This document describes research into using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to rapidly detect and identify overdose drugs in saliva. The researchers created a SERS-active sampling device using fused gold colloids immobilized in glass capillaries. They used this device to build a library of over 150 drug spectra, including cocaine, PCP, diazepam, and acetaminophen. Artificial saliva samples spiked with these drugs at 50 ng/mL were then rapidly analyzed using a portable Raman analyzer, demonstrating the potential of this technique for emergency room drug overdose diagnosis.
This document outlines Heather Fryhle's dissertation research which aimed to develop methods for quantifying marijuana consumption using sewage-based drug epidemiology. The research involved testing various solid phase extraction cartridges and parameters to optimize extraction of the marijuana metabolite THC-COOH from wastewater samples. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze extracted samples. The goal was to apply these methods to analyze THC-COOH levels in wastewater from Tacoma, WA before and after the legalization of recreational marijuana sales to study trends in marijuana usage.
This document summarizes a study on the fate of three pharmaceuticals (amoxicillin, ibuprofen, and caffeine) in soil columns. Seven soil columns were prepared with soil and spiked with different concentrations of the pharmaceuticals to simulate one year and fifteen years of exposure. Leachate from the columns was collected and analyzed over time using HPLC. The researchers found that caffeine concentrations in the leachate were higher than the other drugs due to its higher solubility. Amoxicillin and ibuprofen degraded more in the soil and were present at very low concentrations in the leachate. After one year, the decomposition percentages in the soil columns were 97.82%, 97.88%, and
This document summarizes a study that used Direct Sample Analysis Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (DSA-TOF MS) to rapidly identify synthetic opiates including fentanyl, acetylfentanyl, and others. DSA is a direct ambient ionization technique that requires no chromatography and minimal sample preparation. It was able to identify 18 opiates in under 20 seconds with high mass accuracy. In-source collision-induced dissociation provided additional structural information. The method showed potential for screening drug samples and emerging synthetic drugs.
drug testing (The war on drugs) with complete motion n 3d effectskadham srinath
This document discusses drug testing and the process involved. It describes how drug testing works by analyzing biological samples like urine, hair, blood, etc. to detect specified drugs and their metabolites. It outlines several applications of drug testing including detecting performance enhancing drugs, screening employees for illegal drug use, and testing blood alcohol content. The document then provides details on common drugs tested for, signs and symptoms of drug use, the drug testing process, and advantages and disadvantages of different testing methods and sample types.
This document describes the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for screening 64 new psychoactive substances in dried blood spots. Key points:
- The method was developed and validated on a SCIEX QTRAP 5500 using dried blood spots containing concentrations as low as 1-10 ng/mL.
- Sample preparation involved punching out dried blood spots, extracting with methanol and acidified water, and analyzing via LC-MS/MS in MRM mode.
- The method was fast, sensitive, and specific for detecting a wide range of new psychoactive substances at low concentrations in dried blood spots.
Evaluation of Haematological, Hepatic and Renal Function of Auto Drivers in T...IOSRJPBS
Background: Episodes of severe air pollution in Asia have been reported in the scientific literature of recent times. The WHO 2005 report Health effects of transport-related air pollution provides the first comprehensive assessment of air pollution related to road transport and of the risks it presents to human health. Environmental pollution has many facets, and the resultant health risks include diseases in almost all organ systems. In this respect, auto rickshaw drivers are at risk, since they are continuously exposed to emissions from vehicles, due to the nature of their job. In view of this, this study is undertaken. Aim And Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the haematological, renal and liver functions of auto drivers in Tirunelveli city and compare it with age and socio demographically matched controls. Materials And Methods: Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty five auto drivers and twenty five controls were investigated for haematological, renal and liver functions. Results: Red blood cell count, haemoglobin level, and Haematocrit level were significantly lower in auto drivers than the control group. Liver enzymes and renal functions showed statistically non significant difference between both groups except for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) which was significantly higher in auto drivers. Conclusion: Work exposure to petroleum products inhalation has health implications as seen by the haematological, and liver function changes. Such group of workers need to be sensitized about the hazards of exposure, appropriate preventive strategies and periodic medical examination.
Overview of the Department of Blood Bank ,Transfusion Medicine & Immunohemato...AshwaniJasuja
The document summarizes the history and evolution of transfusion medicine from 1901 when blood groups were discovered to the present scenario. Some key points include:
- Blood banking practices like blood typing and cross matching were developed in the early 1900s.
- Screening for infectious diseases like hepatitis B and C was introduced in the 1960s-1990s.
- Blood component therapy replaced whole blood transfusions by the late 20th century.
- Modern blood banks perform specialized roles like stem cell transplantation and therapeutic apheresis procedures.
Application of design of experiments for formulation development and mechanis...ajaykumarpa
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this investigation is to develop mathematical equation to understand the impact of variables and establish statistical control over transdermal iontophoretic delivery of tacrine hydrochloride. In addition, possibility of using conductivity measurements as a tool of predicting ionic mobility of the participating ions for the application of iontophoretic delivery was explored.
METHODS:
Central composite design was applied to study effect of independent variables like current strength, buffer molarity, and drug concentration on iontophoretic tacrine permeation flux. Molar conductivity was determined to evaluate electro-migration of tacrine ions with application of Kohlrausch's law.
RESULTS:
The developed mathematic equation not only reveals drug concentration as the most significant variable regulating tacrine permeation, followed by current strength and buffer molarity, but also is capable to optimize tacrine permeation with respective combination of independent variables to achieve desired therapeutic plasma concentration of tacrine in treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, relative higher mobility of sodium and chloride ions was observed as compared to estimated tacrine ion mobility.
CONCLUSIONS:
This investigation utilizes the design of experiment approach and extends the primary understanding of impact of electronic and formulation variables on the tacrine permeation for the formulation development of iontophoretic tacrine delivery.
This document outlines Heather Fryhle's dissertation research which aimed to develop methods for quantifying marijuana consumption using sewage-based drug epidemiology. The research involved testing various solid phase extraction cartridges and parameters to optimize extraction of the marijuana metabolite THC-COOH from wastewater samples. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze extracted samples. The goal was to apply these methods to analyze THC-COOH levels in wastewater from Tacoma, WA before and after the legalization of recreational marijuana sales to study trends in marijuana usage.
This document summarizes a study on the fate of three pharmaceuticals (amoxicillin, ibuprofen, and caffeine) in soil columns. Seven soil columns were prepared with soil and spiked with different concentrations of the pharmaceuticals to simulate one year and fifteen years of exposure. Leachate from the columns was collected and analyzed over time using HPLC. The researchers found that caffeine concentrations in the leachate were higher than the other drugs due to its higher solubility. Amoxicillin and ibuprofen degraded more in the soil and were present at very low concentrations in the leachate. After one year, the decomposition percentages in the soil columns were 97.82%, 97.88%, and
This document summarizes a study that used Direct Sample Analysis Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (DSA-TOF MS) to rapidly identify synthetic opiates including fentanyl, acetylfentanyl, and others. DSA is a direct ambient ionization technique that requires no chromatography and minimal sample preparation. It was able to identify 18 opiates in under 20 seconds with high mass accuracy. In-source collision-induced dissociation provided additional structural information. The method showed potential for screening drug samples and emerging synthetic drugs.
drug testing (The war on drugs) with complete motion n 3d effectskadham srinath
This document discusses drug testing and the process involved. It describes how drug testing works by analyzing biological samples like urine, hair, blood, etc. to detect specified drugs and their metabolites. It outlines several applications of drug testing including detecting performance enhancing drugs, screening employees for illegal drug use, and testing blood alcohol content. The document then provides details on common drugs tested for, signs and symptoms of drug use, the drug testing process, and advantages and disadvantages of different testing methods and sample types.
This document describes the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for screening 64 new psychoactive substances in dried blood spots. Key points:
- The method was developed and validated on a SCIEX QTRAP 5500 using dried blood spots containing concentrations as low as 1-10 ng/mL.
- Sample preparation involved punching out dried blood spots, extracting with methanol and acidified water, and analyzing via LC-MS/MS in MRM mode.
