The document discusses different types of guidance used in learning skills and their effectiveness. It describes visual, verbal, manual, and mechanical guidance. Visual guidance like demonstrations is best for the cognitive stage as it helps form a mental picture. Verbal guidance works best when clear, precise, and appropriate to the learner's level. Manual and mechanical guidance can be used in the cognitive stage to help learners experience movements safely. While helpful early on, drawbacks include lack of mistakes and corrections with mechanical guidance. The document evaluates guidance types and their suitability for different learning stages.

1. Types of Guidance and
their impact upon
effective performance

2. Learning Objectives
 Describe different types of guidance
 Evaluate critically these guidance
types

3. Recap of the stages of
learning.
 What are the three stages of
learning?
 Cognitive
 Associative
 Autonomous
 Identify the key features to each
stage.

4. Types of guidance.
 Visual guidance.
 Verbal guidance.
 Manual
 Mechanical guidance.
 http://www.peshare.co.uk/videos/view/2

5. Visual guidance.
 What forms of visual guidance might
be used in the process of learning?
 Demonstrations
 Video/film/TV/slow motion.
 Poster/slides
 Modify the display (e.g. target areas
on a badminton court for the over-
head clear)

6. A Chest Pass
 Demonstrating the
chest pass to
beginners is
important

7. Visual Guidance
 Used at all stages of learning, which
phase of learning would it be especially
good?
 Cognitive Phase – Why?

8. At what stage of learning would
you use Visual Guidance?
 Usually the dominant sense, it helps form a
mental pic of what to learn
 Important that correct demo’s are used, why?
 Key aspects of the skill must be emphasised.
(selective attention)
 Demo’s can be combined with verbal guidance

9. Other Visual Guidance
 Wall Charts
 Pictures
 Diagrams
 These are all useful for highlighting technical
points particularly for what skills?
 Complex skills
 All not as good as dynamic visual aids
 Modifying a display – marking out an area in a
badminton court to serve to on a clipboard

10. Visual Guidance
 Modifying a court on a clipboard, will
reduce overload of information
 Bright coloured equipment can help
beginners focus on what’s important

11. Where else is visual
learning used?
 Modern day teams/ind now use
video analysis.
 Why?
 See where they can improve, and
set targets for themselves
 See a mental picture of what they
should do

12. Drawbacks to Visual
guidance
 Demo’s must be accurate (asking for
someone else to demo)
 Complex skills may contain too
much info to demo
 Static visual aids may not give
enough info + may not keep
learners attention

13. Verbal Guidance
 Frequently used
 Normally with Visual guidance (focus
on important parts)

14. What was important when you
received the verbal guidance?
 It is important that verbal guidance is:
 Clear/precise
 Relatively short
 Appropriate to the level of performer
 Not over used

15. Feedback from a coach

16. Drawbacks to Verbal
guidance
 Teacher/Coach must be able to get the
info across – learners must be able to
relate info to the skill
 Amount of info must be limited
 Complex skills may be difficult to explain
– learner can become bored

17. Manual Guidance
 Involves holding or physically manipulating the
body
 E.G. guiding the learner through a swimming
stroke or handstand
 Useful in potentially dangerous situations.

18. Mechanical guidance.
 Mechanical is similar to manual, but using
equipment instead of your body E.G. float in
swimming
 E.g. using a float in swimming, or a harness in
trampolining
 Learner can experience the spatial and timing of
the movement (kinaesthetic sense of part of the
movement)
 Can improve confidence of beginners
 Manual and mechanical guidance are useful in
the cognitive phase of learning

19. Mechanical Guidance
 This guidance is useful during early
stages of learning
 Good to keep learner safe during
dangerous activities
 Important to take this guidance
away ASAP.

20. Drawbacks to
mechanical/manual guidance
 Feel of movement is not the same
as doing it yourself
 Limited to early learners
 Eliminates mistakes, so no
correction is done
 Difficult with a large group

21. Task
 Connect the guidance types to the
best learning phase; explain why
you’ve chosen these.
 Complete Advantages and
Disadvantages sheet

22. FLASHCARDS
 A revision tool