PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC
Global Corruption Barometer
https://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/publication/people_and_corruption_asia_pacific_global_corruption_barometer
In the most extensive survey of its kind, we spoke to 21,861 people in 16 countries, regions and territories across the Asia Pacific region between July 2015 and January 2017 about their perceptions and experiences of corruption. The survey results show a great diversity in the corruption risks across the region, but in every country surveyed there is scope for improved approaches to corruption prevention.
https://www.transparency.org/files/content/publication/2017_GCB_AsiaPacific_CoreQuestionnaire_EN.pdf
PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER
Every day, all over the world, ordinary people bear the cost of corruption. In many countries, corruption affects people from birth until death. In Zimbabwe, women giving birth in a local hospital have been charged US$5 every time they scream as a penalty for raising false alarm.
1 In Bangladesh, the recent collapse of a multi-story factory, which killed more than 1,100 people due to a breach of basic safety standards, has been linked to allegations of corruption.
2 This report examines how corruption features in people’s lives around the world. Drawing on the results of a Transparency International survey of more than 114,000 respondents in 107 countries, it addresses people’s direct experiences with bribery and details their views on corruption in the main institutions in their countries. Significantly, Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer also provides insights into how willing and ready people are to act to stop corruption. The findings are clear: corruption is a very real burden, with more than one out of four respondents reporting having paid a bribe during the last year.3 When people are not in a position to afford a bribe, they might be prevented from buying a home, starting a business or accessing basic services. Corruption can, and often does, infringe on fundamental rights.
For those surviving on less than US$2 a day, and for women who are the primary caretakers of children around the globe, corruption and bribery are particularly devastating. For them, the additional cost of bribery can mean trade- offs are made between health and hunger, between school entrance fees and the shoes necessary to wear to school. Not only do people pay the costs of corruption directly, but their quality of life is also affected by less visible forms of corruption. When powerful groups buy influence over government decisions or when public funds are diverted into the coffers of the political elite, ordinary people suffer. When there is widespread belief that corruption prevails and the powerful in particular are able to get away with it, people lose faith in those entrusted with power.
As the Global Corruption Barometer 2013 shows, corruption is seen to be running through the foundations of the democratic and legal process in many countries, affecting public trust in political parties, the judiciary and the police, among other key institutions. Importantly, however, the people surveyed around the world as a part of the Global Corruption Barometer do not view themselves as powerless victims of corruption.
Corruption is pandemic in Nigeria. From high-profile cases to individual selfish mentality, the syndrome has been very pervasive and currently, corruption seems to be fighting back in the country. This paper highlights some definition of corruption and explores the psychological and ethical bases for corrupt mentality in Nigeria. The paper therefore posits that there is the need to institutionalize regulations with ethical reorientation of the young ones against greed and nepotism with appropriate civic value system. As charity begins at home, it is recommended that the home as an informal sector for civic learning should form a synergy with school civic education for promoting corrupt-free mentality.
Lack of Communication, Resources, Trust As Well As Political Interference And...AJHSSR Journal
Crime continues to be a serious problem in South Africa, as the country ranks 3rd on the global
crime index as at 2016. The damaging impact of crime on the safety and security of communities, peace and
stability in the country as well as its effect on the country’s reputation among potential international tourists and
investors, and how all these affect the general quality of life of ordinary citizens need no emphasis. Crime
solutions that work and are cost effective remain elusive. However, due to its success in reducing crime rates in
different parts of the world since its introduction in the United States of America during the 1970s, community
policing is now a standard ideological and policy model guiding mission statements, goals, and reform programs
of most policing agencies across the world. Regardless of its enviable status in the practicing of policing, more
than twenty (20) years after the attainment of democracy, the question beckons whether the inception of
community policing and particularly community policing forums is an effective strategy within the South
African communities to combat and prevent crime. This paper draws from the work of a PhD thesis, submitted
at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the challenges of CPFs in
combating crime in two dissimilar residential locations in Durban.A qualitative research approach was adopted,
the findings collected through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with a total number of
fifty-five (55) participants comprising of South African Police Service (SAPS) and CPFs representatives,
political leaders and ordinary members of the two communities suggest limited knowledge of and affinity to
CPFs by community members. This owes partly to lack of communication, resources, trust, as well as political
interference and SAPS organisational culture, which affect the functioning of these CPFs. Together, these
findings suggest that more effort is needed from both the community and the police for an effective functioning
of the CPFs.
Every day, all over the world, ordinary people bear the cost of corruption. In many countries, corruption affects people from birth until death. In Zimbabwe, women giving birth in a local hospital have been charged US$5 every time they scream as a penalty for raising false alarm.
1 In Bangladesh, the recent collapse of a multi-story factory, which killed more than 1,100 people due to a breach of basic safety standards, has been linked to allegations of corruption.
2 This report examines how corruption features in people’s lives around the world. Drawing on the results of a Transparency International survey of more than 114,000 respondents in 107 countries, it addresses people’s direct experiences with bribery and details their views on corruption in the main institutions in their countries. Significantly, Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer also provides insights into how willing and ready people are to act to stop corruption. The findings are clear: corruption is a very real burden, with more than one out of four respondents reporting having paid a bribe during the last year.3 When people are not in a position to afford a bribe, they might be prevented from buying a home, starting a business or accessing basic services. Corruption can, and often does, infringe on fundamental rights.
For those surviving on less than US$2 a day, and for women who are the primary caretakers of children around the globe, corruption and bribery are particularly devastating. For them, the additional cost of bribery can mean trade- offs are made between health and hunger, between school entrance fees and the shoes necessary to wear to school. Not only do people pay the costs of corruption directly, but their quality of life is also affected by less visible forms of corruption. When powerful groups buy influence over government decisions or when public funds are diverted into the coffers of the political elite, ordinary people suffer. When there is widespread belief that corruption prevails and the powerful in particular are able to get away with it, people lose faith in those entrusted with power.
As the Global Corruption Barometer 2013 shows, corruption is seen to be running through the foundations of the democratic and legal process in many countries, affecting public trust in political parties, the judiciary and the police, among other key institutions. Importantly, however, the people surveyed around the world as a part of the Global Corruption Barometer do not view themselves as powerless victims of corruption.
Corruption is pandemic in Nigeria. From high-profile cases to individual selfish mentality, the syndrome has been very pervasive and currently, corruption seems to be fighting back in the country. This paper highlights some definition of corruption and explores the psychological and ethical bases for corrupt mentality in Nigeria. The paper therefore posits that there is the need to institutionalize regulations with ethical reorientation of the young ones against greed and nepotism with appropriate civic value system. As charity begins at home, it is recommended that the home as an informal sector for civic learning should form a synergy with school civic education for promoting corrupt-free mentality.
Lack of Communication, Resources, Trust As Well As Political Interference And...AJHSSR Journal
Crime continues to be a serious problem in South Africa, as the country ranks 3rd on the global
crime index as at 2016. The damaging impact of crime on the safety and security of communities, peace and
stability in the country as well as its effect on the country’s reputation among potential international tourists and
investors, and how all these affect the general quality of life of ordinary citizens need no emphasis. Crime
solutions that work and are cost effective remain elusive. However, due to its success in reducing crime rates in
different parts of the world since its introduction in the United States of America during the 1970s, community
policing is now a standard ideological and policy model guiding mission statements, goals, and reform programs
of most policing agencies across the world. Regardless of its enviable status in the practicing of policing, more
than twenty (20) years after the attainment of democracy, the question beckons whether the inception of
community policing and particularly community policing forums is an effective strategy within the South
African communities to combat and prevent crime. This paper draws from the work of a PhD thesis, submitted
at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the challenges of CPFs in
combating crime in two dissimilar residential locations in Durban.A qualitative research approach was adopted,
the findings collected through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with a total number of
fifty-five (55) participants comprising of South African Police Service (SAPS) and CPFs representatives,
political leaders and ordinary members of the two communities suggest limited knowledge of and affinity to
CPFs by community members. This owes partly to lack of communication, resources, trust, as well as political
interference and SAPS organisational culture, which affect the functioning of these CPFs. Together, these
findings suggest that more effort is needed from both the community and the police for an effective functioning
of the CPFs.
Corruption in Pakistan, serve as the root cause of all the problems which we are facing now a days, so u can have a look, that what are the causes, effects and solution to corruption, in Pakistan. For complete detail report write me at riazgulsheikh@gmail.com
Read how the OECD is working with countries to design, promote and implement better anti-corruption policies for better lives. For more information see www.oecd.org/corruption/
Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Public Financial Control and A...inventionjournals
The paper examined the relationship between public financial control and anti-corruption crusade in Nigeria. The major scope of the study is the era of democracy when there is serious emphasis on anti-corruption crusade in Nigeria. Consequently the periods under review span through 2000 to 2016. Public financial control is proxied by financial freedom FF where a low index connotes government grip of the financial activities and vice versa. Corruption control index is used to proxy anti-corruption crusade and high index means effective anti-corruption crusade and vice versa. Other variables used in the study includes index of government effectiveness, corruption perception and economic growth. Inferential statistics was employed. The result shows that there is a weak linkage between anti-corruption crusade and public financial control in Nigeria. And the causality that flows from public financial control to anti-corruption crusade is stronger than the one that flows from anti-corruption crusade to public financial control. It is recommended that public financial control should be made an effective tool of fighting corruption rather than making anti-corruption a measure to enhance public financial control.
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...sissanim
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the concept of corruption and analyses our cumulative knowledge about corruption’s effects on the economic growth in Algeria during the period 2002–2015. This article emphasizes the major source of corruption and how the quality of institutions and government policies could mitigate the risk of corruption or increase it. The findings also show the great role of free media in most developing countries which created a new tendency to talk about the effects of corruption especially in recent years. Using a multiple regression model, we find that a 1% decrease in the corruption index CPI level increases the GDP growth rate by approximately 2,005%. The analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between the country rank and the economic growth. Finally, the results suggest that more economic freedom, social and political stability lead to less corruption.