- The method was fast, sensitive, and specific for detecting a wide range of new psychoactive substances at low concentrations in dried blood spots.
Evaluation of Haematological, Hepatic and Renal Function of Auto Drivers in T...IOSRJPBS
Background: Episodes of severe air pollution in Asia have been reported in the scientific literature of recent times. The WHO 2005 report Health effects of transport-related air pollution provides the first comprehensive assessment of air pollution related to road transport and of the risks it presents to human health. Environmental pollution has many facets, and the resultant health risks include diseases in almost all organ systems. In this respect, auto rickshaw drivers are at risk, since they are continuously exposed to emissions from vehicles, due to the nature of their job. In view of this, this study is undertaken. Aim And Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the haematological, renal and liver functions of auto drivers in Tirunelveli city and compare it with age and socio demographically matched controls. Materials And Methods: Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty five auto drivers and twenty five controls were investigated for haematological, renal and liver functions. Results: Red blood cell count, haemoglobin level, and Haematocrit level were significantly lower in auto drivers than the control group. Liver enzymes and renal functions showed statistically non significant difference between both groups except for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) which was significantly higher in auto drivers. Conclusion: Work exposure to petroleum products inhalation has health implications as seen by the haematological, and liver function changes. Such group of workers need to be sensitized about the hazards of exposure, appropriate preventive strategies and periodic medical examination.
Overview of the Department of Blood Bank ,Transfusion Medicine & Immunohemato...AshwaniJasuja
The document summarizes the history and evolution of transfusion medicine from 1901 when blood groups were discovered to the present scenario. Some key points include:
- Blood banking practices like blood typing and cross matching were developed in the early 1900s.
- Screening for infectious diseases like hepatitis B and C was introduced in the 1960s-1990s.
- Blood component therapy replaced whole blood transfusions by the late 20th century.
- Modern blood banks perform specialized roles like stem cell transplantation and therapeutic apheresis procedures.
Application of design of experiments for formulation development and mechanis...ajaykumarpa
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this investigation is to develop mathematical equation to understand the impact of variables and establish statistical control over transdermal iontophoretic delivery of tacrine hydrochloride. In addition, possibility of using conductivity measurements as a tool of predicting ionic mobility of the participating ions for the application of iontophoretic delivery was explored.
METHODS:
Central composite design was applied to study effect of independent variables like current strength, buffer molarity, and drug concentration on iontophoretic tacrine permeation flux. Molar conductivity was determined to evaluate electro-migration of tacrine ions with application of Kohlrausch's law.
RESULTS:
The developed mathematic equation not only reveals drug concentration as the most significant variable regulating tacrine permeation, followed by current strength and buffer molarity, but also is capable to optimize tacrine permeation with respective combination of independent variables to achieve desired therapeutic plasma concentration of tacrine in treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, relative higher mobility of sodium and chloride ions was observed as compared to estimated tacrine ion mobility.
CONCLUSIONS:
This investigation utilizes the design of experiment approach and extends the primary understanding of impact of electronic and formulation variables on the tacrine permeation for the formulation development of iontophoretic tacrine delivery.
EVALUATION SEMINAR ON FORENSIC TOXICOLOGYSupriyaCS12
The document summarizes an evaluation seminar on forensic toxicology presented by Supriya C S. It discusses the history and four main disciplines of forensic toxicology including postmortem toxicology. It also outlines the various specimens used in analysis, common analytical methods like immunoassays and chromatography, applications in areas like workplace drug testing and doping control, classes of poisons, possible symptoms, and some famous cases that involved forensic toxicology.
Forensic toxicology focuses on the medical-legal aspects of chemical exposure and toxic injury. It involves analyzing samples like urine, blood, hair, oral fluid, and other bodily tissues or fluids to detect and quantify the presence of toxins and drugs. The concentration and type of substance present can provide information about factors like dosage and timing of exposure. A variety of analytical techniques are used, including chromatography methods and mass spectrometry, to screen for and confirm the identity of substances in biological samples as part of a forensic investigation.
The document describes a method for quantifying several amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine) in human blood and serum samples using UPLC-MS/MS. A basic mobile phase was used contrary to conventional practice, improving analyte retention, resolution, and sensitivity. The method involved protein precipitation extraction, UPLC separation with a basic mobile phase in 3.5 minutes, and mass spectrometric detection. Validation experiments demonstrated the method was rapid, robust, and suitable for forensic toxicology applications.
Toxicology investigation of a poison deathreiamameer
The document discusses forensic toxicology and the role of forensic toxicologists. Some key points:
- Forensic toxicology determines whether deaths were caused by drugs and helps connect toxicology to the legal system.
- Important samples for examination include gastric contents, oral fluid, hair, urine, blood, and plasma which can be tested to determine cause of death.
- Cardiac blood is the preferred sample for detecting and quantifying drugs to establish what someone ingested and its potential effects. Approximately 30mL is collected in a sealed container.
This study validated a rat pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to rapidly assess drug candidates intended to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) synthesis or release for inflammatory diseases. Lipopolysaccharide was administered to rats to induce TNFα production, and a selective TNFα converting enzyme inhibitor was used as a model compound. The model demonstrated an ability to correlate plasma drug concentrations with inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFα levels in vivo. Areas under the concentration-time curves were calculated for the drug and TNFα to determine the overall percentage reduction of TNFα release. This PK/PD model provides integrated information on pharmacokinetics and in vivo potency of test articles.
This is the presentation on Role of advancement in instrumentation in pharmacodynamic evaluation of drugs
in clinical trials.
CONTENTS
Concept of medical instrument and instrumentation
Centrifuge
PCR
HPLC
Flow cytometry
Mass SPECTROMETRY
Minimally invasive technologies in PD
Conclusion
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document discusses the role of analysis in forensic investigations through toxicology. It covers several key areas:
1. It defines toxicology and forensic toxicology, explaining that forensic toxicology integrates principles of toxicology with legal aspects related to incidents like homicides, suicides, and accidents.
2. It describes the three main sectors of forensic toxicology: workplace testing, postmortem toxicology, and human performance testing related to criminal investigations.
3. It provides details on sample types used for different types of toxicology testing, including urine, blood, oral fluid, hair, and breath samples, and considerations for each.
4. It outlines standard procedures for toxicology laboratories, including requirements
Analytical Considerations When Monitoring Pain Medications by LC-MS/MSDavid Masters-Moore
Laboratory urine drug testing of patients on chronic opioid therapy requires providing a large test menu of medications commonly prescribed for this population as well as metabolites and illicit substances. It has been shown that liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the preferred method to analyze urine specimens for these substances.
Purpose of the study: To describe the challenges and some of the techniques to validate the analytical procedures used to identify and quantify these medications and substances.
Methods: Using data obtained from testing over one million specimens, the authors developed a proposed test menu. Potential isobaric interferences were established by using literature references. A list of potentially interfering medications was obtained by using the proposed test menu and the most commonly prescribed medications. Finally, criteria were designed to detect possible carryover.
Results: The LC-MS/MS instrumentation eliminated all potential interferences and provided quantitative data over the test range needed to monitor these patients. Carryover could be eliminated by setting the carryover thresholds for each analyte.
Conclusions: Reference laboratories utilizing LC-MS/MS technology to conduct urine drug testing for pain clinicians should employ specific techniques described in this study to develop an optimal test menu and validate procedures that include isolating retention times for isobaric compounds, identifying interfering substances including impurities in medicinal and illicit substance preparations, monitoring ion suppression, and avoiding carryover.
This study evaluated 22 formulations of four essential drugs (paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, chloroquine, and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine) marketed in Tanzania to analyze their drug content, in vitro availability through dissolution testing, and stability under simulated tropical storage conditions. While all formulations met requirements for drug content, seven failed dissolution testing requirements and five additional formulations failed dissolution testing after 6 months of accelerated stability testing. The results demonstrate that some essential drug formulations on the Tanzanian market meet potency standards but have unsatisfactory in vitro availability, failing to withstand typical tropical storage conditions.
