The document discusses the evolution of anti-corruption laws in India from the Indian Penal Code of 1862 to the current Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988. It provides details on:
1) How the IPC initially dealt with offenses related to corruption of public servants in Sections 161-165.
2) The introduction of the first Prevention of Corruption Act in 1947 to make more effective provisions against bribery and corruption.
3) The consolidation and repeal of previous laws through the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988, which defined new offenses and punishments related to corruption.
4) An overview of key sections of the 1988 Act related to offenses of public servants taking bribes, abet
The document summarizes the evolution of anti-corruption laws in India. It discusses how the Indian Penal Code of 1862 was supplemented by the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1947 to define criminal misconduct. The PC Act was further expanded in 1988 and recently amended in 2018. The key amendments in 2018 include narrowing the definition of criminal misconduct, introducing time limits for trial completion, and provisions targeting bribery by commercial organizations.
The document discusses the differences between mandatory and directory provisions in statutes. Mandatory provisions must be strictly followed and non-performance can result in sanctions, while directory provisions are discretionary and non-performance does not result in sanctions. Whether a provision is mandatory or directory depends on the language used and legislative intent gathered from the context and purpose. Key factors include whether a time limit is specified, if public or private duties are involved, and if the consequences of non-compliance undermine the statute's objectives. There are no absolute rules and each case must be evaluated based on its specific circumstances.
The TN Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on land) Act, 1961.pptxRoshiniSundarrasu
The Slide Share is about, The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of ceiling on land) Act, 1961 which will help the Tamil Nadu based Law students to learn Land Laws more efficiently with respect to exam point of view.
The document defines a First Information Report (FIR) and outlines related procedures. An FIR is the earliest information about a cognizable crime recorded by the police. It can be filed by any person with knowledge of the crime. The FIR must be registered by the police at the local police station where the crime occurred. Guidelines provide that FIR registration is mandatory for cognizable offenses, while preliminary inquiries may be conducted for other cases to determine jurisdiction. Reasons must be provided if there is any delay or refusal to register an FIR. Online filing of FIRs is also available in some states for cognizable offenses.
This document defines and explains the concept of bail under Indian law. It begins by defining bail as the entrustment of an accused person to sureties who will produce the accused in court when required. The purpose of bail is to secure the accused's presence at trial while allowing them liberty before being proven guilty. Bailable offenses are punishable by less than 3 years imprisonment or fine only, while non-bailable offenses are punishable by death, life imprisonment, or over 7 years. The document outlines the process for obtaining bail and conditions for granting bail. It concludes by summarizing relevant sections of the Indian Code of Criminal Procedure relating to bail and bonds.
The document discusses the processes of investigation and trial of offences in India. It explains that the police register an FIR and conduct investigations upon receiving information about a cognizable offence. The police then files a police report with the statements and evidence collected before the local magistrate. The magistrate can then take cognizance of the case and either discharge the accused or frame charges and set a date to begin the trial and examination of prosecution and defense witnesses. After considering all evidence presented, the magistrate will then deliver a verdict of acquittal or conviction and determine the sentence if the accused is found guilty.
This ppt gives a structured answer as to the elements of crime and its application in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860. It describes how the different sections of IPC are based on the 4 elements of crime i.e. human being, mens rea, actus reus and injury along with cases.
The document summarizes the evolution of anti-corruption laws in India. It discusses how the Indian Penal Code of 1862 was supplemented by the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1947 to define criminal misconduct. The PC Act was further expanded in 1988 and recently amended in 2018. The key amendments in 2018 include narrowing the definition of criminal misconduct, introducing time limits for trial completion, and provisions targeting bribery by commercial organizations.
The document discusses the differences between mandatory and directory provisions in statutes. Mandatory provisions must be strictly followed and non-performance can result in sanctions, while directory provisions are discretionary and non-performance does not result in sanctions. Whether a provision is mandatory or directory depends on the language used and legislative intent gathered from the context and purpose. Key factors include whether a time limit is specified, if public or private duties are involved, and if the consequences of non-compliance undermine the statute's objectives. There are no absolute rules and each case must be evaluated based on its specific circumstances.
The TN Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on land) Act, 1961.pptxRoshiniSundarrasu
The Slide Share is about, The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of ceiling on land) Act, 1961 which will help the Tamil Nadu based Law students to learn Land Laws more efficiently with respect to exam point of view.
