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Pemilihan Obat
antihiPertensi Pada
ensefalOPati hiPertensi Prabowo
Presented by Fergiawan Indra
PendahUlUan
tinJaUan PUstaKa
definisi
Hipertensi ensefalopati adalah sindroma
klinis akut reversibel sebagai akibat
kenaikan tekanan darah secara tiba-tiba
yang
ditandai
dengan
perubahanperubahan neurologis mendadak
fisiOlOGi teKanan darah
PatOfisiOlOGi hiPertensi
PatOfisiOlOGi hiPertensi
emerGensi
PATOFISIOLOGI
ENSEFALOPATI HIPERTENSI
AUTOREGULASI ALIRAN
DARAH OTAK
KLASIFIKASI TEKANAN
DARAH
Kategori

Tekanan Darah Sistolik

Tekanan Darah Diastolik

Normal

Dibawah 130 mmHg

Dibawah 85 mmHg

Normal tinggi

130-139 mmHg

85-89 mmHg

140-159 mmHg

90-99 mmHg

160-179 mmHg

100-109 mmHg

180-209 mmHg

110-119 mmHg

210 mmHg atau lebih

120 mmHg atau lebih

Stadium 1
(Hipertensi ringan)
Stadium 2
(Hipertensi sedang)
Stadium 3
(Hipertensi berat)
Stadium 4
(Hipertensi maligna)
DIAGNOSIS HIPERTENSI
GEJALA KLINIK
ENSEFALOPATI HIPERTENSI
• Edema serebri ialah hal yang mendasari
timbulnya gejala klinik encephalopati hipertensi.
• Gejala klinik yang tampak :
1. Sakit kepala hebat
2. Mual, muntah
3. rasa mengantuk dan bingung
4. Bila tidak segera diobati terjadi kejang dan
koma. Gejala yang berat ini terjadi sekitar 24-48
jam.
Parameter

Hipertensi Mendesak

Tekanan darah (mmHg)

> 180/120

Gejala

Sakit

Hipertensi Emergensi
>180/120

kepala,

kecemasan; Sesak napas, nyeri dada,

sering kali tanpa gejala

nokturia,

dysarthria,

kelemahan,

kesadaran

menurun
Pemeriksaan

Tidak ada kerusakan organ Ensefalopati, edema paru,
target, tidak ada penyakit insufisiensi ginjal, iskemia
kardiovaskular

Terapi

Awasi

1-3

jantung
jam; Pasang jalur IV, periksa

memulai/teruskan obat oral, laboratorium standar, terapi
naikkan dosis
Rencana

obat IV

Periksa ulang dalam 3 hari

Rawat ruangan/ICU
OBAT OBAT
ANTIHIPERTENSI
Kelas

Obat  (Nama Dagang)

Dosis Penggunaan 

Frekuensi Penggunaan/hari

(Mg/hari)
Diuretik Tiazide

1

12,5-50

1

2-4

1

Indapamide (Lozol†)

1,25-2,5

1

Metalazone (Mykrox)

0,5-1,0

1

Metalazone (Zaroxolyn)

2,5-5

1

Bumetanide (Bumex†)

0,5-2

2

Furosemide (Lasix†)

20-80

2

Torsemid (Demadex†)

2,5-10

1

Amiloride (Midamor†)

5-10

1-2

Triamterene (Dyrenium)

50-100

1-2

Eplerenone (Inspra)

50-100

1

Spironolakton (Aldactone†)
Beta bloker

12,5-25

Polythiazide (Renese)

Aldosteron Reseptor Bloker

1-2

Hidroklorotiazide (Mikrozide, HidroDIURIL†)

Diuretik Hemat Kalium

125-500

Klortalidone (generik)

Loop Diuretik

Klorotiazide (Diuril)

25-50

1

Atenolol (Tenormin†)

25-100

1

Betaxolol (Kerione†)

5-20

1

Bisoprolol (Zebeta†)

2,5-10

1

Metaprolol (Lopressor†)

50-100

1-2

Metoprolol Extended Release (Toprol XL)

50-100

1

Nadolod (Corgard†)

40-120

1

Propanolol (Indera†l)

40-160

2

Propanolol Long acting (Inderal LA†)

60-180

1

Timolol (Blocadren†)

20-40

2
Beta bloker aktivitas

Acebutolol (Sectral†)

simpatomimetik intrinsik Penbutolol (Levatol)
Pindolol (Generik)
Kombinasi Alpha dan Beta Carvedilol (Coreg)

200-800

2

10-40

1

10-40

2

12,5-50

2

200-800

2

Bloker

Labetolol (Normodyne, Trandate†)