This study evaluated 22 formulations of four essential drugs (paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, chloroquine, sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine) marketed in Tanzania. All formulations met requirements for drug content, however some failed dissolution tests, meaning the drug did not release adequately. After 6 months under simulated tropical storage, additional formulations failed dissolution tests. The results demonstrate essential drug formulations in Tanzania meet content standards but some are not robust enough to maintain satisfactory release under tropical conditions.
This document presents a treatment protocol for junior doctors to manage patients with severe organophosphorus or carbamate pesticide poisoning in rural areas with limited resources. The protocol focuses on rapidly stabilizing patients through administration of atropine, oxygen, intravenous fluids, and ventilation as needed. It provides guidance on initial assessment, determining if atropine is required, loading doses of atropine until signs of cholinergic poisoning are reversed, and transitioning to an atropine infusion to maintain therapeutic levels. The goal is to antagonize the toxicity as quickly as possible through individualized atropine dosing to improve patient outcomes.
This document describes an analytical toxicology report on the analysis of chemicals that may have adverse health effects. It discusses:
1. Analytical toxicology involves applying analytical chemistry tools to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze chemicals that could harm living organisms. This can help diagnose and prevent poisoning.
2. Several factors must be considered before analysis, like the amount of sample available and which poison is suspected. Samples like GI contents, urine, liver and concentrated tissues are analyzed depending on the poison.
3. Modern techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS are commonly used to simultaneously separate and quantify analytes. This report presents a real case study where these methods were used to detect anticoagulant rodent
A Simple Rp- HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Six Cardiovascular Dr...iosrjce
A simple, convenient Rp-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous
estimation of Metolazone, Indapamide, Nebivolol, Rosuvastatin, Olmesartan and Spironolactone. The column
used was an Inertsil ODS 3 V column of 250 mm length × 4.6 mm ID, with 3 micron particle size of adsorbent.
Separation was achieved using isocratic elution in a buffer-acetonitrile-methanol mobile phase at a flow rate of
1.2 ml/min. The detection was performed at wavelength of 225 nm using a UV detector. The column temperature
was 450C and injection volume was 20µl. The method was validated for precision, linearity and accuracy. The
% RSD for all the drugs was found to be less than 2 %. The correlation coefficient (r2
) was not less than 0.999
for all drugs. The mean percent recovery of the drugs from tablet placebo at 50%, 100% and 150% were within
limits. The marketed formulations of the drugs were analyzed and the mean assay results were found to be
within limits. The developed method can thus be employed for routine simultaneous analysis of Metolazone,
Indapamide, Nebivolol, Rosuvastatin, Olmesartan and Spironolactone in bulk and in their marketed
formulations
This document summarizes a study examining the absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of oral and intravenous resveratrol in human volunteers. The key findings were:
- Absorption of a 25 mg oral dose was at least 70%, with peak plasma levels of resveratrol and metabolites of 491 ng/ml reached after 1 hour. However, only trace amounts of unchanged resveratrol (<5 ng/ml) were detected in plasma.
- Most of the oral dose was recovered in urine. Metabolism via sulfate conjugation, glucuronic acid conjugation, and hydrogenation of the aliphatic double bond was identified.
- Sulfate conjugation in the intestine/
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CT3 Educational Material provides an overview of the Clinical Toxicology III (CT3) lab at ARUP, which performs qualitative toxicology analysis on pain medication management and drug abuse during pregnancy samples. The document discusses the chemistry and techniques used in the lab, including ELISA screening, TOF mass spectrometry analysis, and supported liquid extraction sample preparation. It also covers important regulations like HIPAA that govern protected health information and patient privacy in medical testing.
1b fe inscore sr research scientist resume 2019inscore
Frank Inscore has over 15 years of experience as a senior research scientist and analytical spectroscopist with expertise in spectroscopy, characterization, analysis, and chemistry. He has managed research projects and labs, published scientific papers, and led teams developing new materials and products. Currently he works as an independent consultant on various contracts involving nanomaterials.
Fei sun chemical presentation 070114 2c [compatibility mode]inscore
Dr. Frank E. Inscore is a research and development professional with over 15 years of experience in chemistry, materials science, spectroscopy, and leadership of small start-up companies developing new technologies. His background includes a PhD in chemistry from the University of Arizona and postdoctoral research at the University of New Mexico, where he used techniques like X-ray absorption spectroscopy, magnetic circular dichroism, electronic absorption spectroscopy, and resonance Raman spectroscopy to study the structural and functional role of pyranopterin cofactors in molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. He has since worked in industrial research developing portable chemical analyzers and sensors using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to identify chemicals and pathogens.
EVALUATION SEMINAR ON FORENSIC TOXICOLOGYSupriyaCS12
The document summarizes an evaluation seminar on forensic toxicology presented by Supriya C S. It discusses the history and four main disciplines of forensic toxicology including postmortem toxicology. It also outlines the various specimens used in analysis, common analytical methods like immunoassays and chromatography, applications in areas like workplace drug testing and doping control, classes of poisons, possible symptoms, and some famous cases that involved forensic toxicology.
Forensic toxicology focuses on the medical-legal aspects of chemical exposure and toxic injury. It involves analyzing samples like urine, blood, hair, oral fluid, and other bodily tissues or fluids to detect and quantify the presence of toxins and drugs. The concentration and type of substance present can provide information about factors like dosage and timing of exposure. A variety of analytical techniques are used, including chromatography methods and mass spectrometry, to screen for and confirm the identity of substances in biological samples as part of a forensic investigation.
The document describes a method for quantifying several amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine) in human blood and serum samples using UPLC-MS/MS. A basic mobile phase was used contrary to conventional practice, improving analyte retention, resolution, and sensitivity. The method involved protein precipitation extraction, UPLC separation with a basic mobile phase in 3.5 minutes, and mass spectrometric detection. Validation experiments demonstrated the method was rapid, robust, and suitable for forensic toxicology applications.
Toxicology investigation of a poison deathreiamameer
The document discusses forensic toxicology and the role of forensic toxicologists. Some key points:
- Forensic toxicology determines whether deaths were caused by drugs and helps connect toxicology to the legal system.
- Important samples for examination include gastric contents, oral fluid, hair, urine, blood, and plasma which can be tested to determine cause of death.
- Cardiac blood is the preferred sample for detecting and quantifying drugs to establish what someone ingested and its potential effects. Approximately 30mL is collected in a sealed container.
This study validated a rat pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to rapidly assess drug candidates intended to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) synthesis or release for inflammatory diseases. Lipopolysaccharide was administered to rats to induce TNFα production, and a selective TNFα converting enzyme inhibitor was used as a model compound. The model demonstrated an ability to correlate plasma drug concentrations with inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFα levels in vivo. Areas under the concentration-time curves were calculated for the drug and TNFα to determine the overall percentage reduction of TNFα release. This PK/PD model provides integrated information on pharmacokinetics and in vivo potency of test articles.
This is the presentation on Role of advancement in instrumentation in pharmacodynamic evaluation of drugs
in clinical trials.
CONTENTS
Concept of medical instrument and instrumentation
Centrifuge
PCR
HPLC
Flow cytometry
Mass SPECTROMETRY
Minimally invasive technologies in PD
Conclusion
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document discusses the role of analysis in forensic investigations through toxicology. It covers several key areas:
1. It defines toxicology and forensic toxicology, explaining that forensic toxicology integrates principles of toxicology with legal aspects related to incidents like homicides, suicides, and accidents.
2. It describes the three main sectors of forensic toxicology: workplace testing, postmortem toxicology, and human performance testing related to criminal investigations.
3. It provides details on sample types used for different types of toxicology testing, including urine, blood, oral fluid, hair, and breath samples, and considerations for each.
4. It outlines standard procedures for toxicology laboratories, including requirements
Analytical Considerations When Monitoring Pain Medications by LC-MS/MSDavid Masters-Moore
Laboratory urine drug testing of patients on chronic opioid therapy requires providing a large test menu of medications commonly prescribed for this population as well as metabolites and illicit substances. It has been shown that liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the preferred method to analyze urine specimens for these substances.
