journey to redefine JVM development. Welcome to the era of BoxLang.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras KlobaFwdays
This is a session that details how PostgreSQL's features and Azure AI Services can be effectively used to significantly enhance the search functionality in any application.
In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
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From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
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PhD dissertation 2010
1. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures Designing and Programming
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Organizational Infrastructures for Agents
Environments
Piunti, M.
situated in Artifact-based Environments
European PhD
Introduction
Objectives
A unifying
approach to Michele Piunti
MAS michele.piunti@unibo.it
Programming
Embodied
Organizations A LMA M ATER S TUDIORUM
Implementation Università di Bologna – DEIS
Conclusions
Bologna
April 30th , 2010
1 / 56
2. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
European PhD
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Co-Tutor
Environments
Tutor
• prof. Alessandro Ricci
Piunti, M.
• prof. Antonio Natali
• prof. Andrea Omicini
Introduction
Objectives Reviewers
A unifying
approach to • Mehdi Dastani (Utrecht University - Utrecht, Netherlands)
MAS
Programming • Juan Antonio Rodriguez Aguilar (AI Research Institute - Barcelona,
Embodied Spain)
Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions Collaborations
• Istituto Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione - I.S.T.C. - C.N.R.,
Roma.
• G2I Group - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, St-Etienne -
France.
2 / 56
3. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Outline
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. 1 Introduction
Introduction
Objectives
2 Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS 3 A unifying approach to MAS Programming
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
4 Embodied Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
5 Implementation
6 Conclusions
3 / 56
4. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Introduction
for Agents
situated in Challenges of current IT systems:
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
Open Systems
Introduction
• Heterogeneous entities interacting at runtime;
Objectives • Entering and leaving the system directed by different
A unifying interests/objectives.
approach to
MAS Complex Systems
Programming
Embodied • Complex structure, multiple functionalities;
Organizations
Implementation
• Global dynamics derive from local ones.
Conclusions Taking an Organizational Perspective
• Human organizations as a suitable model to build computational
systems
• Multi-Agent Organizations [Ferber et al., 2003, Gasser, 2001,
Boissier et al., 2006, Dignum, 2009, Coutinho et al., 2009].
4 / 56
5. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Multi Agent Systems (MAS)
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Agent
Piunti, M.
“An agent is a computer system that is situated in some environment
Introduction and that is capable of autonomous action in this environment in order
Objectives
to meet its design objective.” [Wooldridge and Jennings, 1995]
A unifying Organizations
approach to
MAS
Programming
“...can be understood as complex entities where a multitude of agents
interact, within a structured environment aiming at some global
Embodied purpose.” [Dignum, 2009]
Organizations
Implementation Environments
Conclusions First class abstraction containing those resources not modellable as
agents [Weyns et al., 2007]
5 / 56
6. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Multi Agent Systems (MAS)
for Agents
situated in Agent
Artifact-based
Environments “An agent is a computer system that is situated in some environment
and that is capable of autonomous action in this environment in order
Piunti, M.
to meet its design objective.” [Wooldridge and Jennings, 1995]
Introduction Organizations
Objectives
“...can be understood as complex entities where a multitude of agents
A unifying interact, within a structured environment aiming at some global
approach to
MAS
purpose.” [Dignum, 2009]
Programming
Environments
Embodied
Organizations First class abstraction containing those resources not modellable as
agents [Weyns et al., 2007]
Implementation
INTERNAL
Conclusions BELIEFS EVENTS ROLES
GOALS
PLANS MISSIONS
DUTIES
ACTIONS
?
DEONTIC RELATIONS
PERCEPTIONS NORMS
SANCTIONS/REWARDS
AGENTS ORGANIZATIONS
RESOURCES
LEGACY
SERVICES COMPONENTS
ENVIRONMENTS
6 / 56
7. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
MAS Programming
for Agents
situated in Agent Programming
Artifact-based
Environments Jason [Bordini et al., 2007], Jadex [Pokahr et al., 2005], 2APL [Dastani, 2008], etc.
Piunti, M.
Introduction
Organization Programming: platforms and approaches
Objectives
A unifying
AGR/M AD K IT [Ferber et al., 2003], PowerJade [Baldoni et al., 2008], Electronic
approach to Institutions [Esteva et al., 2004], S-M OISE + [Hübner et al., 2005], O PERA
MAS
Programming [Dignum, 2003], etc.
Embodied
Organizations
Environment Programming
Implementation
MASQ, AGRE [Stratulat et al., 2009, Báez-Barranco et al., 2006], Normative
Conclusions
Objects [Okuyama et al., 2009], Situated Electronic Institutions
[Campos et al., 2008], etc.