What is Corruption :
corruption can occur in difference scales. There is corruption that occurs as small fvours between a small number of people, corruption that affects the govt. on a large scale and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society
Scales of Corruption :
There are three types of corruption. Given below
1.petty corruption – petty corruption occur at a smaller scale and with in established social farm works and governing firms
2.Grand corruption - Grand is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political legal and economic system
3. Systemic corruption – Systemic corruption is corruption which is primirally due to the weakness of an organization or process
corruption in different sectors :
There are five types of corruption we can see in different sector of in our country. Such as govt/ public sector, political corruption, judicial corruption, police corruption, Unions.
Now we describe Public sector and political sectors corruption
1.Govt. corruption : Day by day corruption increase in GOVT. sector because of some corrupted officer’s and people’s. public sector corruption includes corruption of the political process and of government agencies such as the police as well as corruption in process of allocating public funds for contracts grants and hiring “ recent research by the world bank suggests that who makes policy decisions ( elected official or bureaucrats ) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face”
2. Political corruption – Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office or resources by elected government officials for personal gain a political cartoon from Harper’s weekly Janary 26th 1878 depicting U.S . secretary of the interior Carl Schurz investigating the Indian Bureau at the U.S department of the interior. The original caption for the cartoon is “ THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES”
Causes of corruption -
cause of corruption are basically rotted deep into the political culture of BANGLADESH also due to the mass psychology under this types of political rule mass people of BANGLADESH are mostly illiterate, uneducated and there are common cause of corruption that is lack of civic senses.
Effect of corruption –
There is a bad effect of corruption in our country. Many people of our country are hampered from corruption now in our country every sectors are corrupted by some people who try to take the advantage from this and for this reason our government our economic system are hampered and for this reason we are TWO times champion in corruption. That is so insulting for our country, for corruption our country can not prosper. Bangladesh is a lower developing country and for corruption there are
The media is full of stories about the threat of cyberattack
on states, companies and individuals. Uber and AirBnB
have fundamentally disrupted long established industries.
Citizens can file tax returns and apply for passports online.
But only a tiny proportion of police forces around the world
offer citizens the ability to report crime online and then to
track the progress of their case.
Yet policing affects all of us. It is a vital element in any
properly functioning society. And it is a basic tenet of
policing that “the police are the public and … the public are
the police”. It must then keep pace with changes in society,
whatever the challenges involved. This paper describes the
current challenges facing police forces and proposes ways
in which Chief Officers should address them.
Running head CORRUPTION 5CorruptionAuthor’s Na.docxtodd271
Running head: CORRUPTION 5
Corruption
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Corruption
Introduction
Corruption is a significant crisis that kills the power of the constitution. Corruption diminishes the power of the society, economy, and social welfare of the nation. There are minimal chances of growth when corruption prevails. Thus, corruption is one of the biggest challenges facing the USA and is clearly shown by the form of administration. Factors that influence corruption is more, and the effect varies depending on the affected individuals. Typical corruption forms have taken way to inform of mishandling of policies, public funds misuse, and failure to submit to public growth projects. Current reports show that corruption is prevalent in many public sectors including but not limited to bribing of civil servants, misuse of political power, and bureaucrats using public power in the United States for a personal end.
Solution
s
Fighting corruption is a challenging task because individuals involved have either political or economic power this providing ways to manipulate the will of the weak. Regardless the report highlights possible ways to solve the issue of corruption while giving recommendations for implementation. First, it is possible to address corruption by engaging the public. Teaching the public about the effect of corruption would help combat the problem. That is, each person should be encouraged to follow the norms of the society and laws of the land (Olaguer, 2006). Following stands of morality would ensure that each person is watchful of individuals’ behaviors. Also, the public should learn how to spot instances of corruption and take necessary action when necessary. When the public is knowledgeable about the consequences of corruption, it is easier to engage in public participation in fighting the epidemic.
Next, corruption can be eradicated by employing a legal strategy. The process involves engaging the law, the judiciary, press, the police, and the media. By creating certainty and involving the bodies mention, it would be easier to discriminate corruption through justice. The legislature should be encouraged to review the laws and make clear the aspect of corrupt and corruption. Although the process might require more time, it would help understand when an individual is convicted of corruption (Heimann et al., 2008). Furthermore, the public should have the power to report against corrupt individuals in society without fear. While the legislature revises the laws, judicial civil servants would have the ability to sentence people from various social classes irrespective of their impact on society.
Third, decentralization of power is an essential step towards fighting corruption in the USA. This would give way for more transparency in the public sectors, procurement process, and budget process should be passed through mass media.
Best solution
Based on the time required to implement solutions, public participat.
Corruption in Pakistan, serve as the root cause of all the problems which we are facing now a days, so u can have a look, that what are the causes, effects and solution to corruption, in Pakistan. For complete detail report write me at riazgulsheikh@gmail.com
Read how the OECD is working with countries to design, promote and implement better anti-corruption policies for better lives. For more information see www.oecd.org/corruption/
Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Public Financial Control and A...inventionjournals
The paper examined the relationship between public financial control and anti-corruption crusade in Nigeria. The major scope of the study is the era of democracy when there is serious emphasis on anti-corruption crusade in Nigeria. Consequently the periods under review span through 2000 to 2016. Public financial control is proxied by financial freedom FF where a low index connotes government grip of the financial activities and vice versa. Corruption control index is used to proxy anti-corruption crusade and high index means effective anti-corruption crusade and vice versa. Other variables used in the study includes index of government effectiveness, corruption perception and economic growth. Inferential statistics was employed. The result shows that there is a weak linkage between anti-corruption crusade and public financial control in Nigeria. And the causality that flows from public financial control to anti-corruption crusade is stronger than the one that flows from anti-corruption crusade to public financial control. It is recommended that public financial control should be made an effective tool of fighting corruption rather than making anti-corruption a measure to enhance public financial control.
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...sissanim
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the concept of corruption and analyses our cumulative knowledge about corruption’s effects on the economic growth in Algeria during the period 2002–2015. This article emphasizes the major source of corruption and how the quality of institutions and government policies could mitigate the risk of corruption or increase it. The findings also show the great role of free media in most developing countries which created a new tendency to talk about the effects of corruption especially in recent years. Using a multiple regression model, we find that a 1% decrease in the corruption index CPI level increases the GDP growth rate by approximately 2,005%. The analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between the country rank and the economic growth. Finally, the results suggest that more economic freedom, social and political stability lead to less corruption.
What is Corruption :
corruption can occur in difference scales. There is corruption that occurs as small fvours between a small number of people, corruption that affects the govt. on a large scale and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society
Scales of Corruption :
There are three types of corruption. Given below
1.petty corruption – petty corruption occur at a smaller scale and with in established social farm works and governing firms
2.Grand corruption - Grand is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political legal and economic system
3. Systemic corruption – Systemic corruption is corruption which is primirally due to the weakness of an organization or process
corruption in different sectors :
There are five types of corruption we can see in different sector of in our country. Such as govt/ public sector, political corruption, judicial corruption, police corruption, Unions.
Now we describe Public sector and political sectors corruption
1.Govt. corruption : Day by day corruption increase in GOVT. sector because of some corrupted officer’s and people’s. public sector corruption includes corruption of the political process and of government agencies such as the police as well as corruption in process of allocating public funds for contracts grants and hiring “ recent research by the world bank suggests that who makes policy decisions ( elected official or bureaucrats ) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face”
2. Political corruption – Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office or resources by elected government officials for personal gain a political cartoon from Harper’s weekly Janary 26th 1878 depicting U.S . secretary of the interior Carl Schurz investigating the Indian Bureau at the U.S department of the interior. The original caption for the cartoon is “ THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES”
Causes of corruption -
cause of corruption are basically rotted deep into the political culture of BANGLADESH also due to the mass psychology under this types of political rule mass people of BANGLADESH are mostly illiterate, uneducated and there are common cause of corruption that is lack of civic senses.
Effect of corruption –
There is a bad effect of corruption in our country. Many people of our country are hampered from corruption now in our country every sectors are corrupted by some people who try to take the advantage from this and for this reason our government our economic system are hampered and for this reason we are TWO times champion in corruption. That is so insulting for our country, for corruption our country can not prosper. Bangladesh is a lower developing country and for corruption there are
The media is full of stories about the threat of cyberattack
on states, companies and individuals. Uber and AirBnB
have fundamentally disrupted long established industries.
Citizens can file tax returns and apply for passports online.
But only a tiny proportion of police forces around the world
offer citizens the ability to report crime online and then to
track the progress of their case.
Yet policing affects all of us. It is a vital element in any
properly functioning society. And it is a basic tenet of
policing that “the police are the public and … the public are
the police”. It must then keep pace with changes in society,
whatever the challenges involved. This paper describes the
current challenges facing police forces and proposes ways
in which Chief Officers should address them.
Running head CORRUPTION 5CorruptionAuthor’s Na.docxtodd271
Running head: CORRUPTION 5
Corruption
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Corruption
Introduction
Corruption is a significant crisis that kills the power of the constitution. Corruption diminishes the power of the society, economy, and social welfare of the nation. There are minimal chances of growth when corruption prevails. Thus, corruption is one of the biggest challenges facing the USA and is clearly shown by the form of administration. Factors that influence corruption is more, and the effect varies depending on the affected individuals. Typical corruption forms have taken way to inform of mishandling of policies, public funds misuse, and failure to submit to public growth projects. Current reports show that corruption is prevalent in many public sectors including but not limited to bribing of civil servants, misuse of political power, and bureaucrats using public power in the United States for a personal end.
