As leading one-stop PCB Assembly services provider in China, Hitech Group offers high quality, cost effective, express PCB board products and provides PCB manufacturing, electronics assembly manufacturing, components sourcing, Box build assembly and PCBA testing services for our customers. For low volume PCB assembly projects, our quick turn PCB assembly delivery time goes from 8 hours to 48 hours when components are ready. No matter you are an electrical engineer, a product designer, a system integrator or a maker looking for PCB fabrication and PCB assembly, or PCB manufacturing and assembly, or electronic assembly services (electronic PCB assembly) ,or a low cost PCB assembly house, Hitech Circuits PCB assembly team will be your perfect PCB assembly house in China.

1. PCB Assembly, PCB Manufacturing & Electronic
Assembly service & electronics manufacturing
company – Hitech Circuits Co., Limited
As leading one-stop PCB Assembly services provider in China, Hitech Group offers
high quality, cost effective, express PCB board products and provides PCB
manufacturing, electronics assembly manufacturing, components sourcing, Box
build assembly and PCBA testing services for our customers.
For low volume PCB assembly projects, our quick turn PCB assembly delivery time
goes from 8 hours to 48 hours when components are ready.
No matter you are an electrical engineer, a product designer, a system integrator
or a maker looking for PCB fabrication and PCB assembly, or PCB manufacturing
and assembly, or electronic assembly services (electronic PCB assembly) ,or a low
cost PCB assembly house, Hitech Circuits PCB assembly team will be your perfect
PCB assembly house in China.

2. What is PCB Assembly?
It’s the step in the manufacturing process in which you populate a blank board with
the electronic components needed to make it into a functional printed circuit board.
It’s these components that make a board into the circuit that enables an electronic
product to function. PCB assembly typically takes place via one of two processes:
1. Surface-mount technology
SMT: SMT stands for “Surface Mount Technology“. The SMT components are very
small sizes and comes in various packages like 0201, 0402, 0603, 1608 packages for
resistors and capacitors. Similarly for Integrated circuits ICs we have SOIC, TSSOP,
QFP and BGA.
The SMT components assembly is very difficult for human hands and can be time
taking process so it is mostly done by automated pick and place machine.
2. Through-hole manufacturing
THT: THT stands for “Through hole Technology”. The components with leads and
wires, like resistors, capacitors, inductors, PDIP ICs, transformers, transistors, IGBTs,
MOSFETS are example.

3. The component has to be inserted on one side of PCB and pulled by leg on other side
and cut the leg and solder it. The THT components assembly is usually done by hand
soldering and is relatively easy.
Printed Circuit Board Assembly Techniques
There are only two common PCBA techniques available for use by a PCB designer.
The methods are:
1. Automated PCB Assembly Techniques
Generally, this technique employs the use of state of the art machines, which are
fully automatic. For example, the surface mount components are worth
positioning with the aid of an automated pick and place machine.
Again, reflow soldering is commonly for surface mount components usually done
in a reflow oven. An automated solder stencil is also used to apply the solder
paste on the PCB.
Finally, high tech inspection machines are used to confirm and check the quality of
the PCBA. Some of which include: Automated optical inspection machine (AOI), X-
ray inspection machines, etc.
Above all, due to the precise monitoring, control of soldering, no human input and
versatile machines.
This technique ensures utmost efficiency, output consistencies, and limits defects.
2. Manual PCB Assembly Techniques
This method is favorite for use with through-hole parts, which needs manual
placement on the board. Besides, with these through-hole parts, it’s advisable
you use wave soldering. Note that in the through- hole assembly process, you

4. need to place the components and electronics on the PCB.
After that, you use wave soldering to solder the leads. Typically, you will need an
individual to insert a component into a marked PTH. Once done, transfer the PCB
to the next station where the next person will be on standby tasked with fixing
another part.
What are the Benefits of SMT PCB Assembly?
SMT assembly provides many benefits and some of them are as follows:

5. It can be used to incorporate small components.
In SMT, the components can be placed on both sides of the board.
It assures high component densities.
Fewer holes need to be drilled for surface mounting than through-hole.
It require low initial costs and time for setting up the mass production.
SMT is the simpler and faster-automated assembly when compared to through-hole.
Errors regarding the component placement can be easily rectified.
Surface mount PCBs feature strong joints, which can easily withstand vibrations.
What are the techniques used in Surface Mount
Technology?
There are several techniques for the reflow process. After applying the solder paste or
a flux mixture on the board and after placing the components, the boards are
conveyed to a reflow soldering oven. The techniques used for reflowing soldering
include infrared lamps, hot gas convection, fluorocarbon liquids with a high boiling
point, and so on.
What are the different testing methods used in SMT
PCB Assembly?
Hitech Circuits as the PCB assembly manufacturer, we perform the following testing
and inspection to ensure the quality of surface mount PCBs.
Automated Optical Inspection (AOI): This is performed before and after the soldering
to identify the component placement, presence, and solder quality.
X-ray Testing: In this type of testing, the operator relies on the X-ray images of the
PCB to check the solder joints and lead-less components such as Quad Flat Packs and
ball grid arrays, which are generally not visible to naked eyes.
In-Circuit Testing (ICT): This method is used to detect manufacturing defects by
testing the electrical properties in the SMT Assembly.
What type of files or documents should I send for
SMT PCB Assembly?
Gerber Files: The file contains all details of physical board layers including solder
masks, copper layers, drill data, legends, and so on.
Bill of Materials (BOM): This contains information on the list of items needed for the
PCB manufacturing and the instructions of manufacturing.