A seamless integration of entities and mechanisms is still
needed
7 / 56
8. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
for Agents
situated in 1 Introduction
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
2 Objectives
Introduction
Objectives
A unifying
3 A unifying approach to MAS Programming
approach to
MAS
Programming
Embodied
4 Embodied Organizations
Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions 5 Implementation
6 Conclusions
8 / 56
9. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Outline
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. 1 Introduction
Introduction
Objectives
2 Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS 3 A unifying approach to MAS Programming
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
4 Embodied Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
5 Implementation
6 Conclusions
9 / 56
10. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Objectives
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. To embody organizations within the agents’
Introduction
environment
Objectives • To provide unifying approach to MAS programming
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
10 / 56
11. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Objectives
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. To embody organizations within the agents’
Introduction
environment
Objectives • To provide unifying approach to MAS programming
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming
Embodied
Several outcomes at an application level:
Organizations
• To reconcile agents and their work environments with institutional
Implementation dimensions (i.e. organizations);
Conclusions
• To exploit a strong notion of agency, i.e., mental attitudes
(purposes, knowledge), events, perception
• Interoperability and Openess
11 / 56
12. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Chosen Approach
for Agents
situated in In human organizations infrastruc- Environment
Artifact-based Infrastructures
Environments tures are explicitely conceived for Artifacts
Piunti, M. easing complex activities/tasks.
Introduction Cross disciplinary approach:
Objectives • Intelligent use of Space
[Kirsh, 1995]
A unifying
approach to • Theory of Social Actions
MAS [Castelfranchi, 1998]
Programming Patient
Agents
Embodied Environments are instrumented with Staff Agents
Organizations
specific Infrastructures Staff Agent
Implementation Visitor
Conclusions Aiding purposes, easing agent works Agents
To provide a set of coherent Infrastructures instrumenting environments
for implementing Organizations and Environments
[Piunti et al., 2009a, Piunti et al., 2009b]
12 / 56
13. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Outline
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. 1 Introduction
Introduction
Objectives
2 Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS 3 A unifying approach to MAS Programming
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
4 Embodied Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
5 Implementation
6 Conclusions
13 / 56
14. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Unifying approach to MAS
for Agents
situated in Programming
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
Introduction
A-E
AGENT(S) ENVIRONMENT
Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming A-O O-E
Embodied
Organizations
ORGANIZATION
Implementation
Conclusions
14 / 56
15. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Unifying approach to MAS
for Agents
situated in Programming
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
Introduction
A-E
AGENT(S) ENVIRONMENT
Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming A-O O-E
Embodied
Organizations
ORGANIZATION
Implementation
Conclusions
15 / 56
16. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Environment Programming
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. A&A meta-model for MAS [Omicini et al., 2008] :
Introduction
Agents Autonomous and
Objectives
self-interested entities
A unifying
approach to encapsulating their
MAS control.
Programming
Artifacts Non-autonomous Artifacts
Embodied
Organizations entities.
Implementation
Workspaces Virtual containers of Agents
Conclusions agents and artifacts,
defining the topology Hospital
workspace
and the properties of
the environment.
16 / 56
17. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Artifact Metamodel
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments OBSERVABLE
update Observable EVENTS
GENERATION
Property OBSERVABLE
Piunti, M. name
<EvName,Params>
ObsPropName Value PROPERTIES
value
ObsPropName Value
Manual
Introduction 1 functions ... ...
operating
instructions
Objectives OPERATION X
Usage Interface OpControlName(Params)
1 1 Usage Control
A unifying Artifact
Interface USAGE OpControlName(Params)
name
approach to params INTERFACE OPERATION Y
...