Purpose of the study: To describe the challenges and some of the techniques to validate the analytical procedures used to identify and quantify these medications and substances.
Methods: Using data obtained from testing over one million specimens, the authors developed a proposed test menu. Potential isobaric interferences were established by using literature references. A list of potentially interfering medications was obtained by using the proposed test menu and the most commonly prescribed medications. Finally, criteria were designed to detect possible carryover.
Results: The LC-MS/MS instrumentation eliminated all potential interferences and provided quantitative data over the test range needed to monitor these patients. Carryover could be eliminated by setting the carryover thresholds for each analyte.
Conclusions: Reference laboratories utilizing LC-MS/MS technology to conduct urine drug testing for pain clinicians should employ specific techniques described in this study to develop an optimal test menu and validate procedures that include isolating retention times for isobaric compounds, identifying interfering substances including impurities in medicinal and illicit substance preparations, monitoring ion suppression, and avoiding carryover.
This study evaluated 22 formulations of four essential drugs (paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, chloroquine, and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine) marketed in Tanzania to analyze their drug content, in vitro availability through dissolution testing, and stability under simulated tropical storage conditions. While all formulations met requirements for drug content, seven failed dissolution testing requirements and five additional formulations failed dissolution testing after 6 months of accelerated stability testing. The results demonstrate that some essential drug formulations on the Tanzanian market meet potency standards but have unsatisfactory in vitro availability, failing to withstand typical tropical storage conditions.
This study evaluated 22 formulations of four essential drugs (paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, chloroquine, sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine) marketed in Tanzania. All formulations met requirements for drug content, however some failed dissolution tests, meaning the drug did not release adequately. After 6 months under simulated tropical storage, additional formulations failed dissolution tests. The results demonstrate essential drug formulations in Tanzania meet content standards but some are not robust enough to maintain satisfactory release under tropical conditions.
This document presents a treatment protocol for junior doctors to manage patients with severe organophosphorus or carbamate pesticide poisoning in rural areas with limited resources. The protocol focuses on rapidly stabilizing patients through administration of atropine, oxygen, intravenous fluids, and ventilation as needed. It provides guidance on initial assessment, determining if atropine is required, loading doses of atropine until signs of cholinergic poisoning are reversed, and transitioning to an atropine infusion to maintain therapeutic levels. The goal is to antagonize the toxicity as quickly as possible through individualized atropine dosing to improve patient outcomes.
This document describes an analytical toxicology report on the analysis of chemicals that may have adverse health effects. It discusses:
1. Analytical toxicology involves applying analytical chemistry tools to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze chemicals that could harm living organisms. This can help diagnose and prevent poisoning.
2. Several factors must be considered before analysis, like the amount of sample available and which poison is suspected. Samples like GI contents, urine, liver and concentrated tissues are analyzed depending on the poison.
3. Modern techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS are commonly used to simultaneously separate and quantify analytes. This report presents a real case study where these methods were used to detect anticoagulant rodent
A Simple Rp- HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Six Cardiovascular Dr...iosrjce
A simple, convenient Rp-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous
estimation of Metolazone, Indapamide, Nebivolol, Rosuvastatin, Olmesartan and Spironolactone. The column
used was an Inertsil ODS 3 V column of 250 mm length × 4.6 mm ID, with 3 micron particle size of adsorbent.
Separation was achieved using isocratic elution in a buffer-acetonitrile-methanol mobile phase at a flow rate of
1.2 ml/min. The detection was performed at wavelength of 225 nm using a UV detector. The column temperature
was 450C and injection volume was 20µl. The method was validated for precision, linearity and accuracy. The
% RSD for all the drugs was found to be less than 2 %. The correlation coefficient (r2
) was not less than 0.999
for all drugs. The mean percent recovery of the drugs from tablet placebo at 50%, 100% and 150% were within
limits. The marketed formulations of the drugs were analyzed and the mean assay results were found to be
within limits. The developed method can thus be employed for routine simultaneous analysis of Metolazone,
Indapamide, Nebivolol, Rosuvastatin, Olmesartan and Spironolactone in bulk and in their marketed
formulations
This document summarizes a study examining the absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of oral and intravenous resveratrol in human volunteers. The key findings were:
- Absorption of a 25 mg oral dose was at least 70%, with peak plasma levels of resveratrol and metabolites of 491 ng/ml reached after 1 hour. However, only trace amounts of unchanged resveratrol (<5 ng/ml) were detected in plasma.
- Most of the oral dose was recovered in urine. Metabolism via sulfate conjugation, glucuronic acid conjugation, and hydrogenation of the aliphatic double bond was identified.
- Sulfate conjugation in the intestine/
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CT3 Educational Material provides an overview of the Clinical Toxicology III (CT3) lab at ARUP, which performs qualitative toxicology analysis on pain medication management and drug abuse during pregnancy samples. The document discusses the chemistry and techniques used in the lab, including ELISA screening, TOF mass spectrometry analysis, and supported liquid extraction sample preparation. It also covers important regulations like HIPAA that govern protected health information and patient privacy in medical testing.
1b fe inscore sr research scientist resume 2019inscore
Frank Inscore has over 15 years of experience as a senior research scientist and analytical spectroscopist with expertise in spectroscopy, characterization, analysis, and chemistry. He has managed research projects and labs, published scientific papers, and led teams developing new materials and products. Currently he works as an independent consultant on various contracts involving nanomaterials.
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Dr. Frank E. Inscore is a research and development professional with over 15 years of experience in chemistry, materials science, spectroscopy, and leadership of small start-up companies developing new technologies. His background includes a PhD in chemistry from the University of Arizona and postdoctoral research at the University of New Mexico, where he used techniques like X-ray absorption spectroscopy, magnetic circular dichroism, electronic absorption spectroscopy, and resonance Raman spectroscopy to study the structural and functional role of pyranopterin cofactors in molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. He has since worked in industrial research developing portable chemical analyzers and sensors using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to identify chemicals and pathogens.
This document describes research into using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and peptide-functionalized SERS substrates to detect Bacillus anthracis spores. The researchers developed a peptide that selectively binds B. anthracis-Sterne spores. They found that exposing 109 B. anthracis-Sterne spores/mL to the functionalized SERS substrate and acetic acid produced a strong dipicolinic acid spectrum, whereas the same treatment of B. cereus and B. subtilis at the same concentration did not produce a signal. This peptide-functionalized SERS approach provides a method for differentiating B. anthracis at the species level, overcoming limitations of other detection
2 fei portfolio r&d cv 2a and support3a3b4a2 2015inscore
This document is a curriculum vitae for Frank E. Inscore, a research and development professional with over 15 years of experience in cutting-edge research, strategic planning, program management, new product development, and customer relations. He has a Ph.D. in Chemistry and has held positions including Principal Scientist and Director of R&D at Real-Time Analyzers, Inc. where he led multiple research programs and projects, secured new funding, developed innovative products, and built a world-class R&D team. The CV highlights his leadership experience, technical expertise, and record of success in research, new product development, business development, and managing complex projects and organizations.
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This document is a curriculum vitae for Frank E. Inscore, summarizing his professional qualifications and experience. It highlights that he has over 15 years of experience in research and development leadership and management, including directing multi-functional teams toward materials characterization and analysis. He has successfully led numerous projects on time and under budget, generating over $15 million in revenue. His expertise includes spectroscopy, materials synthesis, and establishing effective cross-functional relationships to facilitate new product development.
1 fei portfolio r&d resumes and appendix 2015inscore
Frank E. Inscore 2015 Portfolio of resumes as Sr. Director, Sr. Manager and Sr. Scientist, Sr. Chemist; plus short support appendix of representative papers reports presentations patents programs/projects, dissertation
This document provides a summary of Frank Inscore's publications, technical reports, presentations, patents, projects, and dissertation from his time at RTA and prior academic work. It lists over 20 peer-reviewed publications, 3 representative technical reports for federal agencies, 4 invited presentations as a speaker, 5 patents either at or for RTA, 16 major programs/projects managed at RTA across various agencies, and his published PhD dissertation from UNM on electronic structure contributions to enzyme reactivity. The document demonstrates a highly successful career advancing Raman/SERS techniques with numerous impactful applications.
