This document provides an overview of active leisure and recreation. It defines recreation as active leisure activities pursued during free time. Leisure is described as activities undertaken freely outside of work or obligations. Current trends show societies have become more sedentary due to changes in work and transportation. Regular physical activity provides both individual and social benefits like improved health, crime reduction, and excellence in sport. Developing a balanced lifestyle with moderate intensity activity 3-4 times per week for 20-30 minutes can help prevent contemporary health concerns such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
This document provides an overview of how to develop online workshops and courses. It discusses leveraging existing content online, the growing acceptance of online learning, and how low barriers to entry and cost-effectiveness make online programs attractive. A 10-step process is then outlined that covers setting goals and parameters, assembling teams, evaluating resources, determining costs and marketing strategies, and selecting technologies for content development and delivery.
Here are the changes I would suggest with ageing for each item:
- Muscle strength - decrease
- Memory and coordination - decrease
- Lung tissue elasticity - decrease
- Lung capacity - decrease
- Max heart rate - decrease
- Artery hardening - increase
1/26/2012
Here are the changes I would suggest with ageing for each item:
- Muscle strength - decrease
- Memory and coordination - decrease
- Lung tissue elasticity - decrease
- Lung capacity - decrease
- Max heart rate - decrease
- Artery hardening - increase
The reasoning is that with ageing, muscle strength, memory/coordination, lung function and maximum heart rate tend to decline. Meanwhile, artery hardening tends to increase with age due to things like atherosclerosis.
This document provides a table for classifying various skills along continua from gross motor skills to fine motor skills. It asks the reader to place 10 different skills - such as a basketball lay-up shot, throwing a dart, a spin bowler's wrist action in cricket, and a gymnast's beam routine - into one of the continua columns and provide a justification for each decision. The goal is to determine whether each example involves larger or smaller muscle movements and place them on the appropriate point of the motor skills spectrum.
This document summarizes several key concepts in sport psychology:
1) It defines the three components of an attitude in sport - cognitive, affective, and behavioral elements.
2) It explains how attitudes in sport can be formed through past experiences, attributions, social learning from significant others, and socialization.
3) It discusses how undesirable prejudices like racism or sexism can be changed through cognitive dissonance, persuasion from others, influencing behavior, and addressing beliefs and emotions.
4) It analyzes the positive and negative effects an audience can have on sports performance according to drive theory, RAS theory, and other psychological theories.
This document discusses participation in sport and recreation. It covers definitions of leisure and recreation, current trends showing more sedentary lifestyles, and requirements for participation such as fitness, ability, resources and time. Contemporary concerns around health such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are also examined. Sedentary lifestyles and how they relate to aging populations are addressed. Finally, the concepts of opportunity, provision and esteem in relation to participation are introduced.
This document provides a checklist for editing and checking work. It outlines 7 criteria for evaluating procedures, including defining procedures, including 3 procedures, describing and explaining the procedures with details, and including examples. It also lists 6 criteria for evaluating the layout, such as using simple slides with plain backgrounds, the same font and boxes, putting information in the notes section rather than on slides, and checking spelling and grammar.
This document describes 5 different performance curves: linear, positive acceleration, negative acceleration, S-shaped, and plateau. Each curve represents how athletic performance in a sport can improve with increased trials or training over time. For example, a sprinter may see positive acceleration curve gains, while a weightlifter's progress could plateau.
This document provides an overview of how to develop online workshops and courses. It discusses leveraging existing content online, the growing acceptance of online learning, and how low barriers to entry and cost-effectiveness make online programs attractive. A 10-step process is then outlined that covers setting goals and parameters, assembling teams, evaluating resources, determining costs and marketing strategies, and selecting technologies for content development and delivery.
Here are the changes I would suggest with ageing for each item:
- Muscle strength - decrease
- Memory and coordination - decrease
- Lung tissue elasticity - decrease
- Lung capacity - decrease
- Max heart rate - decrease
- Artery hardening - increase
1/26/2012
Here are the changes I would suggest with ageing for each item:
- Muscle strength - decrease
- Memory and coordination - decrease
- Lung tissue elasticity - decrease
- Lung capacity - decrease
- Max heart rate - decrease
- Artery hardening - increase
The reasoning is that with ageing, muscle strength, memory/coordination, lung function and maximum heart rate tend to decline. Meanwhile, artery hardening tends to increase with age due to things like atherosclerosis.
This document provides a table for classifying various skills along continua from gross motor skills to fine motor skills. It asks the reader to place 10 different skills - such as a basketball lay-up shot, throwing a dart, a spin bowler's wrist action in cricket, and a gymnast's beam routine - into one of the continua columns and provide a justification for each decision. The goal is to determine whether each example involves larger or smaller muscle movements and place them on the appropriate point of the motor skills spectrum.
This document summarizes several key concepts in sport psychology:
1) It defines the three components of an attitude in sport - cognitive, affective, and behavioral elements.
2) It explains how attitudes in sport can be formed through past experiences, attributions, social learning from significant others, and socialization.
3) It discusses how undesirable prejudices like racism or sexism can be changed through cognitive dissonance, persuasion from others, influencing behavior, and addressing beliefs and emotions.
4) It analyzes the positive and negative effects an audience can have on sports performance according to drive theory, RAS theory, and other psychological theories.