MAS trigger
Programming control
Operation
generate Observable
Embodied Event ARTIFACT
Organizations LINK
MANUAL
INTERFACE
Implementation
Conclusions
Usage Interface and Observable Properties
• Basic building block for decentralized MAS environments
• “Object” at an agent level of abstraction
17 / 56
18. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Model for A-E Interactions
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. A-E
AGENT(S) ENVIRONMENT
Introduction
Objectives
A unifying
A-O O-E
approach to
MAS
Programming
ORGANIZATION
Embodied
Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
Actions and Perceptions
• Native capabilities of agents;
• Addressed at artifacts (and workspaces) functionalities
18 / 56
19. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Agent-Artifact Interaction
for Agents
situated in Metamodel
Artifact-based
Environments
update Observable perceive
Piunti, M. Property observe
name
value
Manual
Introduction 1 functions
consult
operating
Objectives instructions
Usage Interface
A unifying Work 1 1 Usage Control use
Artifact Agent
Environment Interface name
approach to params
MAS trigger
Programming control
Operation
Embodied generate Observable perceive
Event
Organizations
Implementation join
Workspace quit
Conclusions
Pragmatic and Epistemic Actions
• Agent-Environment (A-E) interactions are based on the notion of:
Usage and Perception [Piunti and Ricci, 2008]
19 / 56
20. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
CArtAgO Infrastructure
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
makeArtifact
Environments
payments
Piunti, M. focus
pay
use
Introduction
BillingMachine
Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS Hospital Workspace
Programming
Agent
Embodied + Bridge
Platform(s) (i.e. c4Jason,
CArtAgO node
Organizations c4Jadex)
Implementation
Conclusions Orthogonality Improved repertoire of agent’s actions:
• .joinWorkspace
• Heterogeneous agents (Jason, • .makeArtifact
Jadex) work in artifact based • .lookupArtifacts
environments;
• . ...
• .use
• Integration technologies (bridges) • .observeProperty
[Piunti et al., 2008, Ricci et al., 2009]. • .focus
20 / 56
21. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Environment Management
for Agents
situated in Infrastructures
Artifact-based
Environments
Hospital Scenario
Piunti, M.
Introduction
Objectives Artifacts are viewed as a set of re-
A unifying
sources exploitable by agents STAFF
approach to • Goal Oriented Interaction
MAS
Programming • Externalisation STAFF visits
sendBill
signDoc
Embodied • Coordination sendFee
Terminal
signPat
Organizations SurgeryTablet
EMI
Implementation ENVIRONMENT
ARTIFACTS
For instance in Jason: payments
reservations
VISITOR
Conclusions pay
bookVisit
+!execute_pay VISITOR BillingMachine Desk
: artifact_id(billing, BmId) Hospital
Workspace
& payment(Params)
Agent
<- cartago.use(BmId, pay(Params), Platforms
Receipt).
21 / 56
22. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Organization Programming
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
Introduction
A-E
Objectives AGENT(S) ENVIRONMENT
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming A-O O-E
Embodied
Organizations
Implementation ORGANIZATION
Conclusions
22 / 56
23. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
M OISE Model
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
Introduction Organization is specified by defining a set of dimensions
Objectives [Hübner et al., 2007]1 :
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming Structural Roles, Groups, Relationships
Embodied
Organizations Functional Goals, Missions, deadlines (time-to-fulfill)
Implementation Deontic Norms, Obligations
Conclusions
1 For the adoption of M OISE we would thank the G2I group at Ecole des Mines, St-Etienne.
23 / 56
24. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Hospital Scenario: Structural
for Agents
situated in dimension
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
Visitor Staff
Introduction
0..1
Objectives Escort Patient Doctor
0..1 1..1 1..1
A unifying
approach to
Visit Staff
MAS Group Group
Programming 0..NVMAX Surgery Room 1..1
Group
Embodied
Organizations LEGEND
LINKS INTRA-GROUP EXTRA-GROUP
Implementation inheritance
min..max acquaintance
composition
Conclusions communication
ROLE
authority
GROUP
ABS compatibility
ROLE
(a) Structural Specification in Moise in the Hospital Scenario
24 / 56
25. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Hospital Scenario: Functional
for Agents
situated in dimension
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. visitorSch monitorSch
Introduction visitor monitor
scheme scheme
Objectives
A unifying mVisit mVisit visit mStaff
mVisit enforcement
approach to enter book observe
exit
MAS the room the visit
[5 minutes]
Programming mPatient mPay
do the pay mRew mSan
Embodied visit visit send send
[30 minutes] [30 minutes] bill fee
Organizations [1 day] [1 day]
Implementation
docSch
mDoc
LEGEND
Conclusions Doctor
mDoc scheme
missions
visit
goal
patient
[TTF] sequence choice parallelism
[30 minutes]
(b) Functional Specification in Moise
25 / 56
26. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Hospital Scenario: Deontic
for Agents
situated in dimension
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
Introduction
Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
Implementation
(c) Deontic Specification in Moise
Conclusions
Controlling agent’s autonomy with Norms
• Organization prescribes a set of norms (obligations, prohibitions
permissions);
• Agents may decide to violate norms;
• Once a norm is violated the organization configuration has to be
updated
26 / 56
27. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Organization Management
for Agents
situated in Infrastructures
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. • ORA4MAS [Hübner et al., 2009] OMI is composed by a set of
artifacts providing agents with organizational functions;
Introduction
• Artifact initialized with the M OISE specification
Objectives
A unifying
• Define also A-O
approach to
MAS
Programming
Embodied Norm violations are relevant ESCORT
Organizations
Implementation
events stored as artifact events
GroupBoards
Conclusions OMI
ORGANISATIONAL
ARTIFACTS
For instance in Jason:
+!commit_mission(M) VISITOR SchemeBoards
: artifact_id(sch, SchId) Hospital
VISITOR
<- cartago.use(SchId, Workspace
commitMission(M)).