This document is a resume for Frank E. Inscore, who has over 10 years of experience as a senior chemist and R&D professional. He has expertise in analytical chemistry, organic synthesis, nanomaterials development, and laboratory management. Currently he works as an independent consultant providing analytical method development and validation services, with a focus on spectroscopy and nanocomposite materials.
Frank E. Inscore has over 15 years of experience as a senior scientist specializing in spectroscopy, chemometrics, and analytics. He holds a PhD in Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry with a focus on spectroscopy. His experience includes developing Raman and IR spectroscopy methods and multivariate models for applications in pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and forensics. Currently he works as an independent consultant providing technical expertise and problem solving for clients in various industries.
Frank E. Inscore is a senior R&D manager with over 10 years of experience leading teams of scientists in analytical chemistry. He has a PhD in physical inorganic chemistry and has successfully managed multiple projects, bringing in over $18 million in revenue. He is seeking a position as a technical program manager where he can utilize his skills in project management, team leadership, and driving innovation.
Frank Inscore has over 15 years of experience in R&D management, business development, and technical leadership. He has a PhD in Chemistry and has held positions as Director of R&D and Chief Scientist. He specializes in analytical spectroscopy, nanotechnology, and sensor development. His expertise lies in developing new products, managing cross-functional teams, and generating revenue through strategic partnerships and sales.
The goal of this project is to develop an analyzer that can detect key chemicals in urine samples to monitor astronaut health aboard the International Space Station. During Phase I, the feasibility of using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with a sol-gel material was demonstrated by extracting and detecting biomarkers from urine at physiological concentrations. Phase II achievements included detecting over 50 biochemicals from urine using SERS-active capillaries, and developing microfluidic chips that separated and detected two biomarkers from a real urine sample. The final design proposes integrating the analyzer into the space station toilets to automatically extract, measure, and analyze urine samples daily from each astronaut.
Final Report Daad13 02 C 0015 Part5 App L Pinscore
1) The document describes methods for detecting chemical agents like nerve agents, mustard, and cyanide in water using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
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1) The document presents surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a potential technique for rapid identification of chemical warfare agents and related compounds.
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The document discusses using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect hydrolysis products of chemical warfare agents. SERS was able to selectively enhance the Raman signal of hydrolysis products of G-series nerve agents including isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA), pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA), and cyclohexyl methylphosphonic acid (CMPA). SERS spectra of the hydrolysis products showed characteristic peaks that could be used to distinguish between the different degradation products, even at low part-per-billion concentrations. The ability to detect and identify hydrolysis products has applications in verifying the destruction of chemical agents and establishing the timing of potential attacks.
This document provides a Phase II final report for an EPA SBIR project to develop a multiplexed chemical sensor for water security. The goals of Phase II were to fully develop a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based analyzer to detect poisons in water at concentrations of 10 μg/L or lower in 10 minutes. Key accomplishments included optimizing the SERS sensor chemistry and automated sampling system to achieve detection of 20 target chemicals below 10 μg/L, developing software to identify chemicals in a spectral library, and testing the system on spiked reservoir water samples. While some milestones were not met due to delays and need for further optimization, the research demonstrated the ability to detect chemical agents and related compounds to support water security applications
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This document describes a method for rapidly detecting drugs of abuse in saliva using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). SERS can detect drugs at concentrations as low as 10-8 M (parts per billion) and identify them from their unique Raman spectra within 10 minutes. The method was tested on over 35 drugs and found to accurately detect and identify drugs spiked into saliva samples at 50 parts per billion or above. If developed into a portable device, it could provide a fast, non-invasive way to screen for drug impairment in situations like roadside stops or emergency rooms.
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1) Researchers developed a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) assay to detect Bacillus anthracis spores.
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3) The assay can detect as few as 10 B. anthracis spores in 12 minutes with no false positives or negatives, meeting Army requirements for detection of bioagents.
This document describes a study investigating the effects of metal-dithiolate fold angles in model compounds mimicking active sites in molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. Three compounds with different metal electronic configurations were analyzed using gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory: (1) (Tp*)MoO(bdt), a d1 system, (2) Cp2Mo(bdt), a d2 system, and (3) Cp2Ti(bdt), a d0 system. The results provide insight into metal-dithiolate interactions and electron transfer reactions in molybdenum enzyme active sites.
The document discusses using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect contaminants and adulterants in food and liquid samples. It provides examples of detecting pesticides at low ppm levels in orange juice and detecting melamine at low ppb levels in baby formula. The technique offers high sensitivity, specificity and rapid analysis times compared to traditional methods. The document promotes a SERS-based trace chemical analyzer product for field analysis of foods, liquids and surfaces.
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Pharmaceutics 03-00425
1. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3, 425-439; doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics3030425
pharmaceutics
ISSN 1999-4923
www.mdpi.com/journal/pharmaceutics
Article
Rapid Detection and Identification of Overdose Drugs in Saliva
by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Fused Gold
Colloids
Stuart Farquharson *, Chetan Shende, Atanu Sengupta, Hermes Huang and Frank Inscore
Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA; E-Mails: chetan@rta.biz (C.S.);
atanu@rta.biz (A.S.); hermes@rta.biz (H.H.); inscore@rta.biz (F.I.)
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: stu@rta.biz; Tel.: +1-860-635-9800;
Fax: +1-860-635-9804.
Received: 5 May 2011; in revised form: 1 July 2011 / Accepted: 11 July 2011 /
Published: 13 July 2011
Abstract: The number of drug-related emergency room visits in the United States doubled
from 2004 to 2009 to 4.6 million. Consequently there is a critical need to rapidly identify
the offending drug(s), so that the appropriate medical care can be administered. In an effort
to meet this need we have been investigating the ability of surface-enhanced Raman
spectroscopy (SERS) to detect and identify numerous drugs in saliva at ng/mL
concentrations within 10 minutes. Identification is provided by matching measured spectra
to a SERS library comprised of over 150 different drugs, each of which possess a unique
spectrum. Trace detection is provided by fused gold colloids trapped within a porous glass
matrix that generate SERS. Speed is provided by a syringe-driven sample system that uses
a solid-phase extraction capillary combined with a SERS-active capillary in series. Spectral
collection is provided by a portable Raman analyzer. Here we describe successful
measurement of representative illicit, prescribed, and over-the-counter drugs by SERS, and
50 ng/mL cocaine in saliva as part of a focused study.
Keywords: drug analysis; illicit drugs; drug overdose; SERS; Raman spectroscopy;
emergency room
OPEN ACCESS
2. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 426
1. Introduction
In 2009 the number of drug-related emergency room (ER) visits in the United States reached 4.6
million, nearly double the 2.4 million visits in 2004 [1]. Of these visits, 2.1 million were attributed to
illicit drugs and 2.3 million to pharmaceutical drugs. Access to prescription drugs over the internet has
certainly added to the increase in the latter. Cocaine and heroin represent the largest portion of illicit
drugs at 43 and 22%, respectively, followed by methamphetamine, PCP, MDMA (known as ecstasy),
and LSD. Pharmaceutical drugs include prescription and over-the-counter drugs (OTC), leading
prescription drugs being oxycodone, hydrocodone and diazepam at 14.1, 8.4, 2.4%, respectively, and
leading OTC drugs being acetaminophen and ibuprofen at 4.8, 2.7%, respectively. Overdose represents
a significant challenge to ER personnel, since it can result in a variety of symptoms [2], confusing
diagnosis. For example, cocaine may cause myocardial infarction, hypothermia, seizures,
hallucinations, and/or arrhythmias [3]. Acetaminophen overdose symptoms include abdominal pain,
convulsions and sweating [4]. Physical assessment of these patients is insufficient, especially in the
case of acetaminophen, as most patients are over 65 and have existing health issues. Currently, a two
step approach is used to determine drug abuse and overdose: screening and verification [3,5].