The document defines a First Information Report (FIR) and outlines related procedures. An FIR is the earliest information about a cognizable crime recorded by the police. It can be filed by any person with knowledge of the crime. The FIR must be registered by the police at the local police station where the crime occurred. Guidelines provide that FIR registration is mandatory for cognizable offenses, while preliminary inquiries may be conducted for other cases to determine jurisdiction. Reasons must be provided if there is any delay or refusal to register an FIR. Online filing of FIRs is also available in some states for cognizable offenses.
This document defines and explains the concept of bail under Indian law. It begins by defining bail as the entrustment of an accused person to sureties who will produce the accused in court when required. The purpose of bail is to secure the accused's presence at trial while allowing them liberty before being proven guilty. Bailable offenses are punishable by less than 3 years imprisonment or fine only, while non-bailable offenses are punishable by death, life imprisonment, or over 7 years. The document outlines the process for obtaining bail and conditions for granting bail. It concludes by summarizing relevant sections of the Indian Code of Criminal Procedure relating to bail and bonds.
The document discusses the processes of investigation and trial of offences in India. It explains that the police register an FIR and conduct investigations upon receiving information about a cognizable offence. The police then files a police report with the statements and evidence collected before the local magistrate. The magistrate can then take cognizance of the case and either discharge the accused or frame charges and set a date to begin the trial and examination of prosecution and defense witnesses. After considering all evidence presented, the magistrate will then deliver a verdict of acquittal or conviction and determine the sentence if the accused is found guilty.
This ppt gives a structured answer as to the elements of crime and its application in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860. It describes how the different sections of IPC are based on the 4 elements of crime i.e. human being, mens rea, actus reus and injury along with cases.
Casus omissus, interpretation of statutespoonamraj2010
The document discusses the legal concept of "casus omissus" which refers to a situation not provided for in the language of a statute. It notes that courts cannot supply omissions or legislate, they can only interpret the law. It provides examples from case law where courts have both refused to supply omissions due to clear legislative intent, and in other cases have supplied omitted words to avoid making a statute null. The document outlines principles from cases related to supplying omissions and harmonious construction of statutes.
The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established in 1964 as an independent body to address corruption in the Indian government. The CVC monitors vigilance activities and advises authorities on anti-corruption efforts, though it has limitations like lacking enforcement powers. Key information about the CVC's role, leadership structure, and controversies surrounding appointments was presented.
The Lentin Commission report investigated the deaths of 14 patients in 1986 who died from acute renal failure caused by adulterated glycerol supplied by a pharmaceutical company. Over 17 months, the commission uncovered a nexus between politicians, the FDA, and drug manufacturers. It revealed issues with 300 drug formulations and found 20% of drug samples to be defective. The commission's report led to the resignation of the health minister and discussed various medical deviances like issuing false certificates and engaging in illegal activities for monetary gain. It noted that while most doctors act ethically, some engage in unprofessional behavior for profit in violation of medical codes of conduct and laws.
This document discusses white collar crime, including definitions, types, notable cases, and issues related to white collar crime in India. It begins by defining white collar crime as financially motivated, nonviolent crimes committed by businesses and professionals. It then discusses Sutherland's definition and provides examples of types of white collar crimes such as fraud, bribery, and embezzlement. Notable cases discussed include Charles Ponzi's Ponzi scheme, Bernie Madoff's fraud, and the Enron scandal. The document also examines causes of white collar crime in India such as corruption, tax evasion, adulteration of goods, and profiteering.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Registration Act of 1908 in India. It discusses (1) why the act was introduced - to record certain transactions and prevent fraud, (2) the classification of registrable documents into those requiring compulsory registration and those where registration is optional, (3) the time limits for registration, and (4) the effects of non-registration of documents that are required to be registered.
This document summarizes the general exceptions under Chapter IV of the Indian Penal Code. It discusses 11 types of general exceptions including mistake of fact, judicial acts, accident, absence of criminal intent, acts done by consent, causing slight harm, and the right of private defense. The general exceptions provide exemptions from criminal liability if an act was committed by accident, without criminal intent, under compulsion or threat, with consent, or in self-defense. Court cases are referenced as examples to illustrate how the exceptions have been applied.
he Specific Relief Act, 1963 is an Act of the Parliament of India which provides remedies for persons whose civil or contractual rights have been violated. It replaced an earlier Act of 1877. The following kinds of remedies may be granted by a court under the provisions of the Specific Relief Act:
Recovery of possession of property
Specific performance of contracts
Rectification of instruments
Rescission of contracts
Cancellation of Instruments
Declaratory decrees
Injunction
The first of clause (1) provides that “no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of ‘law in force’ at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence”. This means that if an act is not an offence at the date of its commission it cannot be an offence at the date subsequent to its commission.