Agent
Platforms
27 / 56
28. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Outline
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. 1 Introduction
Introduction
Objectives
2 Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS 3 A unifying approach to MAS Programming
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
4 Embodied Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
5 Implementation
6 Conclusions
28 / 56
29. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Embodied Organizations
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based A-E
Environments AGENT(S) ENVIRONMENT
Piunti, M.
A-O O-E
Introduction
Objectives ORGANIZATION
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
29 / 56
30. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Embodied Organizations
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based A-E
Environments AGENT(S) ENVIRONMENT
Piunti, M.
A-O O-E
Introduction
Objectives ORGANIZATION
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming
Embodied
EMI
Organizations ENVIRONMENT
Implementation
STAFF
ARTIFACTS
STAFF
E-O Integration
Terminal
Conclusions GroupBoards SurgeryTablet • To transer events and changes
OMI
ORGANISATIONAL
ARTIFACTS
occurring inside environment to
SchemeBoards
the organization
VISITOR
BillingMachine
Desk
• and the other way
Hospital VISITOR
Workspace
Agent
Platforms
30 / 56
31. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Constitutive Rules
for Agents
situated in Constitutive Rules [Searle, 1964]
Artifact-based
Environments
• Typical of human societies (Social Reality [Searle, 1997] )
Piunti, M.
• The reification of a state in a particular context may constitute the
Introduction realization of a particular institutional/organizational fact
Objectives
count-as
A unifying
approach to
MAS Environment count-as Organisation
Programming Management Management
Infrastructure Infrastructure
Embodied
Agents
Organizations
enact
Implementation
Conclusions
• Used to automate particular dynamics between E-O:
31 / 56
32. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Constitutive Rules
for Agents
situated in Constitutive Rules [Searle, 1964]
Artifact-based
Environments
• Typical of human societies (Social Reality [Searle, 1997] )
Piunti, M.
• The reification of a state in a particular context may constitute the
Introduction realization of a particular institutional/organizational fact
Objectives
count-as
A unifying
approach to
MAS Environment count-as Organisation
Programming Management Management
Infrastructure Infrastructure
Embodied
Agents
Organizations
enact
Implementation
Conclusions
• Used to automate particular dynamics between E-O:
• “Entering an ambulatory room count-as adopting the role
patient”
• “Finalizing the payment operation on the billing machine
count-as achieving the goal pay”
• “A sold out in the visit schedule enact the suspension of the
booking service”
32 / 56
33. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Embodied Organization
for Agents
situated in Metamodel
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
O-E functional relationships defined by Constitutive Rules
Introduction based on Events:
Objectives
A unifying Environment
Event Event
approach to
MAS Ev Type
Ev Value Organization
Programming Event
Embodied Triggers
Organizations
Constitutive 1..n
Implementation Rule
Embodied
Organization
(Emb-Org-Rule) Produces
Conclusions
Count-as Enact
Rule Rule
33 / 56
34. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Outline
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. 1 Introduction
Introduction
Objectives
2 Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS 3 A unifying approach to MAS Programming
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
4 Embodied Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
5 Implementation
6 Conclusions
34 / 56
35. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Formal Model
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Implementing Emb-Org-Rules implies to re-engineer
Environments CArtAgO by indruducing:
Piunti, M.
Workspace Events
Introduction
Workspace rules
Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS MAS = Ws
Programming
Ws = { wsn , Ag, Ar , Art, Ev , M, R, t }
Embodied
Organizations Ag = { agid , ags , agEv , agpr }
Implementation Ar = { arid , art , I, O, P, V }
Conclusions
Table: Structures inside a MAS (implemented by CArtAgO)
Formal model described by a transition system in the thesis
35 / 56
36. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Workspace Events
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments Ws = Ag, Ar , Art, Ev, M, R, t
Piunti, M.