This document discusses participation in sport and recreation. It covers definitions of leisure and recreation, current trends showing more sedentary lifestyles, and requirements for participation such as fitness, ability, resources and time. Contemporary concerns around health such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are also examined. Sedentary lifestyles and how they relate to aging populations are addressed. Finally, the concepts of opportunity, provision and esteem in relation to participation are introduced.
This document provides a checklist for editing and checking work. It outlines 7 criteria for evaluating procedures, including defining procedures, including 3 procedures, describing and explaining the procedures with details, and including examples. It also lists 6 criteria for evaluating the layout, such as using simple slides with plain backgrounds, the same font and boxes, putting information in the notes section rather than on slides, and checking spelling and grammar.
This document describes 5 different performance curves: linear, positive acceleration, negative acceleration, S-shaped, and plateau. Each curve represents how athletic performance in a sport can improve with increased trials or training over time. For example, a sprinter may see positive acceleration curve gains, while a weightlifter's progress could plateau.
Here are some potential sports that could fall into each category:
Early Specialization: Gymnastics, figure skating, diving, swimming
Late Specialization: Athletics, team games like soccer/basketball, combat sports like judo/boxing, rowing
This document discusses physical education and lifelong involvement in sports. It covers several key topics:
1. The concept of mass participation and breaking down barriers to encourage more people to be active.
2. Constraints on participation such as opportunity, provision, and esteem. It also discusses discrimination in sports.
3. Reformative policies from Sport England like Active People and Multi Sport Hubs aimed at increasing participation.
4. Long-term athlete development and its focus on introducing people to sports and allowing progression through different stages from fundamentals to training.
This document discusses physical education and lifelong involvement in sports. It covers the following key points:
1. The concept of mass participation aims to encourage as many people as possible to take up active lifestyles by breaking down barriers to participation.
2. Lifetime sports can be pursued throughout life and emphasize low energy, fun, and enjoyment. Examples include golf, cricket, badminton, and fitness activities.
3. Discrimination and stereotypes can inhibit mass participation in sports. Factors like gender, race, ability, and socioeconomic background can impact provision, opportunity, and esteem.
4. Reformative policies from organizations like Sport England aim to increase sports participation. Examples include initiatives targeting
PDHPE stands for Physical Development, Health and Physical Education. It focuses on encouraging students to value themselves and others through physical activity, while also emphasizing decision making. The key areas covered include growth and development, interpersonal relationships, games and sport, safe living, personal health choices, and active lifestyles. Skills such as moving, problem solving, communicating, interacting and decision making are developed. Regular physical activity provides benefits like stronger bones and muscles, improved self-esteem, and forming positive relationships.
PDHPE stands for Physical Development, Health and Physical Education. It focuses on encouraging students to value themselves and others through physical activity, while also emphasizing decision making. The key areas covered include growth and development, interpersonal relationships, games and sport, safe living, personal health choices, and active lifestyles. Skills such as moving, problem solving, communicating, and decision making are developed. Regular physical activity provides benefits like stronger bones and muscles, improved self-esteem, and forming positive relationships.
PDHPE stands for Physical Development, Health and Physical Education. It focuses on encouraging students to value themselves and others through physical activity, while also emphasizing decision making. The key areas covered include growth and development, interpersonal relationships, games and sport, safe living, personal health choices, and active lifestyles. Skills such as moving, problem solving, communicating, and decision making are developed. Regular physical activity provides benefits like stronger bones and muscles, improved self-esteem, and forming positive relationships.
This document provides an overview of sport in society. It defines sport and discusses its origins and spread due to schools in England emphasizing sport and the development of gymnastics in Europe. Sport is practiced for health, social benefits, fun and potentially as a job. The document also discusses children's sport focusing on development, sport for all promoting health and quality of life, and high performance sport aiming for victory through dedicated training. It addresses the relationship between professional and spectator sport and issues like doping, which goes against fair play and can be harmful to health.
PDHPE teaches students about physical, social, cognitive and emotional growth and development. It promotes valuing yourself and others, physical activity, and educated decision making. The goals are to help students develop interpersonal relationships, make healthy eating choices, learn self protection, be physically active, and improve decision making skills. PDHPE is important because it teaches students about active lifestyles, dance, sports, relationships, health choices and more. It aims to help students lead healthy, active lives and play a responsible role in society. PDHPE also focuses on developing students' communication, decision making, interaction, movement, and problem solving skills.
PDHPE is a key learning area that aims to teach students life skills through 8 strands. It encourages understanding of self and others, promotes physical activity for at least 30 minutes per day, and provides opportunities to improve decision making skills. The document discusses the importance of PDHPE in developing students' fundamental life skills, knowledge of health and community wellbeing, physical performance and movement, and values and attitudes around healthy living.
4 dow-ifa presentation on health promotion and older peopleifa2012_2
1) The document discusses health promotion strategies for older adults, including education, physical activity programs, volunteering, and age-friendly cities.
2) Evidence shows multi-factorial programs that incorporate social, educational, physical activity, and participation components can provide the most benefits to healthy aging.
3) The Active Aging Framework provides guidance for understanding health in older adults and for developing broad-based health promotion programs.
