This document discusses examinations of cranial nerve III, light reflex, and time effects on the frontal lobe. It describes testing pupil dilation and ptosis in cranial nerve III examination. For light reflex examination, it notes following an object with the eyes to check eye movements. For the frontal lobe, it mentions that lesions can cause looking toward the side of damage or looking away from the side of a seizure focus. Frontal lobe syndromes can involve abulia, dementia, and personality changes.

1. Pemeriksaan N III, Reflex
Cahaya, dan Efek Masa
pada Lobus Frontal
Gigih AdityaW- HAY

2. Pemeriksaan
CN III
 Pupil: The pupil dilates and becomes ‘fixed’ to light.
 Lindsay KW, Bone I, Fuller G. Neurology Neurosurgery Illustrated. 5th ed. Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-0-443-06957-4

3. Pemeriksaan
CN III
 Ptosis: Ptosis is present if the eyelid droops over the pupil when
the eyes are fully open. Since the levator palpebrae muscle
contains both skeletal and smooth muscle, ptosis signifies either a
III nerve palsy or a sympathetic lesion and is more prominent with
the former.
 Lindsay KW, Bone I, Fuller G. Neurology Neurosurgery Illustrated. 5th ed. Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-0-443-06957-4

4. Pemeriksaan
CN III
 Ocular movement
 Steady the patient’s head and ask him to follow an object held at
arm’s length.Observe the full range of horizontal and vertical eye
movements.
 Note any malalignment or limitation of range.
 Examine eye movements in the six different directions of gaze
representing maximal individual muscle strength.
 Lindsay KW, Bone I, Fuller G. Neurology Neurosurgery Illustrated. 5th ed. Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-0-443-06957-4

5. Pemeriksaan
ReflexCahaya
 Lindsay KW, Bone I, Fuller G. Neurology Neurosurgery Illustrated. 5th ed. Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-0-443-06957-4

6. Efek Masa
pada Lobus
Frontal
 frontal lobe lesion (frontal center for contralateral gaze): looks
toward side of destructive lesion (away from hemiparesis). Looks
away from side of seizure focus (looks at jerking side), may be
status epilepticus.
 frontal lobe syndrome: abulia, dementia, personality changes.
Often non lateralizing, but apraxia, hemiparesis or dysphasia (with
dominant hemisphere involvement) may occur
 Greeenberg MS. Handbook of Neurosurgery 9th Edition.Thieme. 2020