Solution
s
Fighting corruption is a challenging task because individuals involved have either political or economic power this providing ways to manipulate the will of the weak. Regardless the report highlights possible ways to solve the issue of corruption while giving recommendations for implementation. First, it is possible to address corruption by engaging the public. Teaching the public about the effect of corruption would help combat the problem. That is, each person should be encouraged to follow the norms of the society and laws of the land (Olaguer, 2006). Following stands of morality would ensure that each person is watchful of individuals’ behaviors. Also, the public should learn how to spot instances of corruption and take necessary action when necessary. When the public is knowledgeable about the consequences of corruption, it is easier to engage in public participation in fighting the epidemic.
Next, corruption can be eradicated by employing a legal strategy. The process involves engaging the law, the judiciary, press, the police, and the media. By creating certainty and involving the bodies mention, it would be easier to discriminate corruption through justice. The legislature should be encouraged to review the laws and make clear the aspect of corrupt and corruption. Although the process might require more time, it would help understand when an individual is convicted of corruption (Heimann et al., 2008). Furthermore, the public should have the power to report against corrupt individuals in society without fear. While the legislature revises the laws, judicial civil servants would have the ability to sentence people from various social classes irrespective of their impact on society.
Third, decentralization of power is an essential step towards fighting corruption in the USA. This would give way for more transparency in the public sectors, procurement process, and budget process should be passed through mass media.
Best solution
Based on the time required to implement solutions, public participat.
FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN SOUTH ASIA: BUILDING ACCOUNTABILITY Dr Lendy Spires
Hardly a speech is delivered in South Asia without mention of the need to fight corruption in the region. Yet despite the lofty promises, corruption is on the rise. This report shows how a serious lack of political will on the part of governments to make laws work, means that government action to fight corruption is largely ineffective. The report draws on the findings of in-depth research on anti-corruption efforts in Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and SriLanka, which analysed almost 70 institutions across the six countries.
While none of the institutions assessed were found to be free from corruption risks, this report focuses in particular on the judiciary and anti-corruption agencies as critical actors in the fight against corruption. It highlights common challenges in the region and presents the governments of South Asia with a clear set of urgent priorities which need to be addressed in order to translate their anti-corruption rhetoric into concrete action.
The key findings of the report are:
1. Citizens find themselves unable to access key information on how their governments are performing in order to hold them to account.
2. The lack of meaningful protection for whistleblowers means that the chances of detecting wrongdoing by those in positions of power are slim.
3. Widespread political interference in the critical work of anti-corruption agencies and the judiciary makes them ineffective in keeping a check on government.
This situation presents serious challenges for the rule of law in the region. Some laws are inconsistent with international standards, while others are not equally enforced and independently adjudicated. As a result, corruption and other crimes are not effectively and impartially investigated or punished. This creates an atmosphere where the corrupt continue to get away with abusing their positions for their own personal gain at the public’s expense. Nevertheless, there have been some positive developments in the fight against corruption over the last 10 years. Most significantly, all six countries in this study have ratified the UN Convention against Corruption. However, there is still a long way to go to turn these commitments into meaningful action. The analysis presented here suggests a worrying reluctance on the part of the governments concerned to enable citizens to help shape the decisions that affect their daily lives.
The right to information:
A long way to go Citizens continue to face challenges in realising their right to information. When citizens’ right to know is denied, they are less able to hold decision makers to account for their actions. Comprehensive Right to Information (RTI) legislation is in place in Bangladesh, India and Nepal and has recently been passed in Maldives.
The national anti corruption conference 2014Lwazi L.
The purpose of the National Anti-Corruption Conference 2014 is to lobby for multi-sectoral collaboration and standardisation in the fight against corruption in South Africa. The Conference provides an opportunity for high-level
government and business representatives, as well as civil society, to examine best practices for combating corruption with a particular focus on; promoting transparency and integrity in organising sport and other major events and
establishing cutting-edge measures for governments and business to combat corruption.
PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA – GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETERVittorio Pasteris
For this new report, part of a regional series from our Global Corruption Barometer, we spoke to nearly 60.000 people across 42 countries in Europe and Central Asia via face to face and telephone surveys about the current state of public sector graft. Our findings show that few people think that their government has done enought to fight corruption in politics. Over a quarter of citizens see politicians, government officials and business executives as highly corrupt, and nearly three in five citizens think that wealthy individuals have too much influence over government decisions.
Social problem is an unexpected situation which hinders to lead normal life in a society. Social problem is a multidimensional problem. Social problem are created by various reasons.
Bangladesh is attacked by various social problems.
IT BELONGS TO YOU: PUBLIC INFORMATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Dr Lendy Spires
Transparency International believes that the effective implementation of an access to information law is essential for addressing corruption. Information is fundamental to making informed decisions. Information is also power. Where it is not freely accessible, corruption can thrive and basic rights may not be realised. Corruption can be hidden behind a veil of secrecy. Those with privileged access to information can demand bribes from others seeking such information. People may be denied basic health or education services if they lack information about their rights.
Governments can hide their actions by controlling or censoring the media, preventing essential information in the public interest from being reported. “Access to information acts are grounded in the recognition ‘that information in the control of public authorities is a valuable public resource and that public access to such information promotes greater transparency and accountability of those public authorities, and that this information is essential to the democratic process’. The purpose of these acts, also known as access to information laws, is to make a government more open and accountable to its people. In transitional democracies, laws that give effect to the right to information are part of the process of transforming a country from one with a closed and authoritarian government to one governed by and for the people”.
In 2012 and 2013, Transparency International national chapters and partners carried out research into the possibility of accessing information in general and through sector-specific laws in Egypt, Morocco, Palestine and Yemen. They found that in none of the countries assessed were existing laws or their implementation adequate for people and civil society to use in the fight against corruption and that governments across the region should take steps to make access to information a reality, both as a right and as a tool to fight corruption. Trends Access to public information remains limited across the Middle East and North Africa.
While the countries and territories assessed in this project (Egypt, Morocco, Palestine and Yemen) have committed themselves in international law to the right of access to information, only Yemen has translated this commitment into national law (although the Yemeni law is not yet implemented, as the government has not yet issued implementing regulations). Morocco has incorporated it as a specific constitutional right, which can be a good first step before passing and implementing a law. In the broader region, Jordan and Tunisia have access to information laws.
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) AAPP report in Burmese The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), also known as AAPP,
is a non-profit human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand. AAPP was founded in 2000
by former political prisoners living in exile on the Thai/Burma border.
Since then, the organization has been run by former political prisoners,
with two offices being opened inside Burma in 2012, one in Rangoon and the other in Mandalay.
AAPP advocates and lobbies for the release of remaining political prisoners and
for the improvement of the lives of political prisoners after their release.
The various assistance programs for political prisoners and their family members
are aimed at ensuring they have access to education, vocational trainings, mental
health counseling and healthcare.
Identity crisis ethnicity and conflict in myanmar crisis groupMYO AUNG Myanmar
REPORT 312 / ASIA 28 AUGUST 2020
Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar
Ethnicity and conflict are tightly linked in Myanmar, as communal groups take up arms to press grievances for which they have found no other recourse. The problem calls for dialogue and deep reform, but meanwhile authorities can take smaller steps to indicate their positive intent.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/312-identity-crisis-ethnicity-and-conflict-myanmar?utm_source=Sign+Up+to+Crisis+Group%27s+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=1732944c02-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_01_28_08_41_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1dab8c11ea-1732944c02-359431769
Asia Foundation. Note that the data are from 2016, so this map does not represent the current situation on
CHINA IS PLAYING MYANMAR GROUND THE KYAUKPHYU SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND CHIN...MYO AUNG Myanmar
CHINA IS PLAYING MYANMAR GROUND THE KYAUKPHYU SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND CHINA STRATEGIC DEEP-SEA PORT PROJECT
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chinas-strategic-port-project-moves-step-closer-reality-myanmar-oks-joint-venture.html
China’s Strategic Port Project Moves Step Closer to Reality as Myanmar OKs Joint Venture
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/construction-chinas-bri-deep-sea-port-start-soon-myanmars-rakhine-state-govt.html
Construction on China's BRI Deep Sea Port to Start Soon in Myanmar's Rakhine State: Govt
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/minister-rejects-fears-debt-trap-chinese-backed-port.html
Minister Rejects Fears of Debt Trap Over Chinese-Backed Port
https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/editorial/kyaukphyu-danger-slipping-hands.html
Is Kyaukphyu in Danger of Slipping Out of Our Hands?
http://www.thaibizmyanmar.com/th/news/detail.php?ID=2948
An industrial zone project within the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Rakhine State will be developed for US$30 billion
4 มีนาคม 2563
https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/first-phase-of-kyaukphyu-deep-seaport-project-expected-to-cost-13-bln
First phase of Kyaukphyu Deep Seaport project expected to cost $ 1.3 bln
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/18/c_138716099.htm
Xinhua Headlines: Kyaukpyu port to become model project in China-Myanmar BRI cooperation
Source: Xinhua| 2020-01-18 20:49:31|Editor: huaxia
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/20/c_138720186.htm
Feature: How the development of Myanmar's Kyaukpyu port won the hearts of locals
Source: Xinhua| 2020-01-20 11:27:42|Editor: Wang Yamei
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/02/17/china039s-citic-to-build-myanmar039s-huge-kyaukphyu-deep-seaport-first-phase-to-cost-us13-bln
China's CITIC to build Myanmar's huge Kyaukphyu Deep Seaport, first phase to cost US$1.3 bln
ASEANPLUS NEWS
Monday, 17 Feb 2020
1:35 PM MYT
https://splash247.com/china-inks-kyaukphyu-development-deal-with-myanmar/#:~:text=China%20has%20signed%20an%20agreement,visit%20to%20Myanmar%20last%20weekend.