The act of putting a person through a second trial of an offence for which he or she has already been prosecuted or convicted
The expression ‘self-incrimination’ means “conveying information based upon personal knowledge of the person giving information involving himself to be the prime part taken in the offence.” A person shall not be asked to make statements against himself (i.e. self-harming statements/confessional statements).
This document discusses police deviance and corruption. It defines police deviance as any activities inconsistent with norms or ethics, including two main types: occupational deviance involving criminal/noncriminal acts during work, and abuse of authority violating the public's trust. The document then lists examples of police duties and various forms of police misconduct like corruption, brutality, lying, theft, and substance abuse. It provides details on types of police misconduct such as false arrests, fake evidence, leaking confidential information, and perjury. Finally, it discusses causes of police deviance and the need for police administrators to set clear expectations, develop an ethical culture, and hold officers and supervisors accountable.
The document discusses the law on arrest in India according to the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). It defines arrest and differentiates it from custody. It outlines the types of arrest that can be made with or without a warrant by police officers, magistrates or private persons. It also describes the rights of arrested persons and important Supreme Court judgements related to arrest procedures and compliance with legal safeguards.
The COFEPOSA Act of 1974 allows for preventive detention to conserve foreign exchange and prevent smuggling. It gives powers to central and state governments to detain individuals engaging in activities harmful to foreign exchange or involved in smuggling. Detainees may be held for up to one year and are reviewed by advisory boards. The act also protects governments and individuals acting in good faith under the act and repealed a previous ordinance.
this presentation explains important concepts/definitions of
PROPERTY, ITS KINDS, IMMOVABLE AND MOVABLE
PROPERTY, LAND, INSTRUMENT, ATTESTED,
REGISTERED, and ACTIONABLE CLAIMS
This document discusses external aids that can be used to interpret statutes in India. It covers parliamentary history, historical facts, social and economic developments, references to other statutes, contemporary opinion, dictionaries, foreign decisions, and the General Clauses Act. Key points include that Indian courts now consider parliamentary history for interpretation, references can be made to statutes in pari materia or that are incorporated, and contemporary dictionaries provide general guidance but not final authority on meanings.
Socio-Economic Offences- Nature and Extent.pptxGURSEVSINGH5
This document provides an overview of socio-economic offenses. It defines socio-economic offenses as criminal acts intended to illegally earn wealth through individual or organized means. The document outlines three course outcomes related to understanding socio-economic offenses and their related legislation and impact on society. It then introduces socio-economic offenses and their salient features, such as motive and victims. It distinguishes white collar crimes as offenses of the upper classes in the course of occupation. Finally, it discusses criticisms of the term "white collar crime" and impacts of socio-economic offenses, such as inflation, uneven resource distribution, and undermining development efforts.
This document discusses the concept and object of limitation under Indian law. It defines limitation as a prescribed time limit for legal actions according to statute. The main objects of limitation are to prevent long dormant claims, protect defendants who may have lost evidence, and encourage prompt filing of claims. Limitation periods are intended to limit controversies to a fixed time period. The Limitation Act 1963 in India contains provisions for limitation periods for suits, appeals, and other applications. Court decisions have found that the object of limitation is to prevent disturbance of long enjoyment and to discourage stale claims. Important limitation periods outlined include 6 years for contracts and torts, and 12 years for contracts under seal or recovery of land.
This document provides contact information for various offices of a law firm called Altacit located in Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, and Cochin. It then provides information on succession law in India, including an overview of the Indian Succession Act of 1925, testamentary versus intestate succession, applicability to communities, definitions of a will, essential features of a will, persons competent to make a will, the role and appointment of executors, execution of a will including the probate process, and related topics.