Screening devices, such as immunoassay kits, provide drug identification, but they are subject to a
number of interferences [6,7]. This leads to a high incidence of false positives. Therefore, sophisticated
instruments, such as gas chromatographs coupled with mass spectrometers, are used to verify drug
identification, as well as provide quantification [8]. Unfortunately, these analyses, performed in the
clinical laboratory, usually take in excess of an hour to perform [9], delaying patient diagnosis and
selection of appropriate medical care.
Consequently, there is a need for a device capable of correctly identifying overdose drugs in ER
patients at relevant concentrations, i.e., above a threshold, without false positives or negatives, in just a
few minutes. Ideally, the device would be portable, easy to use, and relatively non-invasive so that
patients can be tested as they enter the ER, or in an ambulance prior to arrival. The last requirement
can be best met using saliva as the sample medium [10]. This is a reasonable approach since drugs are
represented in saliva at concentrations similar to blood plasma (e.g., cocaine at 0.6–0.8 mcg/mL [11-13]
acetaminophen at 10–50 mcg/mL [14]), saliva is 99.5% water making it easy to chemically analyze
[15], and simple saliva collectors are available [16].
In an effort to develop such a device, and take advantage of saliva as a sample source, we have been
investigating the potential of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to both identify and
quantify drugs and their metabolites in this body fluid [17,18]. This approach is based on the extreme
sensitivity of SERS demonstrated by the detection of single molecules [19,20], the ability to measure
very small samples (0.1 mL), and the ability to identify molecular structures of drugs through the rich
vibrational information provided by Raman spectroscopy [21].
Towards this goal, we have developed and patented a method to immobilize fused silver and gold
colloids in a porous glass matrix in glass capillaries to produce a SERS-active sampling device [22-24].
In contrast to most SERS substrates, the sample does not have to be dried to achieve enhancement [25],
but can be drawn into the capillary and measured immediately. Furthermore, the capillary format
allows the incorporation of chromatographic materials to aid in the separation of the drugs from saliva.
Here we describe the use of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) capillary in combination with a SERS-
3. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 427
active capillary to detect and identify cocaine, PCP, diazepam, and acetaminophen in saliva using a
portable Raman analyzer suitable for emergency room diagnosis of overdose patients.
2. Experimental Section
All drugs were obtained from Cerilliant (Austin, TX) as 1 mg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile
forensic samples (Figure 1, Table 1). The chemicals and solvents used to prepare the sol-gels were
obtained at their purest commercially available grade from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI) and used
as received. The SPE material was obtained from United Chemical Technology (Bristol, PA). The
fused gold colloid sol-gels were prepared according to previous published procedures [26,27], by
mixing a gold chloride salt (HAuCl4•3H2O) with tetramethyl orthosilicate in methanol. The SERS
capillaries were prepared by drawing 20 μL of the gold colloid-doped sol-gels into 10 cm long, 1-mm
diameter glass capillaries to produce ~1 cm plugs. After sol-gel formation, the incorporated ions were
reduced with dilute sodium borohydride forming fused colloids. This was followed by a water wash to
remove residual reducing agent.
Figure 1. Chemical structures for the drugs presented in this study.
Solid-phase extraction packed capillaries (also 1-mm diameter glass) were prepared by first drawing
~5 mcL of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) into one end of a glass capillary by syringe to form a
porous sol-gel frit as a support for the SPE material. Secondly, ~100 mcL of a 20 mg/mL SPE/ethanol
4. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 428
slurry was drawn into the capillary to form an ~5 cm plug. And thirdly, a second 5 mcL of MTMS was
drawn into the capillary to secure the SPE material. The SPE capillary was preconditioned by
sequentially flowing 1 mL each of methanol, water and 10 mM acetic acid. Each experiment was
performed by drawing the test sample through the SPE capillary, then washing the capillary to remove
any interferents, and just prior to the final elution step, the SERS capillary was attached to the SPE
capillary so that the extracted drugs could be eluted directly into the SERS capillary.
Table 1. Drugs measured to build a spectral library. Drugs presented in this study are in
bold type. Metabolites are italicized.
11-nor-Ä9
-THC-9-COOH Cocaine HCl Lactose Penacillamine
11-OH-Ä9
-THC Codeine l-amphetamine Phenacetin
6-acetylcodeine d-amphetamine (Dexedrine) l-ephedrine HCl Phenethylamine
6-acetylmorphine Ä9
-THC Levamisole (Ergamisol) Phenobarbital
Acetaminophen Dextromethorphan Lidocaine (lignocaine) Phentermine
Acetylcholine chloride Diazepam (Valium) Lorazepam (Ativan) Phenylephrine
Acetylsalicylic acid
(aspirin)
Dimenhydrinate
(Dramamine)
LSD Phenylpropanolamine
HCl
Alfentanil HCl Diphenhydramine Mannitol PMA HCl
Alprazolam (Xanax) dl-amphetamine MDA PMMA HCl
Amifostin dl-ethylamphetamine MDEA Pregabalin (Lyrica)
Aminorex dl-methamphetamine MDMA Prilocaine
Amitriptyline (Elavil) d-methamphetamine MDPV Procaine (novacaine)
Amobarbital (Amytal) Dopamine HCl Meperidine (Demerol) Promethazine
Amyl nitrite Doxylamine succinate Mephedrone HCl Propranolol HCl
Atropine d-propoxyphene (Darvocet) Mescaline Proxymetacaine
Benzocaine Duloxetine (Cymbalta) Methadone Pseudoephedrine
Benzoylecgonine Ecgonine methyl ester Methaqualone (Quaalude) Psilocin
Benzylpiperazine EDDP perchlorate Methcathinone Quetiapine fumarate
(Seroquel)
Buprenorphine EMDP HCl Methicillin Quinine
Bupropion Erythromycin Methylone HCl Risperidone (Risperidol)
Caffeine Estazolam Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Salicylic acid
Cannabidiol Etomidate Midazolam (Dormicum) Scopolamine
Cannabinol Excedrin pill Morphine glucuronide Serotonin HCl
Carbamazepine Fenfluramine (Fen-Phen) Morphine Sertraline HCl (Zoloft)
Carisoprodol Fentanyl Naltrexone HCl Sildenafil citrate (Viagra)
Celecoxib (Celebrex) Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) Naproxen Sodium pentothal
Chloral hydrate Fluoxetine HCl (Prozac) n-desmethyltramadol HCl Strychnine
Chloramphenicol Flurazepam (Dalmane) Nicotine Sulfadoxine
Chlordiazepoxide
(Librium)
Haloperidol (Haldol) Norcocaine HCl Temazepam (Restoril)
Chlorpheniramine Heroin Norcodeine Tetracaine (amethocaine)
Chlorpromazine HCl
(Thorazine)
Hydrochlorothiazide Nordiazepam Tetracycline
Ciprofloxacin Hydrocodone Olanzapine Theophylline
cis-Tramadol HCl Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Oxazepam Trazodone
Citalopram HBr Ibogaine Oxazepam glucuronide Triazolam (Halcion)
Clonazepam (Klonopin) Ibuprofen Oxycodone (Oxycotin) Vancomycin
Clonazipine Inositol Oxymorphone Zaleplon (Sonata)
Cocaethylene Isoniazide Paraxanthine Zolpidem tartrate
(Ambien)
Cocaine base Ketamine PCP Zopiclone
(Lunesta stereoisomer)
5. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 429
Saliva used in preparing artificial samples was collected using oral swabs (Medimpex United Inc,
Bensalem, PA) from consenting employees at Real-Time Analyzers, Inc. (RTA, Middletown, CT). The
foam head attached to a syringe plunger was placed into the person’s mouth for approximately one
minute to let sufficient saliva collect in the foam. The swab was then placed into the plastic syringe
barrel, and pressed to expel the saliva into a vial. Approximately 1 mL of saliva was collected in
1 minute by this process.