6. Pick and Place File: This file contains information on all components to be used in
the PCB design and their rotation and X-Y coordinates.
The whole process of PCB Assembly
1. Bare board loader machine

7. The first step in the PCB assembly is to arrange the bare boards on the rack, and the
machine will automatically send the boards one by one into the SMT assembly line.
2. Printing solder paste
When PCB on the SMT production line, firstly, we have to print solder paste on it,
and the solder paste will be printed on the pads of the PCB. These solder pastes will
be melt and solder the electronic parts to the circuit board when it passes through the
high-temperature reflow oven.
In addition, when testing new products, some people will use film board/adhesive
cardboard instead of solder paste, which can increase the efficiency for adjusting the
SMT machines.
3. Solder paste inspection machine(SPI)
Since the quality of solder paste printing is related to the quality of welding of
subsequent parts, some SMT factories will use optical machine to check the quality of
solder paste after printed the solder paste in order to ensure stable quality. If there any
poorly printed solder paste board, we will wash off the solder paste on it and reprint,
or remove the excess solder paste if there is redundant solder paste on it.
4. High speed SMT machine
Usually, we will put some small electronic parts (such as small resistors, capacitors,
and inductors) to be printed on the circuit board first, and these parts will be slightly
stuck by the solder paste just printed on the circuit board, so even if the speed of
printing is very fast and the parts on the board will not fall away. But large parts are
not suitable for use in such high speed SMT machines, which will slow down the
speed of small parts assembly. And the parts will be shifted from the original position
due to the rapid movement of the board.
5. Universal SMT machine
Universal SMT machine is also known as "slow machine", it will be assembled some
large electronic components, such as BGA IC, connectors, etc., these parts need more
accurate positions, so the alignment is very important. Use a camera to take a picture
to confirm the position of the parts, so the speed is much slower than High speed
SMT machine we taked before. Due to the size of the components here, not all of
them are packed in tape and reel, and some may be packed in trays or tubes. But if
you want the SMT machine to recognize the trays or tube-shaped packaging
materials, you must configure an additional machine.
Generally, traditional SMT machines are using the principle of suction to move
electronic parts, and in order to place the parts successfully, and there must be the flat
surface on these electronic components for the suction nozzle of the SMT machine to

8. absorb. However, for some electronic parts don’t have a flat surface for these
machines, and it is necessary to order special nozzles for these special-shaped parts,
or add a flat tape on the parts, or wear a flat cap for thees electronic parts.
6. Manual parts or visual inspection
After assembled all parts by the high speed SMT machine or Universal SMT machine
and before going through the high-temperature reflow oven, and we will set up a
visual inspection station here and to pick out the deviation parts or missing
components boards etc., because we have to use a soldering iron to repair if there are
still defectives boards after passing the high-temperature oven, which will affect the
quality of the product and will also increase the cost. in addition, for some larger
electronic parts or traditional DIP parts or some special reasons cannot be processed
by the SMT machine before, they will be manually placed on pcb here.
7. Reflow oven
The purpose of reflow oven is to melt the solder paste and form a non-metallic
compound on the component feet and the circuit board, that means to solder electronic
components on the circuit board. The temperature rise and fall curves often affect the
soldering quality of the entire circuit board. According to the characteristics of the
solder materials, usually the reflow oven will set the preheating zone, soaking zone,
reflow zone, and cooling zone to achieve the best soldering effect.
For example, the melting point for SAC305 solder paste with lead-free is about
217°C, which means that the temperature of the reflow oven must be higher than the
melting points to remelt the solder paste. What's more, the maximum temperature in
the reflow furnace should not exceed 250°C, otherwise many parts will be deformed
or melted because they cannot withstand such a high temperature.
Basically, after the pcb passed through the reflow oven, the assembly for the entire
circuit board is almost complete. If there are hand-soldered parts, we need to transfer
to DIP process, and then we have to check the quality after reflow oven by QC
department.

9. 8. Automatic optical inspection(AOI)
The main purpose of setting up AOI is because some high density boards can’t be
process the following ICT test, so we used AOI inspection to replace it. But even
using AOI inspections, there still have the blind spots for such checking, for example,
the solder pads under the components cannot be checked by AOI. At present, it can
only check whether the parts have side standing issue, missing parts, displacement,
polarity direction, solder bridges, lack of soldering etc., but cannot checking the BGA
solderability, resistance value, capacitance value, inductance value and other
components quality, so far AOI inspection can’t completely replace ICT test.
Therefore, there is still some risk if only AOI inspection is used to replace ICT
testing, but ICT test is also not 100% make sure the good quality, we suggest these
two ways can be combined with together to make sure the good quality.
9. PCB unloader machine
After the board is fully assembled, it will be retracted to the unloder machine, which
has been designed to allow the SMT machine to automatically pick and place the
board without damaging the quality for PCB.
10. Visual inspection for finished products
Normally there will be a visual inspection area in our SMT production line whether
there is an AOI station or not, and it will help to check if there are any defectives after