ACEI

Benazepril (Lotensin†)

10-40

1

Captopril (Capoten†)

25-100

2

Enalapril (Vasotec†)

5-40

1-2

Fosinopril (Monopril)

10-40

1

lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril†)

10-40

1

moexipril (Univasc)

7.5-30

1

perindopril (Aceon)

4-8

1

quinapril (Accupril)

10-80

1

ramipril (Altace)

2.5-20

1

1-4

1

8-32

1

eprosartan (Teveten)

400-800

1-2

irbesartan (Avapro)

150-300

1

losartan (Cozaar)

25-100

1-2

olmesartan (Benicar)

20-40

1

telmisartan (Micardis)

20-80

1

valsartan (Diovan)

80-320

1-2

trandolapril (Mavik)
Angiotensin II Antagonis candesartan (Atacand)
CCB – Non Dihidropiridin Diltiazem extended release

180-420

1

(Cardizem CD, Dilacor XR, Tiazac†)

120-540

1

diltiazem extended release (Cardizem LA)

80-320

2

verapamil immediate release (Calan, Isoptin†)

120-480

1-2

verapamil long acting (Calan SR, Isoptin SR†)

120-360

1

amlodipine (Norvasc)

2,5-10

1

felodipine (Plendil)

2,5-20

1

isradipine (Dynacirc CR)

2,5-10

2

nicardipine sustained release (Cardene SR)

60-120

2

nifedipine long-acting

30-60

1

(Adalat CC, Procardia XL)

10-40

1

doxazosin (Cardura)

1-16

1

prazosin (Minipress†)

2-20

2-3

terazosin (Hytrin)

1-20

1-2

verapamil—Coer, Covera HS, Verelan PM)
CCB- Dihidropiridin

nisoldipine (Sular)
Alpha 1 Bloker

Alpha 2 agonis sentral dan

clonidine (Catapres†)

0,1-0,8

2

obat lainnya yang bekerja

clonidine patch (Catapres-TTS)

0,1-0,3

1 Minggu

methyldopa (Aldomet†)

250-1000

2

reserpine (generic)

0,1-0,25

1

0,5-2

1

hydralazine (Apresoline†)

25-100

2

minoxidil (Loniten†)

2,5-80

1-2

sentral

guanfacine (Tenex†)
Vasodilator Langsung
ANTI HIPERTENSI PADA
ENSEFALOPATI
Obat
Sodium nitroprusside

Dosis

Efek / Lama Kerja

Perhatian khusus

0,25-10 mg / kg / menit langsung/2-3 menit setelah Mual, muntah, penggunaan
sebagai infus IV

infus

jangka

panjang

menyebabkan

dapat

keracunan

tiosianat,
methemoglobinemia,
asidosis, keracunan sianida.
Selang infus lapis perak

Nitrogliserin

50-100 mg sebagai infus IV 2-5 min /5-10 min

Sakit

kepala,

takikardia,

muntah,

,

methemoglobinemia;
membutuhkan

sistem

pengiriman khusus karena
obat mengikat pipa PVC
Nicardipine

5-15 mg / jam sebagai infus 1-5 min/15-30 min

Takikardi, mual, muntah,

IV

sakit kepala, peningkatan
tekanan
hipotensi

intrakranial;
Komplikasi
Diseksi aorta

Obat Pilihan
Nitroprusside + esmolol

Target Tekanan Darah
SBP

110-120

sesegera

mungkin
AMI, iskemia

Nitrogliserin, nitroprusside, Sekunder
nicardipine

Edema paru

untuk

bantuan

iskemia

Nitroprusside, nitrogliserin, 10% -15% dalam 1-2 jam
labetalol

Gangguan Ginjal

Fenoldopam, nitroprusside, 20% -25% dalam 2-3 jam
labetalol

Kelebihan katekolamin

Phentolamine, labetalol

10% -15% dalam 1-2 jam

Ensefalopati hipertensi

Nitroprusside

20% -25% dalam 2-3 jam

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Nitroprusside, nimodipine, 20% -25% dalam 2-3 jam
nicardipine

Stroke Iskemik

nicardipine

0% -20% dalam 6-12 jam
KESIMPULAN
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
•

Alpert J. S, Rippe J.M. 2005. Hypertensive Crisis in manual of
Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy, Asean Edition Little Brown and Coy
Boston, 149-60.

•

Calhoun D.A, Oparil . S ; 2000 : Treatmenet of Hypertensive Crisis, New
Engl J Med, 323 : 1177-83.