China inks Kyaukphyu development deal with Myanmar
Jason Jiang Jason JiangJanuary 20, 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaukphyu
https://asiatimes.com/2019/07/china-led-port-project-inches-ahead-in-myanmar/
AT FINANCE, MYANMAR
China-led port project inches ahead in Myanmar
CITIC-led consortium this month started legally required impact assessments but the controversial $1.3 billion mega-project is still far from a done deal
By THOMPSON CHAU
JULY 15, 2019
The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defendersMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/defending-tomorrow/
Report / July 29, 2020
DEFENDING TOMORROW
The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders
The climate crisis is arguably the greatest global and existential threat we face. As it escalates, it serves to exacerbate many of the other serious problems in our world today – from economic inequality to racial injustice and the spread of zoonotic diseases.
For years, land and environmental defenders have been the first line of defence against the causes and impacts of climate breakdown. Time after time, they have challenged those companies operating recklessly, rampaging unhampered through forests, skies, wetlands, oceans and biodiversity hotspots.
https://youtu.be/FM7X1tnT4Sc
Download the full report Defending Tomorrow: The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders (High resolution, 28.4MB, PDF)
Download the full report Defending Tomorrow: The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders (Low resolution, 6.6MB, PDF)
User Privacy or Cyber Sovereignty Freedom House Special Report 2020MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/user-privacy-or-cyber-sovereignty?utm_source=Newsletter&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=SPOTLIGHTFRDM_072720
Special Report 2020
User Privacy or Cyber Sovereignty?
Assessing the human rights implications of data localization
WRITTEN BY-Adrian Shahbaz-Allie Funk-Andrea Hackl
https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/FINAL_Data_Localization_human_rights_07232020.pdf
USER PRIVACY OR CYBER SOVEREIGNTY?
Assessing the human rights implications of data localization
Freedom of Expression Active and Seeking Justice from MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
Freedom of Expression Active and seeking justice from MYANMAR
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/07/16/seeking-justice-an-analysis-of-obstacles-and-opportunities-for-civil-society-groups-pursuing-accountability-for-human-rights-violations-in-domestic-courts-in-kachin-and-northern-shan-states/
SEEKING JUSTICE: AN ANALYSIS OF OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS PURSUING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN DOMESTIC COURTS IN KACHIN AND NORTHERN SHAN STATES
Kachin Women’s Association – Thailand (KWAT) and Asia Justice and Rights (AJAR) are releasing a new report on access to justice in Burma, in which we identify strategies for local civil society groups, demand political and legal reforms, and call on donor agencies to better support assistance to victims of the most serious human rights violations.
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/EngA-Chance-to-Fix-in-Time.pdf
“A Chance to Fix in Time”
Analysis of Freedom of Expression in
Four Years Under the Current Government
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/07/16/%e1%80%a1%e1%80%81%e1%80%bb%e1%80%ad%e1%80%94%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99%e1%80%ae%e1%80%95%e1%80%bc%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%86%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%81%e1%80%bd%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%b7-%e1%80%a1-2/
အချိန်မီပြင်ဆင်ခွင့် – အစိုးရသက်တမ်း ၄နှစ်အတွင်း လွတ်လပ်စွာထုတ်ဖော်ပြောဆိုခွင့်ကို ဆန်းစစ်ခြင်းအစီရင်ခံစာ
SHWE KOKKO BORDER KAYIN STATE PROJECT COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
ALL ABOUT SHWE KOKKO PROJECT KAYIN STATE COLLECTIONS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Kokko Shwe Kokko https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/shwe-kokko-a-paradise-for-chinese-investment/ Shwe Kokko: A paradise for Chinese investment SEPTEMBER 5, 2019 http://karennews.org/2020/03/shwe-koko-big-winners-burma-army-and-international-crime-syndicates-at-expense-of-karen-people-knu-community-groups-want-it-stopped/ Shwe Koko: Big Winners – Burma Army and international Crime Syndicates at Expense of Karen People – KNU, Community Groups Want it Stopped Karen News Send an emailMarch 26, 2020 https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/a-chinatown-mysteriously-emerges-in-backwoods-myanmar/ A Chinatown mysteriously emerges in backwoods Myanmar Shwe Kokko, a remote town along Myanmar's Moei River, is the latest odd and bold outpost of China's Belt and Road Initiative By BERTIL LINTNER MARCH 1, 2019 https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/305-commerce-and-conflict-navigating-myanmars-china-relationship https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/305-commerce-and-conflict-myanmar-china%20(1)_0.pdf Commerce and Conflict: Navigating Myanmar’s China Relationship Asia Report N°305 | 30 March 2020 https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/chinas-thai-myanmar-border-investment-shwe-kokko-chinatown-mega-project CHINA’S THAI-MYANMAR BORDER INVESTMENT: Shwe Kokko Chinatown mega-project http://monnews.org/2020/03/28/gambling-away-our-land-kpsn-report-raises-questions-about-shwe-kokko-extension-project/ ‘Gambling Away Our Land’; KPSN report raises questions about Shwe Kokko Extension project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900Fzrn8DzY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlg2eYn7HM https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-mystery-man-behind-the-shwe-kokko-project/?f
Myanmar language version of the UN Charter.Yangon charter myanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
Myanmar language version of the UN Charter.
Source: https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/yangon_charter_myanmar.pdf
https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/yangon_charter_myanmar.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3tttG9XprzHH4_yCQNOg8_u8g6z23fqYLqeCUvvIkHAqzTLKjSnB1OT3g
WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2020 BY UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELO...MYO AUNG Myanmar
WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2020
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT UNCTAD
ttps://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2396&utm_source=CIO+-+General+public&utm_campaign=5e26d15771-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_05_17_11_42_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_3d334fa428-5e26d15771-70594621
Global foreign direct investment projected to plunge 40% in 202016 June 2020
COVID-19 causes steep drop in investment flows, hitting developing countries hardest. Recovery is not expected before 2022, says new UNCTAD report.
Myanmar Amber traps scientists in ethical dilemma over funding warMYO AUNG Myanmar
Myanmar is a major producer of amber, a fossilized tree resin. Amber is valued for jewelry, and also serves as a sort of time capsule that provides scientific clues to prehistoric life with fossilized inclusions such as insects, birds and dinosaur footprints.
Meanwhile, the main amber-mining areas in the country are located in an internal conflict zone where an ethnic minority is fighting against the national armed forces, and the amber also comes with problems of human rights violations and smuggling.
https://asia.nikkei.com/Location/Southeast-Asia/Myanmar-amber-traps-scientists-in-ethical-dilemma-over-funding-war
Myanmar amber traps scientists in ethical dilemma over funding war
Fossils like those in 'Jurassic Park' draw scrutiny as Kachin conflict drags on
https://www.facebook.com/MYOAUNGNAYPYIDAW/posts/2839212596177214
သယံဇာတစစ်ပွဲ
မြန်မာ့ပယင်းရဲ့ သိပ္ပံပညာရှင်တွေကို စွဲဆောင်နိုင်မှုက ကျင့်ဝတ်ဆိုင်ရာ အကျပ်ရိုက်မှုဖြစ်စေပြီး စစ်ပွဲတွေအတွက် ငွေကြေးထောက်ပံ့ရာလမ်းကြောင်းဖြစ်နေ
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY – APRIL 2020)MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/04/21/situational-human-rights-overview-in-burma-january-april-2020/
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY – APRIL 2020)
2019 country reports on human rights practices burma united state of america ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Myanmar Aung
21 mins ·
https://burmese.voanews.com/a/us-state-depart…/5325155.html…
ကမ္ဘာလုံးဆိုင်ရာ ကန်အစီရင်ခံစာထဲက မြန်မာလူ့အခွင့်အရေး အခြေအနေ
https://www.state.gov/…/…/BURMA-2019-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf
https://www.state.gov/…/2019-country-reports-on-human-righ…/
2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
The annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – the Human Rights Reports – cover internationally recognized individual, civil, political, and worker rights, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international agreements. The U.S. Department of State submits reports on all countries receiving assistance and all United Nations member states to the U.S. Congress in accordance with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and the Trade Act of 1974.
MARCH 11, 2020
https://www.state.gov/assistant-secretary-for-democracy-hu…/
Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Robert A. Destro On the Release of the 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
SPECIAL BRIEFING
ROBERT A. DESTRO, ASSISTANT SECRETARY
BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR
PRESS BRIEFING ROOM
WASHINGTON, D.C.
MARCH 11, 2020
Executive Summary of Independent Commission of Enquiry "ICOE" Final Report En...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Executive Summary Of Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE' Final Report ENGLISH-BURMESE
https://www.facebook.com/myanmarpresidentoffice.gov.mm/posts/2632138836833836
ENGLISH VERSION
Independent Commission of Enquiry (ICOE)
https://www.icoe-myanmar.org/
Executive Summary Of Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE' Final Report
https://www.facebook.com/myanmarpresidentoffice.gov.mm/posts/2632129370168116
BURMESE VERSION
လွတ်လပ်သောစုံစမ်းစစ်ဆေးရေးကော်မရှင် (Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE) ၏ အပြီးသတ်အစီရင်ခံစာ အကျဉ်းချုပ်\
2019 ANNI Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Right...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=29979&nhri=1
2019 ANNI Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in Asia
7 October 2019 2:36 pm
https://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/wp/2019/10/3.0-Online-ANNI-Report-2019.pdf
https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=29931
Myanmar: Promote press freedom, and end reprisals against Development Media Group
3 October 2019 3:58 pm
https://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/wp/2019/10/Press-release-Myanmar-DMG.pdf
ALL ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) AND MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
ALL ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) AND MYANMAR
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands). Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. It is assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ. Its official languages are English and French.
https://www.icj-cij.org/en/court
https://www.icj-cij.org/en-basic-toolkit
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ICJ
Information Department
information@icj-cij.org
https://opiniojuris.org/2019/11/13/the-gambia-v-myanmar-at-the-international-court-of-justice-points-of-interest-in-the-application/
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/cases-brought-myanmar-deliver-justice-rohingya-191117174800430.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/14/war-crimes-judges-approve-investigation-violence-against-rohingya-icc-myammar
https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-situation-of-the-rohingya-is-there-a-role-for-the-international-court-of-justice/
https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/gambia-files-lawsuit-against-myanmar-international-court-justice
STIMSON INNOVATIVE IDEAS CHANGING THE WORLD AND CHINA-MEKONG RIVER AND MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
STIMSON INNOVATIVE IDEAS CHANGING THE WORLD AND CHINA-MEKONG RIVER AND MYANMAR
The Stimson Center is a nonpartisan policy research center working to protect people, preserve the planet, and promote security & prosperity. Stimson’s award-winning research serves as a roadmap to address borderless threats through concerted action. Our formula is simple: we gather the brightest people to think beyond soundbites, create solutions, and make those solutions a reality. We follow the credo of one of history’s leading statesmen, Henry L. Stimson, in taking “pragmatic steps toward ideal objectives.” We are practical in our approach and independent in our analysis. Our innovative ideas change the world.