10. completed assembled the pcbs. If there is an AOI station, it can reduce the visual
inspection worker on our SMT line, and to reduce the potential cost, and because it is
still necessary to check some places that cannot be judged by AOI, many SMT
factories will provide the mainly visual inspection templates at this station, which is
convenient for visual inspection worker to inspect some key parts and polarity for
components.
11. DIP process
DIP process is a very important process in the whole PCBA processing, and the
processing quality will directly affect the functional for PCBA boards, so it is
necessary to pay more attention to the DIP process. There are many preliminary
preparations for DIP process. The basic process is to re-process the electronic
components first, like to cut the extra pins for some DIP components, our staff
received the components according to the BOM list, and will check whether the
material part numbers and specifications are correct or not, and performs pre-
production pre-processing according to the PCBA samples. The steps are: Use various
related equipment (automatic capacitor pins cutting machine, jumper bending
machine, diode and triode automatic forming machine, automatic belt forming
machine and other machines) for processing.
12. ICT test
Printed Circuit board open/short circuit test (ICT, In-Circuit Test), The purpose of
ICT test is mainly to test whether the components and circuits on the printed circuit
board are open or short issues. It can also measure the basic characteristics of most
components, such as resistance, capacitance, and inductance values to judge whether
the functions of these parts are damaged, wrong parts or missing parts etc. after
passing through the high-temperature reflow oven.
ICT test machines are divided into advanced and basic machines. The basic ICT test
machines are generally called MDA (Manufacturing Defect Analyzer). It’s just to
measure the basic characteristics of electronic components and judge open and short
circuits issue we talked above.
In addition to all the functions of the basic ICT test machines, for advanced ICT test
machine can also test the whole PCBA by using power, start to testing the PCBA
boards by setting the program in the test machine. The advantage is that it can
simulate the function of the printed circuit board under the actual power-on condition,
this test can partly replace the following functional test machine (Function Test). But
the cost for the test fixture of this advanced ICT test can probably buy a car, it’s too
expensive and we suggest it can be used in mass production products.
13. PCBA function test

11. Functional testing is to make up for the ICT test, because ICT only tests the open and
short circuits on the the PCBA board, and other functions such as BGA and other
fuctions are not tested, so it is necessary to use a functional testing machine to test all
functions on the whole PCBA board.
14. Cutting board (assembly board de-panel)
Normally, printed circuit boards will be produced in panel, and it will be
assembled to increase the efficiency of SMT production. It means several single
boards in one panel, such as two-in-one, four-in-one etc. After finished all the pcb
assembly process, it needs to be cut into single boards, and for some printed
circuit boards with only single boards also need to cut off some redundant board
edges.
There are several ways to cut the printed circuit board. You can design the V-cut
using the blade cutting machine (Scoring) or directly manually break off the board
(not recommended). For more high density circuit boards, it will be used the
professional splitting machine or the router to split the board without any damage
the electronic components and printed circuit boards, but the cost and working
hours will be a little longer.

12. Why Choose Hitech Circuits PCB Assembly
Manufacturer for Your PCB Assembly Projects?

13. There are several PCB manufacturers specializing in PCB assemblyservices.
However, Hitech Circuits PCB Assembly stands out owing to the following:
Assistance in Material Procurement:
Technically, in PCB assembly services, the quality of parts is the responsibility of the
OEM; however, we ease your job by assisting you to make the right selection. We can
help you procure all your parts of the same type own a single part number, thanks to
our supply chain and vendor network as well as experience. This saves time and cost
that goes in ordering single parts as you plan.
Testing procedures:
We are very focused on quality and thus implement stringent testing procedures at
each stage of the assembly and after completion.
Fast Turnaround Times:
Our well-equipped facility and the right tools enable us to complete your requirements
well before time, and without compromising on the quality or functioning of the
PCBs. For simple designs we revert in 24 to 48 hours.
Cost Effectiveness:
While PCB assembly is a cost-effective alternative, we go a step further and assure
that the parts you list are of a good quality and suitable for your requirement. Also,
you can control the part flow and replenish them as needed. This eliminates the need
to buy extra stock and store it.
Quick Quote:
We offer a quick quote based on your BOM. All you need is a detailed BOM, Gerber
files, your application requirement sheet, and quantity.
We’re not one to stand still, which is why we use the latest equipment and the finest
minds to create your PCB projects. We’re constantly keeping our finger on the pulse
of the latest trends. And as a result, we know how to deliver the highest standards of
PCB assembly to meet all your requirements.

14. Our dedicated, friendly customer service team also means that we support you every
step of the way. Offering our expert guidance to ensure a complete PCB project that
you’re happy with.
Website: https://www.hitechpcba.com/pcb-assembly
https://www.htmpcb.com/
https://www.hitechpcba.com/
https://hitechcircuits.com/
Email: sales10@hitechpcb.com