Introduction CArtAgO
Workspace Events
Objectives Are records of significant changes in the
A unifying application domain (i.e., state/processes).
approach to
MAS 1 Can be perceived by agents focusing
Programming
artifacts
Embodied Workspace Kernel
Organizations WORKSPACE 2 Can be collected and ranked at the
EVENTS ( Ev ) R Art M
Implementation workspace level
Conclusions
ev = evt , evv
Event pairs (type, value) from Observable Properties and from Operations
Execution
36 / 56
37. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Workspace Rules
for Agents
situated in
Ws = Ag, Ar , Art, Ev , M, R, t
Artifact-based CArtAgO
Workspace
Environments Legend
AGENT
Piunti, M.
Needed to specify rules governing
ARTIFACT
Introduction intra-workspace dynamics OBSERVABLE PROPERTY
OPERATION
LINK OPERATION
Objectives
ACTION
PERCEPTION
A unifying
approach to Workspace as a WORKSPACE
LAWS ( R ) Ev
Workspace Kernel
Art M
LINK
WS OPERATOR
MAS
Programming programmable entity
Embodied
Organizations
Implementation Event-Condition-Action (ECA) rules:
“when ev in the context c apply a”
Conclusions
• +ev : c → a
• ev ∈ Ev
• c refers to observable states
∈ Ar
• a refers to a set of workspace
operators
37 / 56
38. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Workspace Rules
for Agents
situated in
Ws = Ag, Ar , Art, Ev , M, R, t
Artifact-based CArtAgO
Workspace
Environments Legend
AGENT
Piunti, M.
Needed to specify rules governing
ARTIFACT
Introduction intra-workspace dynamics OBSERVABLE PROPERTY
OPERATION
LINK OPERATION
Objectives
ACTION
PERCEPTION
A unifying
approach to Workspace as a WORKSPACE
LAWS ( R ) Ev
Workspace Kernel
Art M
LINK
WS OPERATOR
MAS
Programming programmable entity
Embodied
Organizations
Basic Workspace Operators:
Implementation Event-Condition-Action (ECA) rules:
“when ev in the context c apply a” (1) applyOp(arid , opname [, Params])
Conclusions
• +ev : c → a (2) applyLop(arid , opname [, Params])
(3) make(arid , artn [, Params])
• ev ∈ Ev (4) dispose(arid )
• c refers to observable states (5) disable(arid [, agid ] {, opname })
∈ Ar (6) enable(arid [, agid ] {, opname })
• a refers to a set of workspace (7) exclude(agid )
operators (8) include(agid )
38 / 56
39. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Hospital Scenario: EMI
for Agents
situated in visitorSch monitorSch
Artifact-based visitor monitor
Environments scheme scheme
Piunti, M.
mVisit mVisit visit mStaff
mVisit enforcement
enter book observe
Introduction the room the visit
exit
Objectives mPatient mPay
do the pay mRew mSan
visit visit send send
A unifying bill fee
approach to
joinWorkspace use use focus
MAS Hospital Desk BillingMachine Desk,
Programming bookVisit pay BillingMachine
use use use
quitWorkspace
Embodied SurgeryTablet Terminal Terminal
Hospital
signPat sendBill sendFee
Organizations docSch
Doctor
Implementation scheme
Hospital visits
reservations
Workspace signDoc
Conclusions bookVisit signPat
mDoc
visit
Desk SurgeryTablet
patient
payments
sendBill
pay sendFee
use
SurgeryTablet ENVIRONMENT
signDoc MANAGEMENT BillingMachine Terminal
INFRASTRUCTURE
39 / 56
40. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Hospital Scenario: Count-as
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments Count-As Rules
Piunti, M. An event occurring in the system may “count-as” an institutional event
and automatically update the organization
Introduction
Objectives
+join_req(Ag)
A unifying +ws_leaved(Ag)
-> make("visitorGroupBoard",
approach to -> apply("visitorGroupBoard",
"OMI.GroupBoard",
MAS leaveRole(Ag, "patient")).
["moise/hospital.xml","visitGroup"]);
Programming make("visitorSchBoard",
+op_completed("BillingMachine",
"OMI.SchemeBoard",
Embodied Ag, pay)
["moise/hospital.xml","visitorSch"]);
Organizations -> apply("visitorSchBoard",
apply("visitorGroupBoard",
setGoalAchieved(Ag, pay_visit)).
Implementation adoptRole(Ag, "patient"));
include(Ag).
Conclusions +op_completed("Terminal",
+op_completed("visitorGroupBoard", _,
Ag, sendFee)
adoptRole(Ag, "patient"))
-> apply("monitorSchBoard",
-> apply("visitorSchBoard",
setGoalAchieved(Ag, send_fee)).
commitMission(Ag, "mPat")).