The drug-doped saliva samples were prepared in plastic centrifuge tubes by adding a small amount
of aqueous drug at the required concentration into the saliva and uniformly mixed by gently vortexing
the sample for 10 seconds. For example, 10 mcL of a 5 mcg/mL aqueous cocaine was added to
0.990 mL of saliva to yield a 1 mL 50 ng/mL cocaine-doped saliva sample. The samples were allowed
to equilibrate for 0.5 hours at room temperature. Samples were measured within 1 hour of saliva
collection. Approximate concentrations were verified by gas chromatography (Shimadzu, model 17A).
A searchable surface-enhanced Raman spectra library was prepared by measuring all of the drugs
using a Fourier transform Raman spectrometer (RTA, model RamanPro) that provided 100 to
3350 cm−1
spectral coverage with constant 8 cm−1
resolution. The SERS-active capillaries were fixed
horizontally to an XY positioning stage (Conix Research, Springfield, OR) mounted above a fiber
optic probe. The probe delivered 75 mW of 785 nm laser excitation to the capillary and collected the
180° scattered radiation. A pure cocaine sample was prepared by drying a forensic sample on a glass
slide. The Raman spectrum of this residue was measured using 300 mW of 785 nm laser power and a
5 minute acquisition time. Further instrument details have been published [21]. To demonstrate ER
measurement capability, the drug-doped saliva samples were also measured using a 5 lb, battery
operated, hand-held Raman analyzer (RTA, model SERS-ID, Figure 2). The SERS capillaries were
fixed horizontally in the sample compartment of the portable analyzer, which delivered 45 mW of
785 nm excitation laser to the capillary and collected the 180° scattered radiation. In the case of all the
spectra presented here, three capillaries were measured and the average spectrum reported.
Figure 2. Photographs of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-ID and SERS-
active capillaries.
6. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 430
3. Results and Discussion
One hundred and fifty drugs; illicit, prescription, over-the-counter, and in many cases their primary
metabolites, were measured by SERS using fused gold colloids immobilized within a sol-gel matrix
contained in glass capillaries. The gold colloids enhanced the Raman scattering for virtually all of the
drugs tested, with some barbiturates as the primary exception. In many cases the normal Raman
spectra were also measured to verify spectral integrity as well as to estimate surface enhancement
factors (EF). This is shown for cocaine, the primary drug of concern (Figure 3) [1]. The Raman
spectrum of cocaine is dominated by peaks at 872, 999, 1026, 1273, 1597, and 1716 cm−1
, which have
been assigned to a tropine ring stretch, the symmetric and asymmetric phenyl ring breathing modes,
the C-phenyl stretch, the trigonal phenyl ring breathing mode, and the ester carbonyl stretch [28,29].
There are clear changes in relative intensity and frequency for these modes in the SER spectra due to
the extent with which each vibrational mode interacts with the gold surface and the plasmon field [17].
Notably, the symmetric mode at 999 cm−1
is enhanced the most, the asymmetric mode shifts to
1018 cm−1
, a new unassigned peak appears at 1107 cm−1
, the trigonal mode looses relative intensity as
its splits into a 1578 and 1593 cm−1
doublet, and the carbonyl stretch is virtually absent. An enhancement
factor of 3.1 × 106
was determined based on the relative concentrations, intensities of the 999 cm−1
peak,
and laser powers for the two spectra (EF = [1 g/mL/100 ng/mL] [0.1 I/1.3 I] [300 mW/75 mW]). EFs
were typically between 105
and 5 106
for the drugs presented in this paper.
Figure 3. Comparison of (a) Raman spectroscopy (RS) of pure cocaine on a glass slide to
(b) SERS for 100 ng/mL (100 ppb) cocaine in water (as cocaine•HCl) using a fused gold
colloid-doped sol-gel in a 1 mm capillary. Conditions: (a) 300 mW of 785 nm, 5 minute
acquisition, (b) 75 mW of 785 nm excitation, 1 minute acquisition; both at 8 cm−1
resolution. The SERS spectral intensity has been multiplied by 10 so that features are
evident, and offset for clarity.
In addition to cocaine, this study focused on the illicit, prescription and OTC drugs that most often
result in ER visits [1]. The additional illicit drugs included PCP (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine),
dl-methamphetamine, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), LSD (lysergic acid
(a)
(b) ×10
7. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 431
diethylamide), and heroin (diacetylmorphine). Each drug produces a unique SERS spectrum that can
be used for identification (Figure 4). While the spectra for cocaine, PCP, and methamphetamine are
dominated by the phenyl stretching modes at 999, ~1030 and ~1595 cm−1
, they each have unique peaks:
1107 cm−1
for cocaine, 702 and 849 cm−1
due to the cyclohexane and piperidine ring modes for PCP,
respectively, and 1578 cm−1
phenyl mode for methamphetamine [30,31]. The phenyl modes are absent
as expected for MDMA, LSD, and heroine [32]. MDMA has a unique doublet at 1233 and 1258 cm−1
due to the dioxole ring and a C-N stretching mode, LSD at 1350 cm−1
also due to a ring or C-N
stretching mode, and heroin at 624 and 921 cm−1
due to ring modes.
Figure 4. SERS of illicit drugs: (a) 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine (PCP), (b)
methamphetamine, (c) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), (d) lysergic acid
diethylamide (LSD), and (e) heroin. Conditions as in Figure 3(b), except at 0.1 mg/mL.
Ordered to show spectral similarity. Intensities normalized and offset for clarity.
The SERS spectra were measured for prescription drugs with the following active ingredient
(Figure 5): diazepam (Valium®), methylphenidate (Ritalin®), meperidine (Demerol®), hydrocodone
(Vicodin®), and oxycodone (Oxycotin®). Identifying unique peaks for these drugs is more difficult
than the illicit drugs due to their structural similarity. Once again the phenyl modes are present at
~1000, 1030, and 1595 cm−1
for diazepam, methylphenidate, and meperidine, but as expected, not for
hydrocodone and oxycodone. A number of unique peaks appear between 600 and 700 cm−1
, as well as
at 833 and 941 cm−1
for diazepam, all attributed to aromatic ring deformation modes, except the
833 cm−1
peak, which is attributed to the diazapine ring [33]. Although methylphenidate and
meperidine have nearly identical structures, the piperidine ring of the former appears to interact with
the gold through the amine resulting in two peaks at 849 and 903 cm−1
. The spectra of hydrocodone
and oxycodone are very similar with C=C ring modes at 1293 and ~1605 cm−1
. The former has a
unique doublet at 664 and 675 cm−1
, which is attributed to ring modes as was done for heroin, while
the latter has a unique peak at 1505 cm−1
that has been attributed to a scissoring mode of the methyl
group [34].
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 432
Figure 5. SERS of prescription drugs: (a) diazepam (Valium®), (b) methylphenidate
(Ritalin®), (c) meperidine (Demerol®), (d) hydrocodone (Vicodin®), and (e) oxycodone
(Oxycotin®). Conditions as in Figure 4. Ordered to show spectral similarity. Intensities
normalized and offset for clarity.
The OTC drugs included acetaminophen, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), and ibuprofen. While
acetaminophen and ibuprofen have been implicated in numerous overdose cases (often unintentionally),
aspirin has been included in this study as it is often taken with many of the other drugs. Again, each
drug has unique peaks suitable for identification. For acetaminophen this includes the 1165, 1555, and
1647 cm−1
phenol, C=C ring, and amide stretches, respectively (Figure 6). For aspirin this includes
numerous unassigned peaks between 500 and 900 cm−1
, the 1080 cm−1
ortho-substituted ring mode,
and the 1655 cm−1
ester mode. For ibuprofen a COOH bending mode appears at 1439 cm-1
. Aspirin
and ibuprofen also have COOH stretching modes at 1597 and 1582 cm−1
, respectively.
Figure 6. SERS of OTC drugs: (a) acetaminophen, (b) aspirin, and (c) ibuprofen.