•

Gifford R.W, 2001 : Management of Hypertensive Crisis, JAMA SEA,266;
39-45.

•

Houston MC ; 1989 : Pathoplysiology Clinical Aspects and treatment Dis,
32, 99-148.

•

National Institutes of Health. 2007. The sixth report of the joint national
committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood
pressure. NIH Publication.

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Pemilihan obat antihipertensi pada ensefalopati hipertensi

  • 1. Pemilihan Obat antihiPertensi Pada ensefalOPati hiPertensi Prabowo Presented by Fergiawan Indra
  • 4. definisi Hipertensi ensefalopati adalah sindroma klinis akut reversibel sebagai akibat kenaikan tekanan darah secara tiba-tiba yang ditandai dengan perubahanperubahan neurologis mendadak
  • 11. Kategori Tekanan Darah Sistolik Tekanan Darah Diastolik Normal Dibawah 130 mmHg Dibawah 85 mmHg Normal tinggi 130-139 mmHg 85-89 mmHg 140-159 mmHg 90-99 mmHg 160-179 mmHg 100-109 mmHg 180-209 mmHg 110-119 mmHg 210 mmHg atau lebih 120 mmHg atau lebih Stadium 1 (Hipertensi ringan) Stadium 2 (Hipertensi sedang) Stadium 3 (Hipertensi berat) Stadium 4 (Hipertensi maligna)
  • 13. GEJALA KLINIK ENSEFALOPATI HIPERTENSI • Edema serebri ialah hal yang mendasari timbulnya gejala klinik encephalopati hipertensi. • Gejala klinik yang tampak : 1. Sakit kepala hebat 2. Mual, muntah 3. rasa mengantuk dan bingung 4. Bila tidak segera diobati terjadi kejang dan koma. Gejala yang berat ini terjadi sekitar 24-48 jam.
  • 14. Parameter Hipertensi Mendesak Tekanan darah (mmHg) > 180/120 Gejala Sakit Hipertensi Emergensi >180/120 kepala, kecemasan; Sesak napas, nyeri dada, sering kali tanpa gejala nokturia, dysarthria, kelemahan, kesadaran menurun Pemeriksaan Tidak ada kerusakan organ Ensefalopati, edema paru, target, tidak ada penyakit insufisiensi ginjal, iskemia kardiovaskular Terapi Awasi 1-3 jantung jam; Pasang jalur IV, periksa memulai/teruskan obat oral, laboratorium standar, terapi naikkan dosis Rencana obat IV Periksa ulang dalam 3 hari Rawat ruangan/ICU
  • 15.
  • 17. Kelas Obat  (Nama Dagang) Dosis Penggunaan  Frekuensi Penggunaan/hari (Mg/hari) Diuretik Tiazide 1 12,5-50 1 2-4 1 Indapamide (Lozol†) 1,25-2,5 1 Metalazone (Mykrox) 0,5-1,0 1 Metalazone (Zaroxolyn) 2,5-5 1 Bumetanide (Bumex†) 0,5-2 2 Furosemide (Lasix†) 20-80 2 Torsemid (Demadex†) 2,5-10 1 Amiloride (Midamor†) 5-10 1-2 Triamterene (Dyrenium) 50-100 1-2 Eplerenone (Inspra) 50-100 1 Spironolakton (Aldactone†) Beta bloker 12,5-25 Polythiazide (Renese) Aldosteron Reseptor Bloker 1-2 Hidroklorotiazide (Mikrozide, HidroDIURIL†) Diuretik Hemat Kalium 125-500 Klortalidone (generik) Loop Diuretik Klorotiazide (Diuril) 25-50 1 Atenolol (Tenormin†) 25-100 1 Betaxolol (Kerione†) 5-20 1 Bisoprolol (Zebeta†) 2,5-10 1 Metaprolol (Lopressor†) 50-100 1-2 Metoprolol Extended Release (Toprol XL) 50-100 1 Nadolod (Corgard†) 40-120 1 Propanolol (Indera†l) 40-160 2 Propanolol Long acting (Inderal LA†) 60-180 1 Timolol (Blocadren†) 20-40 2