Figure: Example of count-as rules in the Hospital scenario.
40 / 56
41. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Hospital Scenario: Enact
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
Enact Rules
Introduction Organization may produce a control by enacting changes upon the
Objectives environment (i.e., to promote equilibrium, avoid undesiderable states).
A unifying
approach to
MAS +signal("monitorSchBoard",
Programming goal_non_compliance,
+signal("visitorGroupBoard", obligation(Ag,
Embodied role_cardinality, visitor) ngoa(monitorSch,mRew,send_bill),
Organizations : true achieved(monitorSch,send_bill,Ag),
-> disable("Desk", bookVisit). TTF)
Implementation : true
-> exclude(Ag).
Conclusions
Figure: Example of enact rules in the hospital scenario.
41 / 56
42. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Outline
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M. 1 Introduction
Introduction
Objectives
2 Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS 3 A unifying approach to MAS Programming
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
4 Embodied Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
5 Implementation
6 Conclusions
42 / 56
43. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Conclusions
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments An unifying approach to MAS programming
Piunti, M.
• Embodied Organization;
Introduction • No need for agents to bring about organizational notions;
Objectives
• Environment infrastructures succeed to mediate between agents
A unifying
approach to
and organizations;
MAS
Programming • Global dynamics shaped on workspace events and transparently
Embodied
handled by the system.
Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
43 / 56
44. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Conclusions
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments An unifying approach to MAS programming
Piunti, M.
• Embodied Organization;
Introduction • No need for agents to bring about organizational notions;
Objectives
• Environment infrastructures succeed to mediate between agents
A unifying
approach to
and organizations;
MAS
Programming • Global dynamics shaped on workspace events and transparently
Embodied
handled by the system.
Organizations
Implementation Limitations and Aspects we do not address (yet):
Conclusions
• Direct communication between agents (Agent-Agent interaction)
through message passing (i.e. ACL) is not currently under the
control of the organization.
• Complex interaction patterns may result in many relationship to be
specified between E-O.
44 / 56
45. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Perspectives
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments Ongoing and Furure Work:
Piunti, M.
• To generalize the mechanism of Workspace Laws and Embodied
Introduction Organization Rules defining a wide set of inter-system functional
Objectives relations (i.e. access control, security);
A unifying
approach to
• To provide a general framweork for integrated MAS development
MAS
Programming
Embodied Applications in future ICT:
Organizations
Implementation • Any scenario integrating artificial agents, devices, humans in the
Conclusions same application
• Future Internet, Cloud Computing
• Sociotechnical systems, pervasive computing
• Virtualization, Electronic Marketplaces, etc.
45 / 56
46. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Bibliography I
for Agents
situated in Báez-Barranco, J.-A., Stratulat, T., and Ferber, J. (2006).
Artifact-based
Environments A unified model for physical and social environments.
In Environments for Multi-Agent Systems III, Third International Workshop
Piunti, M.
(E4MAS 2006), volume 4389 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages
41–50. Springer.
Introduction
Objectives Baldoni, M., Genovese, V., and van der Torre, L. (2008).
Adding Organizations and Roles as primitives to the JADE framework.
A unifying
approach to In Proc. of the 3rd International Workshop on Normative MAS.
MAS
Programming Boissier, O., Hübner, J. F., and Sichman, J. S. (2006).
Organization Oriented Programming: From Closed to Open Organizations.
Embodied
Organizations In Engineering Societies for Agent Worlds (ESAW-2006). Extended and
Revised version in Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNCS series,
Implementation
Springer, pages 86–105.
Conclusions
Bordini, R. H., Hübner, J. F., and Wooldrige, M. (2007).
Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak using Jason.
Wiley Series in Agent Technology. John Wiley & Sons.
Campos, J., Lòopez-Sànchez, M., Rodrìguez-Aguilar, J. A., and Esteva, M.
(2008).
Formalising Situatedness and Adaptation in Electronic Institutions.
In COIN-08, Proc.
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47. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Bibliography II
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based Castelfranchi, C. (1998).
Environments
Modeling Social Action for AI Agents.
Piunti, M. Artificial Intelligence, 103:157–182.
Introduction Coutinho, L. R., Sichman, J. S., and Boissier, O. (2009).
Modeliling dimensions for agent organizations.
Objectives
In Dignum, V., editor, Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems:
A unifying Semantics and Dynamics of Organizational Models. IGI-Global.
approach to
MAS Dastani, M. (2008).
Programming
2APL: a practical agent programming language.