This document provides an overview of a university module on sport, physical activity, and health. It outlines the module's learning outcomes, structure, content, and assessments. The module aims to examine the role of sport and physical activity in achieving health. It will explore concepts of health, well-being, sport, and physical activity and the relationships between them. The module content is structured in three phases focusing on utilizing the Five Ways to Well-Being framework to promote physical activity and well-being. Assessments include an individual report and group presentation on engaging individuals in improving health through sport and physical activity.
PDHPE programs in primary schools aim to promote physical activity, healthy decision making, and self-understanding. They focus on knowledge and skills related to fitness, nutrition, relationships and safety. PDHPE encourages students to develop lifelong habits for a healthy lifestyle. However, sociocultural factors can influence individual health differently. Parents should be involved to help teachers accommodate different community perspectives. Nutrition education provides guidance for children on developing positive health attitudes and behaviors.
PDHPE in primary school is important as it teaches students about growth and development, healthy lifestyles, and physical activity. It develops students' communication, decision making, interaction, movement, and problem solving skills. PDHPE also promotes physical activity, understanding of self and others, and making responsible health choices. The benefits of PDHPE include improved physical and mental health, social development, and academic learning through interactive lessons.
PDHPE teaches life skills and encourages physical activity and fun for students. The aim is to help students lead healthy, active, and fulfilling lives and take responsible roles in society. PDHPE is important in primary schools as it promotes understanding of self and others, physical activity, and informed decision making. Students learn skills like movement, interaction, problem solving, decision making, and communication. They also learn interpersonal relationships, identity, physical activity, decision making, nutrition, and safety.
The document discusses the importance of leisure activities for seniors. It notes that leisure provides physical, mental, and emotional benefits and helps keep seniors healthy, mentally sharp, and young in spirit. However, not all senior leisure programs are successful. Key considerations for positive leisure experiences include understanding participants' motivations, needs, and barriers to participation. Programs should focus on meeting individual motivations and needs while addressing challenges like income, transportation, and abilities. Finding personally meaningful activities can enhance well-being and give seniors a renewed sense of purpose.
Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE) aims to develop students' knowledge, skills, values and attitudes to lead healthy, active and fulfilling lives and take on responsible roles in society. PDHPE is important in primary schools as it encourages understanding of self and others, promotes physical activity, and emphasizes informed decision making. In PDHPE, students learn life skills such as interpersonal communication, understanding growth and identity, maintaining an active lifestyle, making personal health choices, and safety through activities like games and sports.
PDHPE teaches students about personal and physical development through a syllabus covering different areas like active lifestyle, dance, gymnastics, relationships, games, health choices, and safe living. The course helps students gain skills in communicating, decision making, interacting, moving, problem solving, and developing positive values and attitudes by participating in these areas. PDHPE provides students with knowledge and skills that can be applied to everyday life.
This document discusses early specialization (ES) in sport. It defines ES as focusing intensely on one sport from a young age. While ES may lead to success at elite levels, it also carries risks. The benefits and necessity of ES are unclear due to a lack of research. ES could result in overuse injuries and burnout. Alternatively, early sport sampling allows children to develop fundamental movement skills and enjoy various sports, which may support lifelong participation and delay specialization until later in development. Overall, the document questions whether ES is necessary for elite success and emphasizes informing parents and coaches to make decisions that consider child well-being over performance goals.
PDHPE in primary school is important for developing students' physical, social, and mental health. It teaches growth and development, healthy lifestyle choices, physical activity, and interpersonal relationship skills. PDHPE promotes physical activity, understanding of self and others, and making responsible health choices. It benefits students by supporting their physical, mental, and social development, and can enhance academic learning.
The document provides an overview of the four aspects of sports history that will be studied: popular recreation, 19th century public schools, rational recreation, and state elementary education. It lists key terms related to these aspects and five sports/activities that will be studied through time: football, cricket, tennis, rowing, and association football. The document also includes a timeline with important dates in the history of these sports.
This document contains summaries of 14 notable sports figures and sporting events:
1. The Ashes cricket series between England and Australia since 1882.
2. American swimmer Gertrude Ederle, the first woman to swim the English Channel in 1926.
3. American sprinter Jesse Owens' victories at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
4. English cricketer W.G. Grace, considered one of the greatest players.
5. American swimmer Mark Spitz who won 7 gold medals at the 1972 Olympics.
6. English tennis player Fred Perry, the last British Wimbledon men's champion in 1936.
7. The 1968 Black Power salute by American athletes Tommie
Here are some potential sports that could fall into each category:
Early Specialization: Gymnastics, figure skating, diving, swimming
Late Specialization: Athletics, team games like soccer/basketball, combat sports like judo/boxing, rowing
This document discusses physical education and lifelong involvement in sports. It covers several key topics:
1. The concept of mass participation and breaking down barriers to encourage more people to be active.
2. Constraints on participation such as opportunity, provision, and esteem. It also discusses discrimination in sports.
3. Reformative policies from Sport England like Active People and Multi Sport Hubs aimed at increasing participation.
4. Long-term athlete development and its focus on introducing people to sports and allowing progression through different stages from fundamentals to training.
This document discusses physical education and lifelong involvement in sports. It covers the following key points:
1. The concept of mass participation aims to encourage as many people as possible to take up active lifestyles by breaking down barriers to participation.