  • 18. Beta bloker aktivitas Acebutolol (Sectral†) simpatomimetik intrinsik Penbutolol (Levatol) Pindolol (Generik) Kombinasi Alpha dan Beta Carvedilol (Coreg) 200-800 2 10-40 1 10-40 2 12,5-50 2 200-800 2 Bloker Labetolol (Normodyne, Trandate†) ACEI Benazepril (Lotensin†) 10-40 1 Captopril (Capoten†) 25-100 2 Enalapril (Vasotec†) 5-40 1-2 Fosinopril (Monopril) 10-40 1 lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril†) 10-40 1 moexipril (Univasc) 7.5-30 1 perindopril (Aceon) 4-8 1 quinapril (Accupril) 10-80 1 ramipril (Altace) 2.5-20 1 1-4 1 8-32 1 eprosartan (Teveten) 400-800 1-2 irbesartan (Avapro) 150-300 1 losartan (Cozaar) 25-100 1-2 olmesartan (Benicar) 20-40 1 telmisartan (Micardis) 20-80 1 valsartan (Diovan) 80-320 1-2 trandolapril (Mavik) Angiotensin II Antagonis candesartan (Atacand)
  • 19. CCB – Non Dihidropiridin Diltiazem extended release 180-420 1 (Cardizem CD, Dilacor XR, Tiazac†) 120-540 1 diltiazem extended release (Cardizem LA) 80-320 2 verapamil immediate release (Calan, Isoptin†) 120-480 1-2 verapamil long acting (Calan SR, Isoptin SR†) 120-360 1 amlodipine (Norvasc) 2,5-10 1 felodipine (Plendil) 2,5-20 1 isradipine (Dynacirc CR) 2,5-10 2 nicardipine sustained release (Cardene SR) 60-120 2 nifedipine long-acting 30-60 1 (Adalat CC, Procardia XL) 10-40 1 doxazosin (Cardura) 1-16 1 prazosin (Minipress†) 2-20 2-3 terazosin (Hytrin) 1-20 1-2 verapamil—Coer, Covera HS, Verelan PM) CCB- Dihidropiridin nisoldipine (Sular) Alpha 1 Bloker Alpha 2 agonis sentral dan clonidine (Catapres†) 0,1-0,8 2 obat lainnya yang bekerja clonidine patch (Catapres-TTS) 0,1-0,3 1 Minggu methyldopa (Aldomet†) 250-1000 2 reserpine (generic) 0,1-0,25 1 0,5-2 1 hydralazine (Apresoline†) 25-100 2 minoxidil (Loniten†) 2,5-80 1-2 sentral guanfacine (Tenex†) Vasodilator Langsung
  • 21.
  • 22. Obat Sodium nitroprusside Dosis Efek / Lama Kerja Perhatian khusus 0,25-10 mg / kg / menit langsung/2-3 menit setelah Mual, muntah, penggunaan sebagai infus IV infus jangka panjang menyebabkan dapat keracunan tiosianat, methemoglobinemia, asidosis, keracunan sianida. Selang infus lapis perak Nitrogliserin 50-100 mg sebagai infus IV 2-5 min /5-10 min Sakit kepala, takikardia, muntah, , methemoglobinemia; membutuhkan sistem pengiriman khusus karena obat mengikat pipa PVC Nicardipine 5-15 mg / jam sebagai infus 1-5 min/15-30 min Takikardi, mual, muntah, IV sakit kepala, peningkatan tekanan hipotensi intrakranial;
  • 23. Komplikasi Diseksi aorta Obat Pilihan Nitroprusside + esmolol Target Tekanan Darah SBP 110-120 sesegera mungkin AMI, iskemia Nitrogliserin, nitroprusside, Sekunder nicardipine Edema paru untuk bantuan iskemia Nitroprusside, nitrogliserin, 10% -15% dalam 1-2 jam labetalol Gangguan Ginjal Fenoldopam, nitroprusside, 20% -25% dalam 2-3 jam labetalol Kelebihan katekolamin Phentolamine, labetalol 10% -15% dalam 1-2 jam Ensefalopati hipertensi Nitroprusside 20% -25% dalam 2-3 jam Subarachnoid hemorrhage Nitroprusside, nimodipine, 20% -25% dalam 2-3 jam nicardipine Stroke Iskemik nicardipine 0% -20% dalam 6-12 jam
  • 25. DAFTAR PUSTAKA • Alpert J. S, Rippe J.M. 2005. Hypertensive Crisis in manual of Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy, Asean Edition Little Brown and Coy Boston, 149-60. • Calhoun D.A, Oparil . S ; 2000 : Treatmenet of Hypertensive Crisis, New Engl J Med, 323 : 1177-83. • Gifford R.W, 2001 : Management of Hypertensive Crisis, JAMA SEA,266; 39-45. • Houston MC ; 1989 : Pathoplysiology Clinical Aspects and treatment Dis, 32, 99-148. • National Institutes of Health. 2007. The sixth report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. NIH Publication.