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1. MODLES OF POLICY ANALYSIS

2. TOPICS TO BE COVERED
• DEFINING “ MODELS” AND “POLICY
ANALYSIS”
• APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY
• OVERALL VIEW OF DIFFERENT MODELS

3. DEFINITIONS
APPROACH
APPROACHES ARE BROAD PATHWAYS TO
UNDERSTAND A THEME OR SUBJECT
IT IS A SCHOLARLY STARTEGY OR MODE OF
ANALYSIS WHICH PROVIDES A SET OF
INTELLECTUAL TOOLS FOR THE STUDY AND
UMDERSTANDING OF POLITICAL PHENOMENON

4. DEFINITIONS
APPROACH
IT MAY IN ITSELF CONSTITUTE A MAJOR BODY OF
THOERY OR IT MAY TAKE THE FORM OF A
SIMULATION MODEL
THE OBJECTIVE OF AN APPROACH IS TO GIVE
ORDER TO A DIVERSE RANGE OF POLITICAL
PHENOMENON BY FITTING WITHIN A LIMITED SET OF
CONCEPTS

5. DEFINITIONS
MODELS
MODEL IS A WORKING INTELLECTUAL CONSTRUCT
BY WHICH SOCIAL OR PHYSICAL SITUATIONS, REAL
OR HYPOTHETICAL, CAN BE REPRESENTED
THE MENTAL IMAGE OF WORLD AROUND YOU WHICH
YOU CARRY IN YOUR HEAD IS MODEL. A MENTAL
IMAGE IS MODEL
A MODEL IS SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTAION OF SOME
ASPECT OF REAL WORLD

6. DEFINITIONS
POLICY ANALYSIS
POLICY ANALYSIS IS A SYSTEMATIC AND DATA
BASED ALTERNATIVE TO INTUTIVE JUDGEMENTS
ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF POLICY AND POLICY
OPTIONS
POLICY ANALYSIS AS THE “THINKING MAN’S
RESPONSE” TO DEMANDS

7. DEFINITIONS
POLICY ANALYSIS
IT INVOLVES :
1. A PRIMARY CONCERN WITH EXPLANATION
RATHER THAN PRECRIPTION
2. A RIGOROUS SEARH FOR THE CAUSES AND
CONSEQUENCES OF PUBLIC POLICIES
3. AN EFFORT TO DEVELOP AND TEST GENERAL
PROPOSITIONS ABOUT THE CAUSES AND
CONSEQUENCES OF PUBLIC POLICY AND TO
ACULUMATE RELAIBLE RESEARCH FINDINGS OF
GENERAL RELEVANCE

8. DEFINITIONS
POLICY ANALYSIS
IT PROVIDES ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS THAT ARE
DESINATIVE ( WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND
CONSEQUENCES OF POLICIES ?) , EVALUATIVE ( OF
WHAT VALUE ARE POLICIES ?) AND ADVOCATIVE (
WHAT POLICIES SHOULD BE ADOPTED ?)
POLICY ANALYSIS CONSISTS OF NOT ONLY
EXAMINING AND BRINGING IMPROVEMENTS IN
FORMULATING POLICIES BUT ALSO THE EVALUATION
OF THE CHOICES AND OUTCOMES OF THE POLICIES

9. DEFINITIONS
POLICY ANALYSIS
POLICY ANALYSIS AS THE KNOWLEDGE OF
PROCESSES BY WHICH POLICY IS FORMULATED,
IMPLEMENTED, AND EVALUATED ; STRATEGIES OF
OPTIMISATION AND SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVES ;
AND DISTINCT ATTRIBUTES OF POLICY REALTIVE TO
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL AREAS
POLICY ANALYSIS IS CONCERNED WITH FACTS,
VALUES, AND ACTIONS . IT IS IMPIRICAL AS WELL AS
NORMATIVE

10. DEFINITIONS
POLICY ANALYSIS HAS TO ANSWER THESE THREE
QUESTIONS :
• VALUES WHOSE ATTAINMENT IS THE MAIN TESTOF
A WHETHER A PROBLEM HAS BEEN RESOLVED
• FACTS WHOSE PRESENCE MAY LIMIT OR
ENHANCE THE ATTAINMENT OF VALUES
• ACTIONS WHOSEADOPTION MAY RESULT IN
ATTAINMENT OF VALUES AND RESLOLUTION OF
PROBLEMS