2. Lifetime sports can be pursued throughout life and emphasize low energy, fun, and enjoyment. Examples include golf, cricket, badminton, and fitness activities.
3. Discrimination and stereotypes can inhibit mass participation in sports. Factors like gender, race, ability, and socioeconomic background can impact provision, opportunity, and esteem.
4. Reformative policies from organizations like Sport England aim to increase sports participation. Examples include initiatives targeting
PDHPE stands for Physical Development, Health and Physical Education. It focuses on encouraging students to value themselves and others through physical activity, while also emphasizing decision making. The key areas covered include growth and development, interpersonal relationships, games and sport, safe living, personal health choices, and active lifestyles. Skills such as moving, problem solving, communicating, interacting and decision making are developed. Regular physical activity provides benefits like stronger bones and muscles, improved self-esteem, and forming positive relationships.
PDHPE stands for Physical Development, Health and Physical Education. It focuses on encouraging students to value themselves and others through physical activity, while also emphasizing decision making. The key areas covered include growth and development, interpersonal relationships, games and sport, safe living, personal health choices, and active lifestyles. Skills such as moving, problem solving, communicating, and decision making are developed. Regular physical activity provides benefits like stronger bones and muscles, improved self-esteem, and forming positive relationships.
PDHPE stands for Physical Development, Health and Physical Education. It focuses on encouraging students to value themselves and others through physical activity, while also emphasizing decision making. The key areas covered include growth and development, interpersonal relationships, games and sport, safe living, personal health choices, and active lifestyles. Skills such as moving, problem solving, communicating, and decision making are developed. Regular physical activity provides benefits like stronger bones and muscles, improved self-esteem, and forming positive relationships.
This document provides an overview of sport in society. It defines sport and discusses its origins and spread due to schools in England emphasizing sport and the development of gymnastics in Europe. Sport is practiced for health, social benefits, fun and potentially as a job. The document also discusses children's sport focusing on development, sport for all promoting health and quality of life, and high performance sport aiming for victory through dedicated training. It addresses the relationship between professional and spectator sport and issues like doping, which goes against fair play and can be harmful to health.
PDHPE teaches students about physical, social, cognitive and emotional growth and development. It promotes valuing yourself and others, physical activity, and educated decision making. The goals are to help students develop interpersonal relationships, make healthy eating choices, learn self protection, be physically active, and improve decision making skills. PDHPE is important because it teaches students about active lifestyles, dance, sports, relationships, health choices and more. It aims to help students lead healthy, active lives and play a responsible role in society. PDHPE also focuses on developing students' communication, decision making, interaction, movement, and problem solving skills.
PDHPE is a key learning area that aims to teach students life skills through 8 strands. It encourages understanding of self and others, promotes physical activity for at least 30 minutes per day, and provides opportunities to improve decision making skills. The document discusses the importance of PDHPE in developing students' fundamental life skills, knowledge of health and community wellbeing, physical performance and movement, and values and attitudes around healthy living.
4 dow-ifa presentation on health promotion and older peopleifa2012_2
1) The document discusses health promotion strategies for older adults, including education, physical activity programs, volunteering, and age-friendly cities.
2) Evidence shows multi-factorial programs that incorporate social, educational, physical activity, and participation components can provide the most benefits to healthy aging.
3) The Active Aging Framework provides guidance for understanding health in older adults and for developing broad-based health promotion programs.
This document provides an overview of a university module on sport, physical activity, and health. It outlines the module's learning outcomes, structure, content, and assessments. The module aims to examine the role of sport and physical activity in achieving health. It will explore concepts of health, well-being, sport, and physical activity and the relationships between them. The module content is structured in three phases focusing on utilizing the Five Ways to Well-Being framework to promote physical activity and well-being. Assessments include an individual report and group presentation on engaging individuals in improving health through sport and physical activity.
PDHPE programs in primary schools aim to promote physical activity, healthy decision making, and self-understanding. They focus on knowledge and skills related to fitness, nutrition, relationships and safety. PDHPE encourages students to develop lifelong habits for a healthy lifestyle. However, sociocultural factors can influence individual health differently. Parents should be involved to help teachers accommodate different community perspectives. Nutrition education provides guidance for children on developing positive health attitudes and behaviors.
PDHPE in primary school is important as it teaches students about growth and development, healthy lifestyles, and physical activity. It develops students' communication, decision making, interaction, movement, and problem solving skills. PDHPE also promotes physical activity, understanding of self and others, and making responsible health choices. The benefits of PDHPE include improved physical and mental health, social development, and academic learning through interactive lessons.
PDHPE teaches life skills and encourages physical activity and fun for students. The aim is to help students lead healthy, active, and fulfilling lives and take responsible roles in society. PDHPE is important in primary schools as it promotes understanding of self and others, physical activity, and informed decision making. Students learn skills like movement, interaction, problem solving, decision making, and communication. They also learn interpersonal relationships, identity, physical activity, decision making, nutrition, and safety.
The document discusses the importance of leisure activities for seniors. It notes that leisure provides physical, mental, and emotional benefits and helps keep seniors healthy, mentally sharp, and young in spirit. However, not all senior leisure programs are successful. Key considerations for positive leisure experiences include understanding participants' motivations, needs, and barriers to participation. Programs should focus on meeting individual motivations and needs while addressing challenges like income, transportation, and abilities. Finding personally meaningful activities can enhance well-being and give seniors a renewed sense of purpose.
Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE) aims to develop students' knowledge, skills, values and attitudes to lead healthy, active and fulfilling lives and take on responsible roles in society. PDHPE is important in primary schools as it encourages understanding of self and others, promotes physical activity, and emphasizes informed decision making. In PDHPE, students learn life skills such as interpersonal communication, understanding growth and identity, maintaining an active lifestyle, making personal health choices, and safety through activities like games and sports.
PDHPE teaches students about personal and physical development through a syllabus covering different areas like active lifestyle, dance, gymnastics, relationships, games, health choices, and safe living. The course helps students gain skills in communicating, decision making, interacting, moving, problem solving, and developing positive values and attitudes by participating in these areas. PDHPE provides students with knowledge and skills that can be applied to everyday life.
This document discusses early specialization (ES) in sport. It defines ES as focusing intensely on one sport from a young age. While ES may lead to success at elite levels, it also carries risks. The benefits and necessity of ES are unclear due to a lack of research. ES could result in overuse injuries and burnout. Alternatively, early sport sampling allows children to develop fundamental movement skills and enjoy various sports, which may support lifelong participation and delay specialization until later in development. Overall, the document questions whether ES is necessary for elite success and emphasizes informing parents and coaches to make decisions that consider child well-being over performance goals.
PDHPE in primary school is important for developing students' physical, social, and mental health. It teaches growth and development, healthy lifestyle choices, physical activity, and interpersonal relationship skills. PDHPE promotes physical activity, understanding of self and others, and making responsible health choices. It benefits students by supporting their physical, mental, and social development, and can enhance academic learning.
The document provides an overview of the four aspects of sports history that will be studied: popular recreation, 19th century public schools, rational recreation, and state elementary education. It lists key terms related to these aspects and five sports/activities that will be studied through time: football, cricket, tennis, rowing, and association football. The document also includes a timeline with important dates in the history of these sports.
This document contains summaries of 14 notable sports figures and sporting events:
1. The Ashes cricket series between England and Australia since 1882.
2. American swimmer Gertrude Ederle, the first woman to swim the English Channel in 1926.
3. American sprinter Jesse Owens' victories at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
4. English cricketer W.G. Grace, considered one of the greatest players.
5. American swimmer Mark Spitz who won 7 gold medals at the 1972 Olympics.
6. English tennis player Fred Perry, the last British Wimbledon men's champion in 1936.
7. The 1968 Black Power salute by American athletes Tommie
The document provides an analysis of shot putt technique, asking whether the partner uses their fingertips on the shot, keeps the shot tucked into their chin, and points their elbow out. It then has the rater provide a rating from 1 to 5 on strength for each of the partner's throws.
Performance enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, beta blockers, stimulants, and diuretics can provide advantages like increased muscle and strength, faster recovery, steady hands, and endurance, but often have serious health risks. Side effects range from acne and baldness to heart problems, stroke, seizures, and even death in rare cases. While some seek to gain a competitive edge, these substances are banned and dangerous.
The document discusses various types of deviance in sport including relative deviance, positive deviance, and negative deviance. It also examines causes of deviance such as lack of training and crowd mentality. The concept of a "contract to compete" is introduced which refers to an agreement by performers to play fairly and allow opportunities for others to demonstrate their skills. Forms of violence and hooliganism in sport are then analyzed as well as efforts to combat hooliganism. The use and implications of performance enhancing drugs is covered along with methods for fighting drug use in sport. Finally, the relationship between sport, performers, officials, and the law is briefly outlined.
1. There are four main energy systems that produce ATP in the body: ATP-PC system, lactic acid system, aerobic system, and high-intensity system.
2. The ATP-PC system produces ATP quickly through phosphocreatine breakdown and is used for intense bursts under 10 seconds.
3. The lactic acid system produces ATP through anaerobic glycolysis but also produces lactic acid, limiting its duration to 1-2 minutes.
4. The aerobic system produces the most ATP over long durations through aerobic breakdown of carbohydrates and fats in the mitochondria.
The document discusses the relationship between sport, media, and sponsorship, noting how they rely on each other through television rights, advertising, and promotion. It examines the reasons for and benefits of sponsorship for various groups, as well as some disadvantages, and how technology, commercialization, and the media have changed and impacted sports over time.
Muscles contract in different ways to move and stabilize the body. Prime movers or agonists are muscles that cause joints to bend or flex, while antagonists cause joints to straighten or extend and hold positions. Fixators work with agonists to maintain body position for movement, and synergists shorten to aid joint motion along with agonists. Isometric contractions occur when muscle length stays the same against resistance. During concentric contractions muscles shorten to move joints, like in bicep curls, while eccentric contractions lengthen under load, such as when lowering a weight.
We provide feedback to help improve performance, give guidance on how to do better next time, and recognize achievements. The appropriate type of feedback depends on the situation, with beginners benefitting most from continuous, intrinsic feedback while competitors may need terminal, extrinsic feedback or positive reinforcement of success. Feedback after a loss should be negative but aim to boost motivation rather than criticize ability.
