2. The famous scholar, Ralph Tyler argued
that anything that is to be taught in
the classroom must be subjected to a
psychological “screen” to
evaluate their congruence to what
psychology says about human learning
processes. The
psychological foundation tries to
answer the question “How should the
curriculum be organized to
enhance learning?”
3. Concepts to be Covered
Behaviorism Cognitivism Humanism Constructivism
• John B. Watson
• Ivan Pavlov
• B.F skinner
• Edward
Thorndike
• Jean Piaget
• Albert Ausubel
• Max Wertheimer,
Wolfgang Kohler,
Kurt Koffka
• George Miller
• Abraham Maslow
• Jean Paul Sartre
• Rudolf Steiner
• Maria
Montessori
• Jerome Bruner
• John Dewey
4. John B. Watson
BEHAVIORISM
He believed strongly
that a child's
environment is the
factor that shapes
behaviors
over their genetic
make-up or natural
temperament.
5. Ivan Pavlov
BEHAVIORISM
He studied the behavior
of dogs and develop a
theory of classical
conditioning,
which explains how people
associate two stimuli in
their minds and react to
one
of them as though it was
the other.
6. Example
Behaviorism
First the dogs were presented with
the food, they salivated. The food
was the unconditioned stimulus and
salivation was an unconditioned
(innate) response. Then Pavlov
sounded the bell (neutral stimulus)
before giving the food.
After a few pairings the dogs
salivated when they heard the bell
even when no food was given. The bell
had become the conditioned stimulus
and salivation had become the
conditioned response.
7. B.F skinner
BEHAVIORISM
He developed the theory
of operant conditioning:
the Idea that behavior is
determined by it's
consequences, be they
reinforcements or
punishments, which
make it more or less likely
that the behavior will
occur again.
9. Edward
Thorndike
BEHAVIORISM
The learning theory of
Thorndike represents the
original S-R framework of
behavioral psychology:
Learning is the result of
associations forming
between
stimuli and responses.
10. *
• 1. Law of Readiness - A series of responses can be chained
together to satisfy
some goals which can result in annoyance if blocked
2. Law of Exercise - Connections become strengthened when
practice.
3. Law of Effect - responses to a situation which are followed
by a rewarding
state of affairs will be strengthened and become habitual
responses to that
situation
3 Primary Laws
11. Jean Piaget
Cognitivism
Jean Piaget developed
the cognitive development
theory which proposed
that human’s developed
cognitively following the
stages below:
o Sensorimotor
o Preoperational
o Concrete operational.
o Formal operational
12. Albert Ausubel
Cognitivism
Ausubel's theory of
meaningful learning. This
theory of learning claims
that new
concepts to be learned
can be incorporated into
more inclusive concepts
or ideas
and these more inclusive
concepts or ideas are
advance organizers.
13. Max Wertheimer,
Wolfgang Kohler,
Kurt Koffka
Cognitivism
• Gestalt Theory
• Their contributions to
the study of the learning
process and problem-
solving.
• Elaboration of some
basic laws that govern
our perception (
Wertheimer )
14. Gestalt Theory
Cognitivism
Gestalt is a German word that
roughly means "configuration"
or the way things are put
together to form a whole
object. When trying to make
sense of the world around us,
Gestalt psychology suggests
that we do not simply focus on
every small component. Instead,
our minds tend to perceive
objects as elements of more
complex systems.
15. George Miller
Cognitivism
He developed the
information processing
theory that focuses on
the idea that humans
process the information
they receive from the
environment, in the
manner of a computer,
rather than merely
responding to stimuli.
16. Abraham
Maslow
Humanism
He proposed a Hierarchy
of needs where a person
must met first his/her
needs
and it starts with the;
Physiological Needs,
Safety Needs, love and
belongingness
, Esteem, and Self-
Actualization
17.
18. Jean Paul
Sartre
Humanism
He was known for
Existentialism is a
humanism, that “existence
is essence”
means that we are the
one making meaning to
our lives.
19. Rudolf Steiner
Humanism
He proposed a method of
education that is known
today as Waldorf
school of education that
develop the children in a
holistic manner.
20. Maria
Montessori
Costructivism
She proposed a theory
that supports a child's
development learning. Her
foundation principles
including Independence,
Observation, following
the child,
prepared environment,
and abstract mind.
21. Jerome Bruner
Constructivism
He proposed the modes of
representation which
focuses on how a child’s
knowledge is represented
and organized through
the different modes of
thinking.
This includes the enactive
(visual), iconic (symbols),
and symbolic (words).
23. John Dewey
Constructivism
He proposed the theory
where a child learns more
by experiential learning.
That
instead of a teacher
centered he transposed
it to learner-centered.