Action toward anti corruption 23 july 2017 at 6.30 pm at bigmShamsul Arefin
The Anti-Corruption Commission of Bangladesh was established in 2004 through the Anti-Corruption Act to investigate and prosecute corruption cases. It evolved from structures set up during British rule in the 1940s and investigations of the police department. The ACC has powers to investigate allegations of corruption, undertake research on preventing corruption, and raise public awareness. It works to implement Bangladesh's obligations under the UN Convention against Corruption and national integrity strategies. The various laws it enforces including the Anti-Corruption Act, Penal Code, and Money Laundering Prevention Act aim to define corruption offenses and the penalties for engaging in corrupt practices.
This document provides an overview of the Anti Money Laundering Act of 2010 in Pakistan. Some key points:
- The Act was passed to prevent money laundering and combat the financing of terrorism. It allows for the forfeiture of illegally obtained property.
- Money laundering is defined as acquiring, possessing, or transferring illegally obtained property (proceeds of crime). Concealing the source of such property is also considered money laundering.
- Predicate offenses whose proceeds cannot be laundered include various acts like drug trafficking, corruption, insider trading, and tax evasion.
- Authorities like the National Executive Committee and General Committee were established to develop anti-money laundering strategies and oversee
Casus omissus, interpretation of statutespoonamraj2010
The document discusses the legal concept of "casus omissus" which refers to a situation not provided for in the language of a statute. It notes that courts cannot supply omissions or legislate, they can only interpret the law. It provides examples from case law where courts have both refused to supply omissions due to clear legislative intent, and in other cases have supplied omitted words to avoid making a statute null. The document outlines principles from cases related to supplying omissions and harmonious construction of statutes.
The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established in 1964 as an independent body to address corruption in the Indian government. The CVC monitors vigilance activities and advises authorities on anti-corruption efforts, though it has limitations like lacking enforcement powers. Key information about the CVC's role, leadership structure, and controversies surrounding appointments was presented.
The Lentin Commission report investigated the deaths of 14 patients in 1986 who died from acute renal failure caused by adulterated glycerol supplied by a pharmaceutical company. Over 17 months, the commission uncovered a nexus between politicians, the FDA, and drug manufacturers. It revealed issues with 300 drug formulations and found 20% of drug samples to be defective. The commission's report led to the resignation of the health minister and discussed various medical deviances like issuing false certificates and engaging in illegal activities for monetary gain. It noted that while most doctors act ethically, some engage in unprofessional behavior for profit in violation of medical codes of conduct and laws.
This document discusses white collar crime, including definitions, types, notable cases, and issues related to white collar crime in India. It begins by defining white collar crime as financially motivated, nonviolent crimes committed by businesses and professionals. It then discusses Sutherland's definition and provides examples of types of white collar crimes such as fraud, bribery, and embezzlement. Notable cases discussed include Charles Ponzi's Ponzi scheme, Bernie Madoff's fraud, and the Enron scandal. The document also examines causes of white collar crime in India such as corruption, tax evasion, adulteration of goods, and profiteering.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Registration Act of 1908 in India. It discusses (1) why the act was introduced - to record certain transactions and prevent fraud, (2) the classification of registrable documents into those requiring compulsory registration and those where registration is optional, (3) the time limits for registration, and (4) the effects of non-registration of documents that are required to be registered.
This document summarizes the general exceptions under Chapter IV of the Indian Penal Code. It discusses 11 types of general exceptions including mistake of fact, judicial acts, accident, absence of criminal intent, acts done by consent, causing slight harm, and the right of private defense. The general exceptions provide exemptions from criminal liability if an act was committed by accident, without criminal intent, under compulsion or threat, with consent, or in self-defense. Court cases are referenced as examples to illustrate how the exceptions have been applied.
he Specific Relief Act, 1963 is an Act of the Parliament of India which provides remedies for persons whose civil or contractual rights have been violated. It replaced an earlier Act of 1877. The following kinds of remedies may be granted by a court under the provisions of the Specific Relief Act:
Recovery of possession of property
Specific performance of contracts
Rectification of instruments
Rescission of contracts
Cancellation of Instruments
Declaratory decrees
Injunction
The first of clause (1) provides that “no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of ‘law in force’ at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence”. This means that if an act is not an offence at the date of its commission it cannot be an offence at the date subsequent to its commission.
The act of putting a person through a second trial of an offence for which he or she has already been prosecuted or convicted
The expression ‘self-incrimination’ means “conveying information based upon personal knowledge of the person giving information involving himself to be the prime part taken in the offence.” A person shall not be asked to make statements against himself (i.e. self-harming statements/confessional statements).