This document discusses role models in sports. It defines a role model as someone others look up to and aspire to emulate. Good role models compete fairly, inspire others, perform well, set trends, shape attitudes, and are accessible representatives. However, role models also face pressure from media scrutiny, targeting, commercial interests, and expectations to promote their sport. Bad role models demonstrate drug abuse, aggression, cheating, misplaced loyalties, and misconduct outside of sports like drugs, adultery, and avoiding accountability. Specific poor examples mentioned include the Twickenham blood gate scandal, John Terry's racism, the Pakistani cricket team controversies, and Paul Gascoigne's addictions. Role models can positively influence both athletic performance and
Procedures promote health and safety in sports environments by establishing guidelines for staff training, risk assessment, emergency response, and facility maintenance. Examples of important procedures include staff training programs, risk assessments, emergency operation protocols for injuries or hazards, and regular safety inspections of facilities. Maintaining up-to-date procedures, providing staff training, and conducting risk assessments helps ensure the safety of participants and employees.
The document outlines the key responsibilities of employers and employees under the UK's Health and Safety at Work Act from 1974. It describes how the main aims of the act are to protect the health, safety and welfare of workers. Employers are responsible for providing a safe work environment and equipment, training, and managing health and safety. Employees must take reasonable care of their own and others' health and safety, cooperate with employers, and not misuse equipment. Inspectors can enforce the law by issuing notices or prosecuting those not complying with regulations.
This document outlines a risk assessment template for activities. It includes columns to list the activity, date, location and staff involved. It also includes columns to identify hazards, associated risks, control measures to mitigate risks, and a severity and likelihood rating of any risks. The template is used to plan for safety and identify risks for activities.
This document provides guidance for planning physical activity sessions for children. It outlines important considerations such as the participants, equipment, safety, structure, organization, responsibilities and time management. Key aspects to consider include conducting risk assessments, having first aid supplies, emergency procedures, sufficient equipment and checking conditions. The document also recommends evaluating sessions by getting feedback from children and reflecting on ways to improve for next time. The overall message is to plan carefully, focus on safety, keep things well organized and structured, and most importantly to enjoy the sessions.
The document discusses planning principles for coaching children's sports sessions, including ensuring safety, adapting activities to different developmental levels and abilities, and using session planners that cover aims, equipment, warm-ups, main activities, evaluations and more to structure practice. It also provides guidance on using grids and channels to organize space, considering physical and psychological factors in child development, and maintaining control through clear communication.
1. Edexcel Examinations
AS Level Sport and Physical Education
AS Module Unit 1
Participation in Sport and Recreation
Section 1.1
Healthy and Active Lifestyles
Part 1:
Development of active leisure and recreation
1/26/2012
6. Leisure – WHAT IS IT?
• An activity, apart from the obligations of
work, family and society, to which the
individual turns to his/her free will
• Social Function.
• Requires free time
• It is more than an activity, it is the experience.
• It is undertaken as free choice.
• It can improve health and fitness.
1/26/2012
8. WHY DO WE NEED ACTIVE LEISURE?
Psychological- Physiological-
Relieve stress/ Health &
boredom Fitness
Emotional –
Satisfaction/
enjoyment
? Social –
Friendship &
communication
Personal –
Development
Of self-control
& ability
1/26/2012
9. Current trends of leisure and
recreation
• Changes in work / life balance
• Changes in work - use of machinery to do
labour jobs (less active jobs)
• Fewer people are walking/ cycling to and from
work
• = more sedentary lifestyles and low fitness
levels in society
1/26/2012
11. Fitness
• Can be explained as the condition of the body
and mind at any one time.
• Health, age, and free time must always be taken
into account when assessing fitness levels.
• Compare the fitness of a 50 year old to 20 year
old!??
• How could fitness affect you (or anyone else)
from participating in sport???
1/26/2012
12. Definition
• Health related fitness
• A basic level of physical fitness components
which facilitate a good level of health
1/26/2012
13. Ability
• Will vary according to health, age and fitness
• Skills an individual has to take part in the
activity.
• How would ability affect your participation in
sport??
1/26/2012
14. Resources
• Essential for most sports and activities
• The activity and the level at which you are
taking part will effect how much you depend
on resources.
• ‘SPORT FOR ALL’
• What is it???
1/26/2012
15. Time
• Most crucial feature of modern life!
• Concerns about obesity and related diseases
because of lack of time to participate in sport.
How could sports clubs / centres help the
modern person overcome the ‘lack of time’
problem??
1/26/2012
16. Exam questions
1. Briefly outline three basic requirements an
individual needs in order to participate in sport
and recreation (3 marks)
2. Define and link the concepts of leisure and
recreation (3 marks)
3. In relation to sport and recreation, what do the
terms opportunity and provision mean?
Illustrate your answer with an example. (4
marks)
1/26/2012
17. Homework
• What is mass participation??
• What does ‘sport for all’ mean??
• Can you find any other initiatives in other
countries? France, Australia, New Zealand?
• Research in your text book and on the internet.
• Must be in your own words!!!