Conditions as in Figure 4. Intensities normalized and offset for clarity.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
9. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 433
While the traditional method of identifying unique peaks can be used to identify drugs as described
above, a more reliable method is to compare the entire spectrum to a library of previously recorded
spectra for identification. This not only eliminates the tedium of identifying peaks, but also allows the
identification process to be automated. Four algorithms, Absolute Value, Least Squares, Euclidean
Distance, and Correlation, were examined for this purpose [35]. In essence the first two algorithms
subtract the measured spectrum from each library spectrum, such that an exact match would equal zero,
while the second two algorithms divide the measured spectrum by each library spectrum, such that an
exact match would equal one. However, the latter two algorithms subtract the results from one to
conform to the first two algorithms. In all cases, the results are reported as the Hit Quality Index (HQI)
where a perfect match and complete mismatch (no peaks in common) would result in HQIs of 0 and 1,
respectively. Here the spectra were pretreated by restricting the spectral region from 400 to 1800 cm−1
and setting the baseline intensity to zero and the most intense peak to one. The Correlation algorithm
proved best, and the results are shown for a measurement of oxycodone as an unknown compared to
the 152 drug spectral library (Table 1, Figure 7). Even though this drug has the least unique SERS
spectrum presented here, it is easily identified as the best match with an HQI score of 0.073, and
hydrocodone, the next best match, has an HQI score of 0.734, clearly a mismatch (Table 2). The
success of this method is very similar to a previous study of 309 pharmaceuticals by Raman
spectroscopy [36].
Figure 7. SERS of (a) oxycodone as an unknown, (b) oxycodone in the spectral library,
and (c) hydrocodone as the second best match in the spectral library. The Hit Quality Index
(HQI) scores were (b) 0.073 and (c) 0.734, indicating (a) as the best match. Conditions as
in Figure 4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
10. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 434
Table 2. Spectral search and match results for drugs in saliva (except oxycodone in water).
Unknown Oxycodone
(0.1 mg/mL water)
Cocaine
(50 ng/mL)
PCP
(1 mcg/mL)
Diazepam
(1 mcg/mL)
Acetaminophen
(10 mcg/mL)
Rank HQI Chemical HQI Chemical HQI Chemical HQI Chemical HQI Chemical
1 0.073 Oxycodone 0.287 Cocaine 0.019 PCP 0.022 Diazepam 0.276 Acetaminophen
2 0.734 Hydrocodone 0.348 Ethyl-
benzoyl-
ecgonine
0.315 Fentanyl 0.317 Tema-
zepam
0.639 Sulfadoxine
3 0.800 Trazadone 0.349 Benzoyl-
ecgonine
0.325 EMDP* 0.328 Nor-
diazepam
0.704 Serotonin
* EMDP is 2-Ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenylpyrroline.
Previous measurements of saliva samples artificially doped with cocaine demonstrated a measured
limit of 250 mcg/mL [17]. This is not surprising since salivary mucins (a class of high molecular
weight glycosylated proteins) can physically and in some cases chemically bind the drugs so that they
are unavailable for enhancement at the metal colloid surfaces [37,38]. Furthermore, the highly viscous
nature of these mucins can clog the sol-gel pores, as well as block the metal surface. In an effort to
make the drugs available for SERS, a simple method suitable to the ER was developed to break-up the
mucins and release the drugs from proteins using acetic acid, and to separate the drugs for analysis
using solid-phase extraction. As part of this method development, SPE capillary columns were
prepared using 1-mm glass capillaries to match, and be used in-line with, the SERS-active capillaries.
The SPE material chosen consisted of silica particles functionalized with octyl groups and benzyl
sulfonic acid groups, as this material has been successfully used to separate numerous drugs, including
cocaine from biological fluids [39]. The final method consisted of the following steps. 1) A 1 mL
saliva sample (500 mcL of saliva plus 500 mcL of 10 mM acetic acid) was drawn through a 1 micron
filter into a SPE capillary column, depositing the drug and passing some of the saliva components. 2)
1 mL each of 10 mM acetic acid, methanol and water were drawn through the SPE capillary column
removing any residual saliva components. 3) A 20 mcL 2% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile
solution was drawn through the SPE capillary column into a SERS capillary, extracting the drug from
the SPE, and depositing it on the fused gold colloid-doped sol-gel. 4) The SERS capillary was placed
in the sample compartment of the portable Raman analyzer and measured. The entire process took less
than 10 minutes for each sample.
Using this procedure, a series of saliva samples doped with cocaine, PCP, diazepam, and
acetaminophen were prepared beginning at 1 mg/mL, then diluted by factors of 10 to 1 mcg/mL and
measured. In the case of cocaine, the dilution was continued to 10 ng/mL. While cocaine, PCP and
diazepam produced consistent SERS at 1 mcg/mL and above, acetaminophen was sporadic at this
concentration, but consistent at 10 mcg/mL and above (Figure 8).
11. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 435
Figure 8. SERS of (a) 50 ng/mL cocaine, (b) 1 mcg/mL PCP, (c) 1 mcg/mL diazepam, and
(d) 10 mcg/mL acetaminophen extracted from saliva. Conditions as in Figure 4, except at
indicated concentrations.
In the case of cocaine, for which the above method was optimized, it was consistently detected at
50 ng/mL and higher, and sporadically at 10 ng/mL. These sensitivities demonstrated for cocaine and
acetaminophen are sufficient to detect typical overdose saliva concentrations of ~0.6–0.8 and
10–50 mcg/mL for these drugs, respectively [13,14]. It should be noted that the analyzer does not have
to quantify the drugs, but it does need to have sufficient sensitivity to detect and subsequently identify
them. The ability of the analyzer and the developed method to perform this task is shown in Figure 9
for cocaine at 50 ng/mL, the reproducible limit of detection. The measured sample was compared to
the 152 drug spectral library, and as can be seen, the best match is the library spectrum of cocaine.
However, the HQI score is relatively high due to the lower signal-to-noise ratio, and the scores for the
next best matches were close at 0.348 and 0.349 for ethylbenzoylecgonine and benzoylecgonine, both
metabolites of cocaine with near identical structures (Table 2). The former is formed in the presence of
alcohol in the body by replacing the methyl group of the methyl ester with an ethyl group. The latter is
formed as part of the metabolic breakdown of cocaine by replacing the methyl group of the methyl
ester with a hydrogen. As mentioned above for cocaine, the ester modes are very weak in the SERS
spectra, and consequently, the spectra are very similar. Considerably better results were obtained for
PCP, diazepam, and acetaminophen, albeit at higher concentrations (Table 2). In all cases the HQI
score of the second best match was considerably higher (worse) than the first.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
12. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 436
Figure 9. SERS of (a) 50 ng/mL cocaine in saliva as an unknown, (b) 0.1 mg/mL cocaine
in the spectral library, and (c) ethylbenzoylecgonine as the second best match in the
spectral library. The HQI scores were (b) 0.287 and (c) 0.348. Conditions as in Figure 4,
except at indicated concentrations.
4. Conclusions
Surface-enhanced Raman spectra of 152 drugs and metabolites were successfully collected using
fused gold colloids immobilized in a porous glass matrix contained in glass capillaries. Spectra are
shown for a series of illicit, prescription, and OTC drugs. A method was successfully developed to
measure such drugs in saliva by combining a solid-phase extraction capillary to separate the drugs
from saliva with the SERS-active capillary. The method allowed the detection and identification of
50 ng/mL cocaine, 1 mcg/mL PCP, 1 mcg/mL diazepam, and 10 mcg/mL acetaminophen in saliva
using a 152 spectral library and a search and match software program. The entire analysis, from
sample collection to positive identification was performed in less than 10 minutes. The cocaine
measurement represents a vast improvement compared to a previously reported SERS measurement of
cocaine in saliva; the measurement was 5000-times better [17]. Future work will develop the
capillaries into a lab-on-a-chip as part of a sample kit to be used by ambulance and emergency room
personnel in conjunction with a hand-held Raman analyzer.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the support of Sarah Lamping and Helen Turner of the UK Home
Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology, as well as the National Institute of Health (Grant
Number 1R43CA94457-01) and the National Science Foundation (Grant Number DMI-0215819).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
(a)
(b)
(c)
13. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3 437
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