Embodied Autonomous Agent and Multi-Agent Systems, 16:214–248.
Organizations
Implementation Dastani, M., Grossi, D., Meyer, J.-J. C., and Tinnemeier, N. A. M. (2008).
Normative Multi-Agent Programs and Their Logics.
Conclusions
In Knowledge Representation for Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, First
International Workshop, KRAMAS 2008, Sydney, Australia, Revised Selected
Papers, volume 5605 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer.
Dignum, M. V. F. d. A. J. G. (2003).
A model for organizational interaction: based on agents, founded in logic.
PhD thesis, Utrecht University, SIKS dissertation series 2004-1.
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Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Bibliography III
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based Dignum, V., editor (2009).
Environments
Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems: Semantics and Dynamics
Piunti, M. of Organizational Models.
IGI-Global.
Introduction
Esteva, M., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J. A., Rosell, B., and L., J. (2004).
Objectives AMELI: An agent-based middleware for electronic institutions.
A unifying In Jennings, N. R., Sierra, C., Sonenberg, L., and Tambe, M., editors,
approach to Proceedings of International conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi
MAS
Programming Agent Systems (AAMAS’04), pages 236–243, New York. ACM.
Embodied Ferber, J., Gutknecht, O., and Michel, F. (2003).
Organizations From Agents to Organizations: An Organizational View of Multi-agent
Implementation Systems.
Conclusions
In Proceedings of (AOSE-03), volume 2935 of Lecture Notes Computer
Science (LNCS). Springer.
Gasser, L. (2001).
Perspectives on Organizations in Multi-agent Systems.
In Multi-Agent Systems and Applications, volume Vol. 2086 of Lecture Notes
in Computer Science, pages 1–16. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New
York, NY, USA.
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49. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Bibliography IV
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based Hübner, J. F., Boissier, O., Kitio, R., and Ricci, A. (2009).
Environments
Instrumenting Multi-Agent Organisations with Organisational Artifacts and
Piunti, M.
Agents.
Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems.
Introduction
Objectives
Hübner, J. F., Sichman, J. S., and Boissier, O. (2005).
S-moise+ : A middleware for developing organised multi-agent systems.
A unifying
approach to In Boissier, O., Padget, J. A., Dignum, V., Lindemann, G., Matson, E. T.,
MAS Ossowski, S., Sichman, J. S., and Vázquez-Salceda, J., editors,
Programming Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Multi-Agent Systems,
Embodied AAMAS 2005 International Workshops, volume 3913 of Lecture Notes in
Organizations Computer Science, pages 64–78. Springer.
Implementation
Hübner, J. F., Sichman, J. S., and Boissier, O. (2007).
Conclusions Developing Organised Multi-Agent Systems Using the M OISE Model:
Programming Issues at the System and Agent Levels.
Agent-Oriented Software Engineering, 1(3/4):370–395.
Kirsh, D. (1995).
The intelligent use of space.
Artificial Intelligence, 73(1-2):31–68.
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Organizational
Infrastructures
Bibliography V
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments Okuyama, F. Y., Bordini, R. H., and da Rocha Costa, A. C. (2009).
Piunti, M. A distributed normative infrastructure for situated multi-agent organisations.
In Declarative Agent Languages and Technologies VI, volume 5397 of
Introduction Lecture Notes Computer Science (LNCS). Springer.
Objectives Omicini, A., Ricci, A., and Viroli, M. (2008).
A unifying Artifacts in the A&A meta-model for multi-agent systems.
approach to Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 17 (3).
MAS
Programming Piunti, M. and Ricci, A. (2008).
Embodied From Agents to Artifacts Back and Forth: Purposive and Doxastic use of
Organizations Artifacts in MAS.
Implementation In Proceedings of Sixth European Workshop on Multi-Agent Systems
(EUMAS-08), Bath, UK.
Conclusions
Piunti, M., Ricci, A., Boissier, O., and Hübner, J. F. (2009a).
Embodied Organisations in MAS Environments.
In Braubach, L., van der Hoek, W., Petta, P., and Pokahr, A., editors, MATES,
volume 5774 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 115–127.
Springer.
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Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Bibliography VI
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Piunti, M., Ricci, A., Boissier, O., and Hübner, J. F. (2009b).
Environments Embodying Organisations in Multi-agent Work Environments.
Piunti, M.
In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference
on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT 2009), pages
Introduction
511–518, Milan, Italy. IEEE.
Objectives Piunti, M., Ricci, A., Braubach, L., and Pokahr, A. (2008).