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/Cronin-China%20Supply%20Chain%20Shift.pdf
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/SC_EnergyPublication.FINAL_.pdf
https://www.stimson.org/content/powering-mekong-basin-connect
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/WEB-FEB_Cambodia%20Report.pdf
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/slower-smaller-cheaper-the-reality-of-the-china-myanmar-economic-corridor
Slower, smaller, cheaper: the reality of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/peace-through-development-chinas-experiment-in-myanmar
Peace through development: China’s experiment in Myanmar
https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-walks-political-tightrope-in-Myanmar
China walks political tightrope in Myanmar
Beijing should leverage its influence with military
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/why-china-is-sceptical-about-the-peace-process
Why China is sceptical about the peace process
https://www.stimson.org/content/%E2%80%98loose-end%E2%80%99-peace-process
The ‘loose end’ of the peace process
The Stimson Center
communications@stimson.org
THE ASSIATANCE ASSOCIATION FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS (BURMA)MYO AUNG Myanmar
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma),
https://aappb.org/background/about-aapp/
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), otherwise known as AAPP, is a human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma. AAPP advocates for the release of all remaining political prisoners in Burma and for the improvement of their quality of life during and after incarceration. AAPP has developed rehabilitation and assistance programs for those political activists who have been released while continuing to document the ongoing imprisonment of political activists in Burma.
As long as political prisoners exist inside Burma, Burma will not be free. They represent the struggle for democracy, human rights, equality and freedom for the people of Burma. This makes the immediate and unconditional release of all political prisoners an integral part of Burma’s drive for national reconciliation.
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER A GUIDE FOR FIRST NATIONS COMUNITIES AND ADVOCATES MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/water1019_brochure_web.pdf
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER A GUIDE FOR FIRST NATIONS COMUNITIES AND ADVOCATES
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/canada0616web.pdf
Make it Safe
Canada’s Obligation to End the First Nations Water Crisis
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/canada0616_brochure_web.pdf
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Natural Resource Governance Reform and the Peace Process in MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
NATURAL RESOURCE GOVERNANCE REFORM AND THE PEACE PROCESS IN MYANMAR
KEVIN M. WOODS
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/natural-resource-governance-reform-and-the-peace-process-in-myanmar/
FORESTS OCT 18, 2019
Natural Resource Governance Reform and the Peace Process in Myanmar
By Kevin M. Woods
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/executive-summary-of-natural-resource-governance-and-the-peace-process-in-myanmar/
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Forest-Trends_NRG_Peace_Myanmar_Final_ES.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/forest-trends-comments-on-myanmar-draft-forest-rules-2019-regarding-land-rights/
Forest Trends Comments on Myanmar Draft Forest Rules (2019) Regarding Land Rights
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Forest-Rules-Brief-2019-FINAL-Letter.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Forest_Rules_Brief_2019_FINAL_A4_BURMESE-FINAL.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/what-is-in-myanmars-first-eiti-forestry-reports/
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
Mastering the Concepts Tested in the Databricks Certified Data Engineer Assoc...SkillCertProExams
• For a full set of 760+ questions. Go to
https://skillcertpro.com/product/databricks-certified-data-engineer-associate-exam-questions/
• SkillCertPro offers detailed explanations to each question which helps to understand the concepts better.
• It is recommended to score above 85% in SkillCertPro exams before attempting a real exam.
• SkillCertPro updates exam questions every 2 weeks.
• You will get life time access and life time free updates
• SkillCertPro assures 100% pass guarantee in first attempt.
4. 2 Transparency International
Raxaul, India. Employees of PRAYAS, an NGO fighting against
child trafficking, question a boy in the train and discover that he
is being trafficked. Every Saturday at 5pm a train leaves the
bordertown to reach Mumbai. Every week, the team of PRAYAS
searches the entire train to rescue trafficked children. Corruption
is increasingly cited as a key cause and traffickers rarely face
justice. Corruption both facilitates trafficking and feeds the flow
of people by destabilising democracies, weakening a country’s
rule of law and stalling development.
By A. Smeets (2013) Capture Corruption Photo Competition 18-30 Age Group Winner
http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/photo_competition_18_30_age_group_winners
5. 3PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
INTRODUCTION
In 2017, inclusive development is high on the agenda
for governments around the world, as people voice their
concerns about growing inequality, persistent poverty
and the exclusion of the most vulnerable. As a diverse
and rapidly developing region, it is essential that the
countries in the Asia Pacific region achieve sustainable
and equitable development – this can only be done
by ensuring that public decision-making promotes the
common good. Corruption undermines this, as it distorts
democratic processes and promotes private over public
interests.
As part of a regional series for the Global Corruption
Barometer, this new report comes at a key moment when
many governments in the region are preparing their
agendas to meet the United Nations Sustainable Develop-
ment Goals (SDGs). The SDGs set out development
priorities for 2030 which include, among others, reducing
corruption and bribery in all their forms.
While reducing public sector bribery is a target in itself,
governments should also take note that corruption
presents a real barrier to achieving other SDGs such as
ending poverty and hunger, ensuring inclusive education,
improving health outcomes, combating climate change
and achieving gender equality. This is because corruption
diverts public funds, leads to inefficient service provision,
and channels resources away from those most in need.
To achieve development on the far reaching SDGs,
tackling corruption risks will be essential for social
progress.
ABOUT THE RESEARCH
In the most extensive survey of its kind, we spoke
to 21,861 people in 16 countries, regions and territories
across the Asia Pacific regioni
between July 2015 and
January 2017 about their perceptions and experiences
of corruption.ii
The survey results show a great diversity
in the corruption risks across the region, but in every
country surveyed there is scope for improved approaches
to corruption prevention.
We found that bribery affects a huge number of citizens.
We estimate that over 900 millioniii
people across the 16
surveyed places had paid a bribe in the past year when
trying to access basic services like education or health
care. Bribery rates for countries vary considerably across
the region – from 0.2 per cent in Japan to 69 per cent in
India. What is clear is that public sector graft is a crime
that affects men and women, young and old, and rich and
poor, and must be urgently addressed in order to further
social progress in the region.
The findings suggest serious problems in the provision
of law and order in a number of countries. The regional
results show that bribery rates for the police are the
highest of all services that we asked about and addition
ally, the police are perceived to have the highest levels of
corruption of all the key institutions. Anti-corruption efforts
must address corruption risks within the police force
and ensure that the police serve their communities fairly
and honestly.
One way to stop corruption and to help better achieve
the SDGs is to encourage victims to report corruption, so
that perpetrators can be held to account. And indeed,
while in theory citizens in the region thought that reporting
graft was the most effective way to stop it, in practice
it almost always goes unreported. The fear of retaliation
was the main reason people would not come forward,
with our survey demonstrating that people who had
reported corruption had also at times suffered negative
consequences. Some people also felt that reporting
channels were ineffective, or they were not even aware
of where to report an incident.
We are calling for better whistleblower protection and
effective reporting mechanisms so that people can
feel safe reporting corruption and can have confidence
that action will be taken as a result.
6. 4 Transparency International
WHAT PEOPLE SAY
ACROSS THE REGION
1. Few people think that corruption is on the decline
Only one in five people thought the level of corruption had decreased
recently, while two in five thought the level of corruption had increased
and a further one third had seen no change.
People in China were most likely to think the level of corruption had
increased recently – nearly three quarters of people said corruption had
risen. This compares with just 14 per cent in Thailand who reported
corruption had increased.
2. People are divided as to whether governments are doing enough
to stop corruption
A half of people in the region said that their government was doing a bad
job at fighting corruption, while around two in five said that they were
doing a good job.
People in India, Indonesia and Thailand were most positive about their
governments’ efforts, with over a half saying they were doing well. In
contrast over three quarters of people in South Korea rated their govern-
ment badly at addressing corruption.
3. More than one in four, or over 900 million people, paid a bribe when using
a public service, in the 16 places surveyed
India had the highest bribery rate of all the countries surveyed, where
nearly seven in 10 people who had accessed public services had paid
a bribe. Japan had the lowest bribery rate, with 0.2 per cent of
respondents reporting paying a bribe.
4. Police are seen as most corrupt
Across the region, nearly two in five said that they thought most or all
police officers were corrupt, which was the highest of any group.
In addition, just under a third of people in the region who had come into
contact with a police officer in the last 12 months had paid a bribe, which
was the highest of any service we asked about.
5. “Standing up” and “speaking out” are seen as the best ways to fight corruption
When we asked citizens for examples of the best actions they can take
to help fight corruption, the top responses were to speak out by reporting
it, and to stand up by refusing to pay bribes. Worryingly, more than one in
five felt completely powerless to help fight against corruption, saying that
there is nothing that they can do.