This document discusses police deviance and corruption. It defines police deviance as any activities inconsistent with norms or ethics, including two main types: occupational deviance involving criminal/noncriminal acts during work, and abuse of authority violating the public's trust. The document then lists examples of police duties and various forms of police misconduct like corruption, brutality, lying, theft, and substance abuse. It provides details on types of police misconduct such as false arrests, fake evidence, leaking confidential information, and perjury. Finally, it discusses causes of police deviance and the need for police administrators to set clear expectations, develop an ethical culture, and hold officers and supervisors accountable.
The document discusses the law on arrest in India according to the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). It defines arrest and differentiates it from custody. It outlines the types of arrest that can be made with or without a warrant by police officers, magistrates or private persons. It also describes the rights of arrested persons and important Supreme Court judgements related to arrest procedures and compliance with legal safeguards.
The COFEPOSA Act of 1974 allows for preventive detention to conserve foreign exchange and prevent smuggling. It gives powers to central and state governments to detain individuals engaging in activities harmful to foreign exchange or involved in smuggling. Detainees may be held for up to one year and are reviewed by advisory boards. The act also protects governments and individuals acting in good faith under the act and repealed a previous ordinance.
this presentation explains important concepts/definitions of
PROPERTY, ITS KINDS, IMMOVABLE AND MOVABLE
PROPERTY, LAND, INSTRUMENT, ATTESTED,
REGISTERED, and ACTIONABLE CLAIMS
This document discusses external aids that can be used to interpret statutes in India. It covers parliamentary history, historical facts, social and economic developments, references to other statutes, contemporary opinion, dictionaries, foreign decisions, and the General Clauses Act. Key points include that Indian courts now consider parliamentary history for interpretation, references can be made to statutes in pari materia or that are incorporated, and contemporary dictionaries provide general guidance but not final authority on meanings.
Socio-Economic Offences- Nature and Extent.pptxGURSEVSINGH5
This document provides an overview of socio-economic offenses. It defines socio-economic offenses as criminal acts intended to illegally earn wealth through individual or organized means. The document outlines three course outcomes related to understanding socio-economic offenses and their related legislation and impact on society. It then introduces socio-economic offenses and their salient features, such as motive and victims. It distinguishes white collar crimes as offenses of the upper classes in the course of occupation. Finally, it discusses criticisms of the term "white collar crime" and impacts of socio-economic offenses, such as inflation, uneven resource distribution, and undermining development efforts.
This document discusses the concept and object of limitation under Indian law. It defines limitation as a prescribed time limit for legal actions according to statute. The main objects of limitation are to prevent long dormant claims, protect defendants who may have lost evidence, and encourage prompt filing of claims. Limitation periods are intended to limit controversies to a fixed time period. The Limitation Act 1963 in India contains provisions for limitation periods for suits, appeals, and other applications. Court decisions have found that the object of limitation is to prevent disturbance of long enjoyment and to discourage stale claims. Important limitation periods outlined include 6 years for contracts and torts, and 12 years for contracts under seal or recovery of land.
This document provides contact information for various offices of a law firm called Altacit located in Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, and Cochin. It then provides information on succession law in India, including an overview of the Indian Succession Act of 1925, testamentary versus intestate succession, applicability to communities, definitions of a will, essential features of a will, persons competent to make a will, the role and appointment of executors, execution of a will including the probate process, and related topics.
Action toward anti corruption 23 july 2017 at 6.30 pm at bigmShamsul Arefin
The Anti-Corruption Commission of Bangladesh was established in 2004 through the Anti-Corruption Act to investigate and prosecute corruption cases. It evolved from structures set up during British rule in the 1940s and investigations of the police department. The ACC has powers to investigate allegations of corruption, undertake research on preventing corruption, and raise public awareness. It works to implement Bangladesh's obligations under the UN Convention against Corruption and national integrity strategies. The various laws it enforces including the Anti-Corruption Act, Penal Code, and Money Laundering Prevention Act aim to define corruption offenses and the penalties for engaging in corrupt practices.
This document provides an overview of the Anti Money Laundering Act of 2010 in Pakistan. Some key points:
- The Act was passed to prevent money laundering and combat the financing of terrorism. It allows for the forfeiture of illegally obtained property.