11. APPROACHES TO POLICY ANALYSIS
THREE GENERAL APPROACHES
1. Analycentric approach : It focuses on individual
problems and solutions ; its scope is micro-scale and
its outcome is of technical nature. Its aim is to identify
the most effective and efficient solution in technical
and economic terms
2. Policy process approach : Its focus is political
process and stakeholders ; scope is meso –scale and
outcome is of political nature
3.Meta-policy approach : It is a system and context
approach ; scope macro-scale and outcome is of
structural nature

12. METHODOLOGY
It includes :
• Qualitative methods
• Quantitative methods
• Case studies
• Survey research
• Statistical analysis
• Model building
One common methodology to define the problem and
evaluation criteria ; identify all alternatives ; evaluate them ;
and come out with best policy

13. MODELS FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
MODELS TRY TO :
• SIMPLIFY AND CLARIFY OUR THINKING ABOUT
POLITICS AND PUBLIC POLICY
• IDENTIFY IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF POLICY
PROBLEMS
• HELP US TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER BY
FOCUSSING ON ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF
POLITICAL LIFE
• DIRECT OUR EFFORTS TO UNDERSATND PUBLIC
POLICY BETTER BY SUGGESTING WHAT IS
IMPORATNT AND WHAT IS UNIMPORATNT
• SUGGEST EXPLANATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY
AND PREDICT ITS CONSEQUENCES

14. MODELS FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
DIFFERENT MODELS
• INSTITUTIONAL MODEL
• PROCESS MODEL
• RATIONAL MODEL
• INCREMENTAL MODEL
• GROUP MODEL
• ELITE MODEL
• PUBLIC CHOICE MODEL
• GAME THOERY MODEL

15. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
INSTITUTIONAL MODEL
• POLICY AS INSTITUTIONAL OUTPUT
• THIS APPROACH DID NOT DEVOTE MUCH
ATTENTION TO THE LINKAGES BETWEEN
STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
AND CONTENT OF PUBLIC POLICY
• IT WAS ASSUMED THAT CHANGES IN STRUCTURE
WILL EFFECT POLICY CONTENTS
• THE REALITY IS THAT BOTH STRUCTURE AND
POLICY ARE LARGELY DETERMINED BY SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC FORCES

16. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
PROCESS MODEL
• IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES
• SETTING AGENDA
• FORMULATION OF POLICY PROPOSALS
• LEGITIMISATION OF POLICY
• IMPLEMENTAION
• EVALUATION
THIS MODEL CRTICISED FOR BEING LINEAR AND
SIMPLISTIC. IN REAL WORLD STAGES OF POLICY
PROCESS MAY OVERLAP OR NEVER HAPPEN

17. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
RATIONAL MODEL
• RATIONAL POLICY AIMS TO ACHIEVE “MAXIMUM
SOCIAL GAIN”
• POLICIES RESULTING IN GAINS TO THE SOCIETY
THAT EXCEED COST BY THE GREATEST AMOUNT
• POLICY IS RATIONAL WHEN THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE VALUE IT ACHIEVES AND THE
VALUE IT SACRIFICES IS POSITIVE AND GREATER
THAN ANY POLICY ALTERNATIVE

18. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
RATIONAL MODEL
• RATIONALISM INVOLVES THE CALCULATION OF ALL SOCIAL,
POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC VALUES SACRIFICED OR ACHIEVED NOT
THAT CAN BE MEASURED IN MONETRY TERMS
THIS REQUIRES THAT POLICY MAKER MUST KNOW :
• ALL THE SOCIETY’S VALUE PREFERENCES AND THEIR RELATIVE
WEIGHTS
• ALL POLICY ALTERNATIVES AVAILABLE
• ALL THE CONSEQUENCES OF EACH ALTERNATIVE
• CALCULATE THE RATIO OF BENEFITS TO COST FOR EACH
• ALTERNATIVE
• SELECT THE MOST EFFICIENT POLICY ALTERNATIVE

19. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
BARRIERS TO RATIONAL MODEL
1. NO SOCIAL BENEFITS ARE USUALLY AGREED BUT ONLY
BENEFITS TO SPECIFIC GROUPS
2. MANY CONFLICTING COSTS AND BENEFITS CANNOT BE
COMAPRED OR WIEGHTED
3. POLICYMAKERS ARE NOT MOTIVATED TO MAKE DECISIONS ON
THE BASIS OF SOCIETAL GOALS
4. POLICY MAKERS ARE NOT MOTIVATED TO MAXIMISE NET SOCIAL
GAINS BUT MERELY TO SATISFY DEMANDS OF PROGRESS
5. LARGE INVESTMENTS IN EXISITING POLICIES PREVENT THEM TO
SEARCH ALTERNATIVES
6. INNUMERABLE BARRIERS IN COLLECTING INFORMATION

20. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
BARRIERS TO RATIONAL MODEL
7. PREDICTIVE CAPACITIES OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL AND
PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ARE LIMITED MAKING IT
DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND FULL BENEFITS OR COST OF POLICY
ALTERNATIVES
8. UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVES
COMPELS POLICY MAKERS TO STICK CLOSELY TO PREVIOUS
POLICIES
9. SEGEMENTALISED NATURE OF POLICYMAKING IN LARGE
BUREAUCRACIES MAKE COCORDINATION AND INFORMATION OF
RELEVANT INPUTS VERY DIFFICULT

21. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
RATIONAL MODEL
SO MANY BARRIERS IN RATIONAL DECISION MAKING,
IT RARELY TAKES PLACE IN GOVERNENMENT
MODEL REMAINS IMPORTANT FOR ANALYTIC
PURPOSE AND IT ASSISTS IN POSING RIGHT
QUESTIONS

22. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
INCREMENTAL MODEL
• UNDER THIS MODEL POLICY IS CONTINUATION OF
PREVOIUS POLICY WITH MINIMUM CHANGES
• EXISITING PROGRAMMES, POLICIES AND
EXPENDITURES ARE CONSIDERED ARE AS BASE
• POLICY MAKERS ACCEPT THE LEGITIMACY OF
PREVIOUS POLICIES BECAUSE OF THE
UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF
THE NEW POLICIES

23. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
GROUP MODEL
• UNDER THIS MODEL,INTERACTION AMONG
GROUPS IS REGARDED AS CENTRAL FACT OF
POLICY MAKING
• PUBLIC POLICY AT ANY GIVEN TIME IS THE
EQUILIBRIUM REACHED IN GROUP STRUGGLE
• GROUP MODELREGARDS ALL MEANINGFUL,
POLITICAL ACTIVITY IN TERMS OF GROUP
STRUGGLE

24. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
ELITE MODEL
PUBLIC POLICIES VIEWED AS PREFERENCES AND
VALUES OF GOVERNING ELITE
POLICIES FLOW DOWN-WARD FROM ELITESTO
MASSES; THEY DON’T ARISE FROM MASS DEMANDS

25. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
PUBLIC CHOICE MODEL
• THIS MODEL ASSUMES THAT ALL POLITICAL
ACTORS , VOTERS, TAXPAYERS, LEGISLATURES,
BUREAUCRATS, PARTIES ETC. SEEK TO MAXIMISE
THEIR PERSONAL BENEFITS IN POLITICS AS IN
MARKET PLACE
• INDIVIDUALS COME TOGETHER IN POLITICS FOR
THEIR MUTUAL BENEFIT, JUST AS THEY COME
TOGETHER IN MARKET PLACE

26. MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
GAME THEORY MODEL
• IT IS STUDY OF RATIONAL DECISIONS IN SITUATIONS
IN WHICH TWO OR MOREPARTICIPANTS HAVE
CHOICES TO MAKE AND OUTCOME DEPENDS ON THE
CHOICES MADE BY EACH
• GAME THEORY IS AN ABSTRACT AND DEDUCTIVE
MODEL OF POLICY MAKING
• IT DOES NOT DESCRIBE HOW PEOPLE ACTUALLY
MAKE DECISIONS BUT RATHER HOW THEY SHOULD
GO ABOUT MAKING DECISIONS IN COMPETITIVE
SITUATIONS IF THEY ARE RATIONAL

27. USEFULNESS OF MODELS
• ORDER AND SIMPLIFY REALITY
• IDENTIFY WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT
• BE CONGRUENT WITH REALITY
• PROVIDE MEANIGFUL COMMUNICATION
• DIRECT ENQUIRY AND RESEARCH
• SUGGEST EXPLANATIONS

28. CONCLUSION
• MODELS ARE NOT COMPETITIVE ; ANY ONE OF
THEM COULD NOT BE JUDGED BEST
• EACH ONE PROVIDES A SEPARATE FOCUS
AND EACH CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND
DIFFERENT THINGS ABOUT PUBLIC POLICY
• MOST POLICIES ARE COMBINATION OF
RATIONAL PLANNING, INCREMENTALISM,
INTEREST GROUP ACTIVITY, ELITE
PREFERENCE, GAME PLAYING, PUBLIC
CHOICES,AND INSTITUTIONAL PREFERENCES