6. But few people report corruption as they are afraid of the consequences
Only 7 per cent of bribe payers in the survey said that they had actually
reported it to the authorities. The main reason most corruption incidents
went unreported was because people were afraid of the consequences,
followed by a belief that it would not make a difference and a lack of
awareness of the appropriate reporting channels.
7. Malaysia and Vietnam are seen as having the most severe corruption problems
Across the different corruption issues covered in the survey, citizens in
Malaysia and Vietnam were the most negative in the region across five of
the key questions in the survey (see page 28 for the full details). People
in Australia were the most positive.
7. 5PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the findings in this report, and our experience and
knowledge in the region, Transparency International makes the
following recommendations:
Make good on promises
Heads of states must speak out and act immediately and publicly,
to assert their specific and time-bound commitment under the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to substantially reduce bribery
and corruption by 2030.
Governments must deliver on their anti-corruption commitments
made globally and regionally by implementing legislation and practice at
the national level. For example, the social accountability (article 13) and
anti-corruption agencies (articles 6 and 36) aspects of the United Nations
Convention against Corruption (UNCAC).
Stopping bribery in public services
Governments should address systemic problems that allow corruption
in public sector delivery:
Prevent corruption by promoting transparency through effective
implementation of access to information legislation and open
government practices, enhancing a healthy and free environment for
civil society to operate, and enacting codes of conduct for public
servants.
Punish the corrupt by immediately adopting a zero-tolerance policy
for corruption in public services, pursuing prosecutions and applying
appropriate sanctions.
The police must lead by example and urgently address corruption within
their ranks and act to gain public confidence because of their key role in
fighting corruption.
Governments must integrate anti-corruption targets into all SDGs
including hunger, poverty, education, health, gender equality and climate
action, and develop mechanisms to reduce corruption risks in these
areas.
Encouraging more people to report corruption
Legislatures must adopt and enforce comprehensive legislation
to protect whistleblowers based on prevailing international standards,
including those developed by Transparency International. Meanwhile,
governments and the private sector must support whistleblowers and
reporters of corruption and ensure appropriate follow-up to their
disclosures.
Anti-corruption agencies should engage with the large numbers of
citizens willing to refuse paying bribes and those willing to report bribes.
At the same time, anti-corruption agencies should implement outreach
programmes to encourage people to report corruption and ensure
user-friendly reporting mechanisms to empower citizens to effectively
take action against corruption.
8. 6 Transparency International
Cheonggye Plaza, South Korea, October 2016. People take to
the streets calling for President Park Geun-hye to step down
after she was impeached by parliament for violating her
constitutional duty as leader.
PERCEPTIONS OF CORRUPTION:
GOVERNMENT ACTION
9. 7PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
Image: Creative Commons, Flickr / Teddy Cross
BBC (2017) South Korea‘s presidential scandal. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37971085
10. 8 Transparency International
PERCEPTIONS OF CORRUPTION:
GOVERNMENT ACTION
Few believe that corruption
is on the decline
We asked people how they thought the level of corruption in their
country had changed over the last 12 months – whether it had increased,
decreased, or stayed the same.1
Just one in five thought that corruption had decreased (22 per cent),
compared with two in five who thought that the level of corruption had
increased (40 per cent). A further one in three thought that there had
been no change in the level of corruption (33 per cent).
The picture is very different across the region. In China, where the
question asked about change in the level of corruption over the last
three years, nearly three quarters of people said that they thought
the level of corruption had worsened (73 per cent). This was the highest
of any country surveyed. This was followed by Indonesia and Malaysia,
where around six in 10 thought that corruption had increased
(65 per cent and 59 per cent respectively).
In contrast, less than a quarter of people in Myanmar, Sri Lanka and
Thailand said that corruption had increased over the last 12 months
(from 22 per cent to 14 per cent).
HOW HAS THE LEVEL
OF CORRUPTION
CHANGED RECENTLY?
– REGIONAL RESULTS
1 This question was not asked in Mongolia.The question in China asked about whether the level of corruption had changed over the last three years.
11. 9PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
PERCENTAGE WHO THINK THE LEVEL
OF CORRUPTION HAS INCREASED –
RESULTS BY COUNTRY
Q. In your opinion, over the past year, has the level of corruption in this country increased, decreased, or stayed the same? Base: all adults. Results presented
combine those who said “Increased a lot” and “Increased somewhat”.“Stayed the same”,“Decreased somewhat”,“Decreased a lot” and “Don’t know”
responses not shown for ease of comparison.This question was not asked in Mongolia.
* In China the question wording asked about change in the level of corruption over the last three years.
For this report,Transparency International were given access to the results from a shortened module on corruption as asked in China, provided by the Asian
Barometer Surveys organisation. Comparable questions were asked in China on the change in level of corruption, the perceptions of the level of corruption
in various institutions, and bribery.As not all of the Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer questions were asked in China, footnotes in this
report mention when the results do not include that country.
12. 10 Transparency International
HOW CORRUPT ARE
DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS
AND GROUPS IN SOCIETY?
– REGIONAL RESULTS
% SAYING MOST OR ALL
ARE CORRUPT
The police are seen as
the most corrupt
We asked people how corrupt they thought nine of the most powerful
groups in their society were, so that we could find out who were
perceived as the most and least corrupt.
The results from across the region show that it is a key law and order
institution – the police – that was thought to suffer most from corruption.
Nearly two in five said that the police were mostly or entirely corrupt
(39 per cent).
Many people in the region also perceived political decision-makers at
both the national and local level to be highly corrupt. Over a third
said that their legislative representatives (such as members of parliament
or senators), government officials and local government councillors
were highly corrupt (from 35 to 37 per cent). By contrast religious leaders
were seen as far cleaner, with less than one in five saying they were
highly corrupt (18 per cent).
People in Thailand and Pakistan were particularly likely to think that the
police were highly corrupt, with over three quarters saying most or all
police officers in their country were corrupt (78 per cent and 76 per cent).
In Australia and Japan, the police were seen as far cleaner with less than
one in 10 saying they were highly corrupt (5 and 8 per cent).
Q. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? Base: all respondents, excluding
missing responses. Chart shows percentage of respondents who answered that either “Most” or “All” of them are corrupt.“None”,“Some” and “Don’t know”
responses not shown for ease of comparison.The result for prime minister/ president and religious leaders excludes China where these questions were not asked.
13. 11PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
IS THE GOVERNMENT DOING WELL
OR BADLY IN FIGHTING CORRUPTION?
– RESULTS BY COUNTRY
People are divided over how
well governments are doing
at tackling corruption
We asked people to rate their own government in terms of how it was
performing in fighting public sector corruption.2
We found that people
were fairly divided – around two in five rated their government as doing
a good job (41 per cent), while a half rated their government as doing
a bad job (50 per cent).
People in South Korea were most likely to rate their government as doing
badly at stopping graft. Over three quarters rated their government badly
(76 per cent). Governments in Hong Kong, Vietnam, Japan, Mongolia,
and Malaysia were perceived to be doing badly at fighting corruption by
six in 10 of their citizens (from 60 per cent to 62 per cent).
In contrast, around a half or more of people living in India, Indonesia,
Sri Lanka and Thailand said that their government was doing a good job
(from 49 per cent to 72 per cent).
Q. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? “Fighting corruption
in government”. Base: all respondents, excluding missing responses. Response categories “Very badly” and “Fairly badly” are combined into “Badly”; and
response categories “Very well” and “Fairly well” are combined into “Well”.“Don’t know” responses not shown for ease of comparison.
2 This question was not asked in China.
say their government is doing badly
say their government is doing well
50%
41%
14. 12 Transparency International
“John is from Chin state, Myanmar and this is his second job.
He says he is 19 but he does not look it. Under-age work is
common in Myanmar. John dreams of going to work in Malaysia
for 10 years – not longer – to save money to buy a small fishing
boat and start a fishing business. Everything that happens
in Myanmar is related to politics. After 52 years in power, the
military regime still holds a strong hand over everything
that happens in the country. Corruption is the top concern for
businesses. This construction site pays a measly US$2.50
a day for 12 hours of hard labour. When I tried to discuss the
issue with the foreman he shrugged his shoulders and said
‘no money, all money stays up’ pointing his index finger towards
the sky.” – Dejan Petrovic
EXPERIENCES OF
CORRUPTION: BRIBERY
15. 13PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
By D. Petrovic (2015) Capture Corruption Photo Competition 31+ Age Group Winner
http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/photo_competition_31_plus_age_group_winners
16. 14 Transparency International
EXPERIENCES OF
CORRUPTION: BRIBERY
900 million people
have paid a bribe
across the 16 places
surveyed
We asked people whether they had come into contact with six key public
services during the previous 12 months: public schools, public clinics
or hospitals, official documents, utility services, the police and the courts.iv
Of those who had contact,v
we asked whether they had paid a bribe,
given a gift or done a favour in order to receive the services they needed.
We found that more than one in four people in the 16 places surveyed
had paid a bribe in the last 12 months when they used a public service
(28 per cent). Based on the bribery rates for each country/territory
and its adult population size, this is equivalent to over 900 million people
across the 16 places surveyed.
Bribery rates vary considerably between countries. Bribery was highest
in India where nearly seven in 10 people who had accessed public
services had to pay a bribe (69 per cent). This was followed closely by
Vietnam where around two thirds had paid a bribe when accessing
services (65 per cent).
Bribery was far lower in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea
where fewer than 5 per cent of respondents said that they had
paid a bribe when they accessed public services (from 0.2 per cent
to 4 per cent).
See all results on the map on page 16.
17. 15PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
Police are most likely
to take bribes
30% 23%
Just under one third of people who came into contact with the police
in the previous 12 months had to pay a bribe (30 per cent) either
to get the assistance that they needed or to avoid a fine. This was the
highest of the six services we asked about. Bribery for healthcare
services had the lowest bribery rates, but still nearly one in five had
to pay a bribe to get access (18 per cent).