A unifying
Goal-directed Interactions in Artifact-Based MAS: Jadex Agents playing in
approach to CArtAgO Environments.
MAS In IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and
Programming
Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT 2008), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Embodied
Organizations Pokahr, A., Braubach, L., and Lamersdorf, W. (2005).
Jadex: A BDI Reasoning Engine.
Implementation
In Bordini, R. H., Dastani, M., Dix, J., and Fallah-Seghrouchni, A. E., editors,
Conclusions Multi-Agent Programming, volume 15 of Multiagent Systems, Artificial
Societies, and Simulated Organizations, pages 149–174. Springer.
Ricci, A., Piunti, M., Viroli, M., and Omicini, A. (2009).
Environment programming in CArtAgO.
In Bordini, R. H., Dastani, M., Dix, J., and El Fallah-Seghrouchni, A., editors,
Multi-Agent Programming: Languages, Platforms and Applications, Vol. 2,
pages 259–288. Springer.
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52. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Bibliography VII
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments Searle, J. R. (1964).
Piunti, M. Speech Acts, chapter What is a Speech Act?
Cambridge University Press.
Introduction
Searle, J. R. (1997).
Objectives
The Construction of Social Reality.
A unifying Free Press.
approach to
MAS Stratulat, T., Ferber, J., and Tranier, J. (2009).
Programming MASQ: Towards an Integral Approach of Agent-Based Interaction.
Embodied In Proc. of 8th Conf. on Agents and Multi Agent Systems (AAMAS-09).
Organizations
Weyns, D., Omicini, A., and Odell, J. J. (2007).
Implementation
Environment as a first-class abstraction in multi-agent systems.
Conclusions Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 14(1):5–30.
Special Issue on Environments for Multi-agent Systems.
Wooldridge, M. and Jennings, N. R. (1995).
Intelligent agents: Theory and practice.
The Knowledge Engineering Review, 10(2):115–152.
52 / 56
53. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures Designing and Programming
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Organizational Infrastructures for Agents
Environments
Piunti, M.
situated in Artifact-based Environments
European PhD
Introduction
Objectives
A unifying
approach to Michele Piunti
MAS michele.piunti@unibo.it
Programming
Embodied
Organizations A LMA M ATER S TUDIORUM
Implementation Università di Bologna – DEIS
Conclusions
Bologna
April 30th , 2010
53 / 56
54. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Situated Organizations
for Agents
situated in • MASQ, AGRE [Stratulat et al., 2009, Báez-Barranco et al., 2006]: integrate
Artifact-based different dimensions (agents, environment, interactions, organizations and
Environments institutions) into an integral view;
Piunti, M. • Distributed normative infrastructures: “normative places” and “normative
objects”, reactive entities inspectable by agents and containing readable
Introduction
information about norms [Okuyama et al., 2009].
Objectives
• Situated Electronic Institutions [Campos et al., 2008]: governor entities
A unifying allow to bridge environmental structures by instrumenting environments with
approach to
MAS
embodied devices controlled by the institutional apparatus.
Programming
• Constitutive rules [Searle, 1997] to bridge the gap between environment
Embodied
Organizations and institutional dimensions:
Implementation
• The reification of a particular state in a normative place may
constitute the realization of a particular institutional fact (e.g., “being
Conclusions on a car driver seat makes an agent to play the role driver”)
[Okuyama et al., 2009].
• “Normative artifact” as a container of institutional facts (facts related to
the institutional states), and brute facts (states related to the concrete
workplace where agents dwell) [Dastani et al., 2008]. “Count-as” and
“sanctioning” rules allows the infrastructure to recast brute facts to
institutional ones and provide normative control.
54 / 56
55. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Syntax of Workspace Rules
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based
Environments
Piunti, M.
Introduction
Objectives
A unifying
approach to
MAS
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
Implementation
Conclusions
55 / 56
56. Designing and
Programming
Organizational
Infrastructures
Regimentation and Enforcement
for Agents
situated in
Artifact-based Organisational
Regimentation done by Artifacts
Environments
EOA+OA
Piunti, M.
mechanisms
used by
Introduction Enforcement done by
detection
Objectives
evaluation
A unifying done by Staff
approach to done by Agent
judgement
MAS
Programming
Embodied
Organizations
• Regimentation is done by enabling and disabling
Implementation
operation controls (uic) on environment artifacts
Conclusions
(visitDoor)
• This enables or prevents the use of artifacts (CArtAgO
implements RBAC)
• Enforcement is done (by staff/organizational agents) by
using special artifacts (i.e. the terminal to send fines,
the phone to call police, etc.)
56 / 56