1/26/2012
19. PARTICIPATION
• government philosophy of mass participation has a two-fold
aim:
• health and fitness of the Nation
• providing a broad base to the participation pyramid
• thereby ensuring that those with the talent can achieve
excellence
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20. SPORTS DEVELOPMENT PYRAMID
National Training National Training at National
Squad Sports Centres
squads
Financial Progression Development
Assistance To Area levels squads
Access to
District District/ Training
Competitions County levels
Talent scouts, club Links to Affiliation
coaching local clubs
to NGB’s
Early Activity
In Schools
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21. Mass participation
• Government initiative – ‘Sport for all’
• 1972
• Promote healthy lifestyles
• Base for elite pyramid (previous slide)
• 3 strands – Children and Youth, Adult and
Elderly.
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22. Children and
Elderly
Youth
Sport for
All
Off peak
Extra facilities
curricular
opportunities
Adults
Life
time
Structured
outdoor
sports
experiences
Leisure centre access
Competition and club
access
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23. PARTICIPATION IN TERMS OF OPPORTUNITY, PROVISION &
ESTEEM
• Various groups of people may not
want to participate in sport – and
this could be for a variety of
reasons.
• We tend to discuss these reasons
in terms of
– opportunity
– provision
– esteem
• More of this later in section 1.2
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25. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
FOR THE INDIVIDUAL?
• Builds healthy bones, joints & muscles.
• Improves psychological well-being.
• Allows for personal challenge.
• Encourages social mixing with others.
• Prevents obesity.
• Prevents diabetes.
• Prevents high blood pressure.
• Prevents coronary heart disease.
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26. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR
SOCIETY?
• Improved health of the nation.
• Decreased burden on national
resources such as the NHS.
• Decreased crime.
• Increased opportunities for
excellence on a world stage.
• Increased socialisation between
different cultures and groups.
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27. WHY ARE WE MORE SEDENTARY NOW, THAN EVER BEFORE?
• We have more office-based jobs
than manual jobs.
• We use cars/buses/trains to get
to places - rather than walk or
cycle.
• The rise of the computer game!
• Improvements in technology
mean we can socialize in
different ways other than sport -
e.g. the internet.
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28. HOW TO DEVELOP & SUSTAIN A BALANCED, ACTIVE &
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.
• How often (frequency)?
• 3-4 times a week - more if you are
trying to lose weight or get fitter.
• How much (intensity)?
• A comfortable (moderate pace).
• What kind of activity (type)?
• Something enjoyable & which raises
the pulse - for example:
walking, climbing, playing tennis etc
(the list is endless)
• How long (time)?
• At least 20-30 minutes.
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29. CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS
high blood
diabetes pressure high
cholesterol
metabolic
CHD syndrome
CONTEMPORARY
CONCERNS sedentary
obesity lifestyle
activity
patterns
stress
access ageing
population
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30. OBESITY
• OVERWEIGHT is a body weight that exceeds the norm
or standard weight for a particular
• height
• frame size
• gender’
• OBESITY – Definition
• ‘a surplus of adipose tissue resulting from excessive
energy intake relative to energy expenditure’
• males - body fat greater than 25%
• females - body fat greater than 35%
• CAUSE OF OBESITY
• the main cause of obesity is a positive energy balance
• ENERGY INTAKE > ENERGY OUTPUT
• or more food than exercise
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31. OBESITY AND HEALTH DISORDERS
• THE FACTS
• over 30,000 deaths a year are caused by obesity - in England
• 22% of the British adult population are obese
• 75% of the British adult population are overweight
• child obesity has increased 3-fold in the last 20 years
• obesity can lead to many health problems:
– arthritis
– heart disease
– diabetes
• DIABETES
• a condition which occurs when a person’s body cannot
regulate glucose levels
• obesity and overweight conditions are major risk factors for
type 2 diabetes
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32. CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD)
CHD
• is one of Britain’s greatest killers and encompasses diseases such as angina and
heart attacks or coronary thrombosis
• angina begins as a chest pain which is due to ischemia or lack of blood and hence
oxygen to the heart muscle itself
• the first symptoms of CHD are usually noticed during physical exertion or
excitement and the subsequent increase in heart rate
• heavy, cramp-like pains are experienced across the chest
• angina is normally treated and controlled with drugs and relaxation, but a person
suffering from this condition has a higher risk of suffering from a coronary
thrombosis
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD)
• include diseases of the heart and blood vessels
OBESITY AND CHD
• cardiac workload (hence risk of CHD) is less with lower body mass
• capability to move around (walk / run / climb) therefore better with lower body
mass
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33. CHD
CORONARY THROMBOSIS
• heart attack is a sudden severe blockage in one of the
coronary arteries, completely cutting off the blood
supply to part of the myocardial (heart) tissue
• this blockage is often caused by a blood clot formed
within slowly moving blood in an already
damaged, partially obstructed coronary artery
• heart attacks can be severe or mild, depending on the
positioning of the blockage
• in a severe blockage the heart may stop beating - called
a cardiac arrest, about half of all cardiac arrest cases die
• in 2008, Coronary heart disease accounted for 30% of
all UK deaths in people aged less than 75 years
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34. DIABETES
METABOLIC SYNDROME
• this term links coronary artery disease, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids (fats),
type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity to insulin resistance
INSULIN
• insulin is a hormone which enables the transfer of glucose from the blood into
cells where it is needed for metabolism
DIABETES
• this happens because the Islets of Langerhans situated within the pancreas stop