The law and order institutions in Pakistan were the most likely of any
country that we surveyed to accept bribes – around seven in 10 people
who came into contact with either the police or the courts had to pay
a bribe (75 per cent and 68 per cent respectively).
Vietnam and India had the highest bribery rates of all the countries
surveyed for public schools (57 and 58 per cent) and healthcare
(both 59 per cent), suggesting serious corruption risks when people
try to access these basic services.SERVICE USERS WHO SAid
THAT THEY HAD PAID A BRIBE
Police
23%
CourtsID, voter’s card, permit
20%
Utilities
Q.And how often, if ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for: a teacher or school official; a health worker or clinic or hospital staff;
a government official in order to get the document; a government official in order to get the [Utilities] services; a police officer; a judge or court official.
Base: pooled responses from across all 16 countries, territories and regions; respondents who had contact with each service in the previous 12 months,
excluding missing responses.
The results for “utilities services” exclude China and Mongolia as this question was not asked there. Results from Malaysia are excluded due to a difference
in the way the bribery questions were implemented during fieldwork.
18%
Public hospital
22%
Public school
18. 16 Transparency International
Mongolia 20%*
India 69%
Pakistan 40%
Sri Lanka 15%
Q. And how often, if ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for: a teacher or school official; a health worker or clinic or hospital staff;
a government official in order to get the document, a government official in order to get the [Utilities] services; a police officer; a judge or court official.
Base: Respondents who had contact with at least one service in the past 12 months, excluding missing responses. An * denotes countries where the bribery
rate is based on a revised wording. Please see end notes for more details.
The results from Malaysia are based on the total population due to differences in the way the bribery questions were implemented during fieldwork.
Scale:
% of people who had paid a bribe when
accessing basic services
Bribery rates across
the Asia Pacific region
0-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% 51-60% 61%+
19. Malaysia 23%
Vietnam 65%
Japan 0.2%
china 26%*
Taiwan 6%
Hong Kong 2%
South Korea 3%
Cambodia 40%
Thailand 41%
Myanmar 40%
Indonesia 32%
Australia 4%
17PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
21. 19PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
PLACE
Public
school
Public
hospital
ID, voter’s card,
permit
Utilities Police Courts
Myanmar
Pakistan
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
Q.And how often, if ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for: a teacher or school official; a health worker or clinic or hospital staff;
a government official in order to get the document, a government official in order to get the [Utilities] services; a police officer; a judge or court official.
Base: Respondents who had contact with at least one service in the past 12 months, excluding missing responses.An * denotes places where the service
was not asked, or where the service had a base size of fewer than 60 respondents.
The results from Malaysia are based on the total population due to differences in the way the bribery questions were implemented during fieldwork.
1-5%0% 6-15% 16-30% 31-45% 46-60% 61%+
Percentage of service users who had
paid a bribe in the past 12 months.
The size of the circle corresponds to the
proportion of service users who had paid a bribe.
22. 20 Transparency International
People aged under 35 are more
likely to have to pay a bribe to
access a public service.
Younger people are being hit harder
Similar proportions of
both men and women
have paid a bribe in the
last 12 months
WOMEN ARE JUST AS LIKELY AS MEN TO PAY BRIBES
in the 16 Asia Pacific places surveyed
have paid a bribe in the last year, or more
than 1 in 4 people, when accessing basic
services like medicine, education or water.
MORE THAN 900 MILLION PEOPLE
30% OF MEN
PAID A BRIBE
27% OF WOMEN
PAID A BRIBE
Who has to
pay bribes?
34%
Under 35
19%
55+
29%
35 to 54
23. 21PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
When looking at the overall regional results, 38 per cent of the poorest people have
paid a bribe, which was the highest of any income group.vi
This may be because they
have fewer alternative options available to them, or because they have less power or
influence to avoid paying bribes.
In these countries, the poorest
people are far more likely than
richer people to pay a bribe:
However, in some countries the
reverse trend was found, where it
was the richest people who were
more likely to pay. This may be
because they have more resources
to pay bribes when asked, or
because they want to get a quicker
or better quality service.
Bribery often hurts the poorest most…
but this can differ between countries
% of richest people paid a bribe
% of poorest people paid a bribe
Thailand India Pakistan
34%
26%
55%
46%
China
31%
24%
64%
Taiwan
19%
6%
73%
Results are based on those who have come into contact with at least one of the six public services in the past 12 months.The demographic analysis excludes
Mongolia due to question wording differences and Malaysia due to differences in how the bribery questions were implemented during fieldwork.
Vietnam
73%
55%
Cambodia
45%
29%
Myanmar
63%
38%
24. 22 Transparency International
Student protestors gather in Taiwan to express their concerns
that a trade accord with mainland China had not been properly
debated or deliberated by the legislature, and demanding
adherence to due process.
PEOPLE SPEAKING OUT
AGAINST CORRUPTION
25. 23PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
Image: Creative Commons, Flickr / tomscy2000 (2014)
26. 24 Transparency International
PEOPLE SPEAKING OUT
AGAINST CORRUPTION
People can make a
difference
We asked people whether they felt they could make a difference in the
fight against corruption. Positively, based on the 16 places surveyed,
a majority of citizens across the Asia Pacific region agreed that they felt
empowered (63 per cent).3
People in Australia, Taiwan and Indonesia felt most empowered to fight
against corruption, with over three quarters of people agreeing (from 78
per cent to 80 per cent). Citizens in Pakistan felt least empowered with
only a third agreeing that people can make a difference (33 per cent).
This was substantially lower than in any other country that we surveyed.
CAN ORDINARY PEOPLE
MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE FIGHT
AGAINST CORRUPTION?
– RESULTS BY COUNTRY
agree
Q. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with the following statement:“Ordinary people can make a difference in the fight against corruption”. Base:
all respondents, excluding missing responses.“Strongly disagree”,“Disagree”,“Neither” and “Don’t know” answers are not displayed for ease of comparison.
3 This question was not asked in China.
27. 25PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
What actions can
people take
We wanted to find out the best ways people thought they could tackle
corruption in their own countries.4
Across the region, people thought that
reporting corruption (22 per cent) followed by refusing to pay bribes
(21 per cent) were most effective. This was followed by voting for clean
parties or candidates, or those saying that they would reduce corruption
(6 per cent). All other positive actions were mentioned by fewer than
5 per cent.
Even so there was a large minority (21 per cent) who felt completely
pessimistic about the effect that ordinary people can have on corruption
in their country.
VIEWS ON THE MOST EFFECTIVE
ACTIONS PEOPLE CAN
TAKE AGAINST CORRUPTION
– REGIONAL RESULTS
Q.What is the most effective thing that an ordinary person like you can do to help combat corruption in this country? Base: all respondents, excluding missing
responses.“Don’t know” responses are not shown.
4 This question was not asked in China.
28. 26 Transparency International
Why don’t people
report?
While in theory people thought that reporting corruption was the most
effective action they could take, we found that in practice few people
actually reported it. Only 7 per cent of people living in the Asia Pacific
region who had paid a bribe said that they had reported it to the
authorities.5
When we asked why more people don’t report corruption, the main
reason given by people across the entire region was that they were afraid
of the consequences (36 per cent).6
A further 15 per cent said that they
wouldn’t report because they think that it wouldn’t make any difference,
and 13 per cent said that they don’t report because they are not aware of
how or where to report. All other responses were given by 5 per cent or
fewer respondents.
The lack of confidence in official reporting channels seems to be justified.
Of those who said that they had reported a bribery incident to the
authorities less than a quarter (23 per cent) said that the authorities had
taken action as a result, while 26 per cent said that they had suffered
some form of negative repercussion.
WHY PEOPLE DO NOT REPORT
INCIDENTS OF CORRUPTION
– TOP THREE RESPONSES People are afraid of
the consequences
36%
It wouldn’t make a
difference
15%
People don’t
know where or how
to report it
13%
Q. Some people say that many incidents of corruption are never reported. Based on your experience, what do you think the main reason is why many people do not
report corruption when it occurs? Base: all respondents, excluding missing responses. Full results available in the excel tables of results.
5 This question was not asked in China or Mongolia.Weighted N: 3,825 respondents who had paid a bribe and answered the question on whether they had reported
the incident.Weighted N: 275 respondents who had reported an incident to the authorities.
6 This question was not asked in China.
29. 27PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
CONCLUSION
This regional report from the Global Corruption Barometer
focuses on the results in the Asia Pacific region derived
from interviews with nearly 22,000 people living in 16
countries, regions or territories. Our scorecard on the
following page summarises the anti-corruption perfor
mance of these places as reported by their own citizens.
It is based on the responses to the survey on the key
indicators of (1) the extent to which the level of corruption
is perceived to have increased, (2) the perceived perfor-
mance of governments in addressing corruption, (3) the
perceived levels of corruption among the police, (4) the
experience of bribery and (5) the extent to which people
think that ordinary people can make a difference in the
fight against corruption.
According to the results from the survey, Australia
followed by Sri Lanka and Taiwan did the best, with the
most positive ratings overall across the key corruption
questions in the survey. In these countries, few people
felt that corruption was increasing, many people felt
empowered to help fight against corruption and bribery
rates were very or fairly low. However, even in these well
performing countries, there were still areas for improve
ment such as poor ratings of government efforts to fight
corruption (Australia and Taiwan) or a substantial minority
of people who thought that the police were highly
corrupt (Sri Lanka).
At the other end of the scale, Malaysia and Vietnam
performed the worst with not a single positive rating,
according to their own citizens. In these countries, the
governments were rated poorly in their efforts to fight
corruption, people saw widespread corruption among
the police, and many people thought that corruption
was on the rise. In Vietnam too, bribery was very high.
The survey suggests real and serious corruption
challenges in these countries, which urgently need to
be addressed.
The results from other countries show a mixed picture
of positive, mediocre and negative ratings – which in part
reflect the varied nature of the corruption challenges
across the region. In some of these countries, like India,
the bribery rate was very high, but citizens were fairly
positive about government efforts to fight corruption and
a clear majority felt they could make a difference in the
fight against corruption. South Korea, by contrast, had a
very low bribery rate, but citizens were critical of govern-
ment efforts to fight corruption.
The scorecard clearly demonstrates diversity in the
corruption challenges across the region; 30 of the 77
ratings were positive, 19 were mediocre and 28 were
negative. With high bribery risks for public services
found in a number of countries in the region, government
progress against the SDGs will remain unachievable
unless mechanisms are introduced to clean up public
service delivery. Citizen engagement will be key but there
are a number of barriers to this including poor whistle
blower protection, impunity for the corrupt and a lack of
awareness of existing effective reporting channels.
Addressing the corruption challenges in the region and
furthering progress on the SDGs will require all levels
of government, the private sector and civil society working
together to achieve this.
30. 28 Transparency International
These groupings are meant to be indicative, and regionally contextual. It is important to keep in mind that they are based on the subjective
perceptions and experiences of citizens in each country rather than on an assessment against a common objective benchmark.
* is used when the question was not asked in that country.
Place
How has the level of
corruption changed?
How is the
government doing at
fighting corruption?
How corrupt
are the police?
How many people
paid a bribe?
Do people feel
empowered to fight
corruption?
Negative/High risk
Mediocre/Medium risk
Positive/Low risk
The anti-corruption performance
of the government and the
corruption risks are rated by
citizens as:
Overview of Corruption
– A Citizen Scorecard
Myanmar
Thailand
Japan
Australia
Hong Kong
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
China
31. 29PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
Place
How has the level of
corruption changed?
How is the
government doing at
fighting corruption?
How corrupt
are the police?
How many people
paid a bribe?
Do people feel
empowered to fight
corruption?
Cambodia
Vietnam
Pakistan
Indonesia
Malaysia
South Korea
This infographic summarises the results for five key corruption questions
presented in this report. For each question, countries/territories/regions
are categorised as either red, amber or green depending on how
positively or negatively respondents from that place responded. Places
are ordered from those who score the best according to their citizens to
those who score the worst. See the methodology note for the full
description of how the colours are assigned.
India
Mongolia
32. 30 Transparency International
METHODOLOGY NOTE
The Global Corruption Barometer 2017 question module
was conducted via face to face or telephone survey in
the Asia Pacific region, with a random selection of adults
in all 16 surveyed countries, territories and regions.
Face to face household interviews were conducted either
with Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) or
Paper-and-Pencil Interviewing (PAPI). A random probabil
ity stratified clustered sample was designed in each
project country. The sample was stratified by regions and
by level of urbanisation. Households were selected at
random, using a random walk, or using existing registers.
The respondent was selected at random from all adults
in the household.
Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI) were
used in some project countries. Random digital dialling
was using to randomly select households and respon-
dents were selected at random from all adults in the
household. Both landline telephones and mobile phones
were selected for interviewing. Samples were stratified
across all regions in the country according to population
size.
MODE EFFECTS
The report presents the results obtained using two
different modes of data collection and may be prone to
mode effects, in terms of sampling, the selection of
respondents and the propensity to respond using different
modes of data collection.
WEIGHTING
The survey samples were selected and, if necessary,
weighted to be nationally representative of all adults living
in each country/territory. The results have margins of
sampling error of a maximum +/–3.1 percentage points
(for a sample of 1,000) for dichotomous questions
(for example, yes or no) at a 95 per cent confidence level.
In addition, an extra weight was applied so that the
sample sizes for each country/territory are equalised.
The overall results for the Asia Pacific region are
equivalent to an average of the countries surveyed.
POPULATION ESTIMATES
Population estimates have been made using available
recent population data from the CIA Factbook. To
calculate the total number of bribe payers in the Asia
Pacific region, we used the national bribery rates (the
percentage of all adults who had paid a bribe) to calculate
the number of bribe payers in each country/territory/
region. We then added the projected number of bribe
payers across all 16 countries/territories, which gives
a total number of 919,998,712. For ease of reporting we
rounded this figure to 900 million.
33. 31PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
Australia Efficience3 CATI 06.09.2016 - 12.10.2016 1002
Cambodia Efficience3 Face to face 28.04.2016 - 19.04.2016 1003
China Asian Barometer Surveys Face to face 01.07.2015 - 06.03.2016 4068
Hong Kong Efficience3 CATI 15.01.2016 - 03.02.2016 1000
India Cvoter International Face to face 01.03.2016 - 11.04.2016 2802
Indonesia Efficience3 Face to face 26.04.2016 - 27.06.2016 1000
Japan Efficience3 CATI 06.12.2016 - 21.01.2017 1000
Malaysia Efficience3 Face to face 21.11.2016 – 31.01.2017 1009
Mongolia TNS Face to face 25.11.2015 - 02.01.2016 1500
Myanmar Cvoter International Face to face 24.02.2016 - 09.03.2016 1224
Pakistan Cvoter International Face to face 13.03.2016 - 30.03.2016 1078
South Korea Efficience3 CATI 12.09.2016 - 03.11.2016 1000
Sri Lanka Business Insights & Solutions Face to face 06.07.2016 - 06.10.2016 1073
Taiwan Taiwan Real Survey Co., Ltd CATI 23.09.2016 - 02.10.2016 1082
Thailand Efficience3 Face to face 10.04.2016 - 27.05.2016 1020
Vietnam Efficience3 Face to face 26.05.2016 - 20.06.2016 1000
Place Organisation Methodology Fieldwork Sample size
34. 32 Transparency International
1. Change in level of corruption over previous 12 months
The scores are based on the percentage of respondents in each country/
territory who say that corruption has either increased a little or increased
a lot over the 12 months prior to when the survey was conducted.7
Green: fewer than 40 per cent say corruption had increased either
somewhat or a lot in the preceding 12 months.
Amber: from 40 per cent up to 60 per cent say corruption had
increased either somewhat or a lot in the past 12 months.
Red: 60 per cent or more say corruption had increased either
somewhat or a lot in the past 12 months.
2. How the government is handling the fight against corruption
The scores are based on the percentage of respondents who rate their
government as doing either “very badly” or “fairly badly” at fighting
corruption in government. The results were rebased to exclude don’t
know responses.
Green: fewer than 40 per cent say “very badly” or “fairly badly”.
Amber: from 40 per cent up to 60 per cent say “very badly” or
“fairly badly”.
Red: 60 per cent or more say “very badly” or “fairly badly”.
3. How corrupt the police are perceived to be
Each score is based on a simple average of the percentage of the
population who say that “most” or “all” police are corrupt. The results
were rebased to exclude don’t know responses.
Green: fewer than 20 per cent say that “most” or “all” police are corrupt.
Amber: from 20 per cent up to 40 per cent say that “most” or “all”
police are corrupt.
Red: 40 per cent or more say that “most” or “all” police are corrupt.
4. Bribery rate
The scores are based on the percentage of people who say that they had
paid a bribe to at least one of the six public services mentioned in the
12 months prior to the survey: public medical care; public schools (either
vocational, or primary and secondary); official documents; unemployment
benefits; other social security benefits; the police; or the courts. The
results exclude those who say that they did not come into contact with
any of these services in the previous 12 months.
Green: fewer than 10 per cent paid a bribe.
Amber: from 10 per cent up to 30 per cent paid a bribe.
Red: 30 per cent or more paid a bribe.
5. Ordinary people can make a difference
The results are based on the percentage of people who either “strongly
agree” or “agree” with the statement “Ordinary people can make a
difference in the fight against corruption”. The results were rebased to
exclude don’t know responses.
Green: 60 per cent or more “strongly agree” or “agree”.
Amber: from 40 per cent up to 60 per cent “strongly agree” or “agree”.
Red: fewer than 40 per cent “strongly agree” or “agree”.
Citizens’ corruption
scorecard ratings
7 In China the results are based on change in the level of corruption over the previous 3 years.
35. 33PEOPLE AND CORRUPTION: ASIA PACIFIC – Global Corruption Barometer
NOTES
i For the sake of readability, we use the term “region” even though
the report includes 16 countries, territories or regions in the
Asia Pacific region. In this report, China refers to respondents
from mainland China.
ii The survey was conducted either face to face or by telephone,
with nationally representative samples in place. Please see
the Methodology section on page 31 for a full explanation.
iii This estimate is made on the basis of the approximate total number
of adults living in each of the surveyed places according to available
population data, which gives a figure of 919,998,712. See Method-
ology section for full details.
iv The bribery module was implemented with amended wording in
Mongolia as the questions were implemented as part of a longer
existing survey. In Mongolia the questions asked about household
rather than individual level bribery.
v 83 per cent of the respondents said that they came into contact
with at least one of the public services. Bribery rates are based on
those who came into contact with at least one of the services
(unweighted N = 17,119). For China and Mongolia the base is based
on those who came into contact with 5 services, as utility services
was not asked there. In Malaysia, the bribery results are based on the
total population due to differences in how the bribery question
module was implemented during fieldwork.
vi Income calculations are based on available subjective income
measures as asked by the respective surveying organisations.
36. 34 Transparency International
Generous support for the People and Corruption: Asia Pacific / Global
Corruption Barometer was provided by EY, The Asia House Foundation,
The Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade,
The Belgium Development Cooperation, Irish Aid, The Hong Kong ICAC,
Transparency International Sri Lanka and Transparency International
Cambodia.
We gratefully acknowledge these contributions. Responsibility for the
content lies entirely with the author. The contributors do not necessarily
share the expressed views and interpretations. For a full list of all
contributors and to find out how you can support our work please visit
www.transparency.org
Acknowledgements
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