functioning properly and therefore do not produce enough insulin
or the insulin does not facilitate blood glucose to be transferred into cells where
metabolism occurs - the cells have insulin resistance
• hence cells (particularly muscle cells) will not have enough glucose to function
properly - and the person feels exhausted
• other symptoms are:
– lack of circulation to the hands and feet
– extremes of thirst or hunger
– unexplained weight loss
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35. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OR HYPERTENSION
• occurs when a person’s blood pressure is
continually high, equal to or greater than
140/90 mmHg
• high blood pressure is often associated with
excess weight and hardening of the arteries
(arteriosclerosis)
• hypertension is a major contributing factor in
atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease
(CHD), and strokes
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36. HIGH CHOLESTEROL
CHOLESTEROL
• cholesterol is a substance produced from fatty foods
• particularly from a diet high in saturated fat
• if this is not removed by the digestive process, it can be deposited in arteries
causing them to be narrower
• this is a form of atherosclerosis
EXERCISE AND HIGH CHOLESTEROL
• exercise increases High Density Lipoproteins HDL and decreases Low Density
Lipoproteins LDL (LDL are responsible for depositing cholesterol and narrowing
lumen of artery), hence blood pressure (BP) becomes stable
• thus preventing hypertension
RISK FACTORS FOR HIGH CHOLESTEROL
• lack of exercise • diet
• heredity • bodyweight
• age • gender
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37. METABOLIC SYNDROME
METABOLIC SYNDROME
• this term links coronary artery disease, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids (fats),
type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity to insulin resistance
• the risk factors for this syndrome are:
• arterial plaque build-up
• excessive fat deposits in the abdominal region
• high blood triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol
• raised blood pressure
• raised cellular resistance to insulin
• the inability to absorb glucose
• roughly 20% of the population in the USA have this condition which makes type II
diabetes worse and hence the risk of eyesight and circulation problems in older
people
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38. • What is a sedentary lifestyle?
• Lack of physical activity
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39. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES
• HYPOKINETIC DISORDERS
• diseases that develop partly due to insufficient exercise
• OSTEOPOROSIS
• this is an age-related condition in which reduction of bone mass takes place
• this is due to reabsorption of minerals that form part of bone structure
• making bones porous, brittle and liable to break
• linked with hormonal changes in postmenopausal females
• or with the sedentary lifestyle led by many elderly people
• INACTIVITY
• this leads to poor flexibility as muscles, tendons and ligaments become shorter
and tighter
• often resulting in back pain and other joint pain particularly in the knees and
wrists
• OSTEOARTHRITIS
• this is a condition where joints thicken with fluid-filled pockets, restricting joint
flexibility
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40. ACTIVITY PATTERNS
LIFESTYLE TRENDS
• issues affecting health are:
• diet and nutrition
• lack of physical activity
• smoking
• alcohol
• recreational drugs
EFFECT ON LIFESPAN
• all these factors affect the quality of life and age of
death of an individual
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41. AGEING AND HEALTH
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• hardening of the arteries usually occurring in older people, and which is a
process enhanced by lack of exercise
• this happens mostly in the lower limbs, and involves a gradual calcification of the
tunica media (the muscular middle wall of an artery)
• hence reducing the mobility of older people
OSTEOPOROSIS
• as mentioned above, this condition is linked with hormonal changes in
postmenopausal females
• or with the sedentary lifestyle led by many elderly people
OSTEOARTHRITIS
• this joint condition can be very restrictive for older people
LONGEVITY
• people are living longer as improved nutrition, health care, and exercise regimes
are having an effect on life chances
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42. ACCESS IN TERMS OF OPPORTUNITY & PROVISION
OPPORTUNITY
• various groups of people may not want to participate in sport for cultural
reasons:
• gender
• ethnicity / religion
• age
• disability
• social / economic class
PROVISION
• this is concerned with the facilities available to a potential performer
• depends on the following factors:
• inner city or countryside?
• poor or rich neighbourhood?
• regional hub nearby - and can the performer use it?
• travel distance?
• expensive equipment / kit required?
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43. STRESS AND STRESSORS
• STRESS
• a response of the body to any demands made on it
• symptoms of stress
– physiological
– psychological social chemical
– behavioural
psychological
STRESSORS biochemical
climatic
bacterial
physical
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45. STRESSORS
• STRESSORS
• social
• disapproval of parents / peers
• rejection by peers / parents
• isolation from normal social interactions
• chemical / biochemical
• harm by ingestion of substances
• bacterial
• illness caused by micro-organisms
• physical
• injury / pain / exhaustion
• climatic
• extremes of weather
• hot weather for endurance activities
• rain and cold on bare skin
• psychological
• mismatch between perception of demands of task
• and ability to cope
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46. SYMPTOMS OF STRESS
• PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS • BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS
• increased heart rate • rapid talking
• increased blood pressure • nail biting
• increased sweating • pacing
• increased breathing rate • scowling
• decreased flow of blood to the skin • yawning
• increased oxygen uptake • trembling
• dry mouth • raised voice pitch
• frequent urination
• PSYCHLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
• worry
• feeling overwhelmed
• inability to make decisions
• inability to concentrate
• inability to direct attention appropriately
• narrowing of attention
• feeling out of control
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