- Money laundering is defined as acquiring, possessing, or transferring illegally obtained property (proceeds of crime). Concealing the source of such property is also considered money laundering.
- Predicate offenses whose proceeds cannot be laundered include various acts like drug trafficking, corruption, insider trading, and tax evasion.
- Authorities like the National Executive Committee and General Committee were established to develop anti-money laundering strategies and oversee
This document is the preamble and introductory chapter of the Penal Code of Bangladesh from 1860. It establishes the title and extent of operation for the Penal Code, noting that it shall take effect throughout Bangladesh. It also establishes that individuals shall be liable under this Code for offenses committed within Bangladesh, and that some provisions extend extraterritorial application for offenses committed by Bangladeshi citizens or on ships/aircraft registered in Bangladesh wherever located. Finally, it provides initial definitions for terms that are used throughout the Code, such as "public servant", "wrongful gain/loss", and "document".
The cybercrimes act of tanzania an overview -all you need to knowHUMPHREY MORIS
This document provides an overview and summary of key aspects of Tanzania's Cybercrimes Act of 2015. It defines important terms like crime, cybercrime, and the Cybercrimes Act. It summarizes each of the Act's seven parts, including offenses and penalties, search and seizure procedures, service provider liability, and amendments to other laws. The document analyzes challenges to the Act regarding excessive police powers, restrictions on freedom of expression, and compliance requirements for service providers. Overall, the Cybercrimes Act aims to address cybercrimes like child pornography and cyberbullying, but critics argue some provisions restrict civil liberties and freedom of the press.
Presented to members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan. The presentation covers the AMLA 2010, Rules 2008, Regulations, FMU and its functions, Red Alerts, and the schedule containing predicate offences.
The document discusses key concepts in Indian criminal law under the Indian Penal Code, including:
1) Mens rea, intention, knowledge and negligence which are essential elements of crimes.
2) Common intention and conspiracy where multiple persons can be liable for offenses committed jointly.
3) Burden of proof lies with the prosecution to prove guilt, and mens rea is typically required unless a statute specifies otherwise.
4) Other topics covered include principles of penal law, definitions of terms, and cases related to interpretation of criminal provisions.
Plea bargaining allows an accused person to plead guilty in exchange for a reduced punishment. It aims to reduce criminal case backlogs and expedite case resolution. Plea bargaining is permitted for offenses carrying a maximum sentence of 7 years, except for certain offenses affecting socio-economic conditions or vulnerable groups. The process involves the accused filing an application, negotiations between prosecution and defense, and the court approving or rejecting a mutually agreed disposition. Plea bargaining provides benefits like quicker resolution, compensation for victims, and reduced charges for the accused.
RIGHTS OF AN ARRESTEE DURING POLICE ARRESTUgochukwu Ugwu
1. Unlawful arrests have contributed to overcrowding in police stations and prisons, as arrests are sometimes made for civil matters or on frivolous grounds. Police also arrest friends and family of suspects to compel suspects to turn themselves in.
2. The rights of arrestees include being informed of the reason for arrest. The arrestee has the right to remain silent and consult a lawyer before making any statements. They must not be subjected to torture or inhumane treatment.
3. Electronic recording of confessions is allowed, as is oral confessions. Bail is to be granted free of charge within 24 hours, except for offenses punishable by death. The residual status of an arrestee is presumed
This document provides an overview of criminal law in India. It discusses key topics such as the definition of a crime, categories of crimes, elements of a crime including actus reus and mens rea, investigation and trial procedures outlined in the Code of Criminal Procedure, and special laws dealing with certain crimes. The three main sources of criminal law in India are identified as the Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Indian Evidence Act.
This document provides an overview of criminal law in India. It begins by defining what constitutes a crime and discusses the key elements of crimes, including actus reus and mens rea. It then categorizes different types of crimes and explains the stages of criminal proceedings from investigation to trial. The major sources of criminal law in India are described, including the Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Indian Evidence Act. Various objectives and principles of criminal law in India are also summarized. The document closes by mentioning some special acts and local laws that define additional criminal offenses.
This document provides an overview of criminal law in India. It discusses key concepts like actus reus and mens rea, which are the guilty act and guilty mind that are required for a crime. It outlines various categories of crimes and stages of a crime from preparation to commission. The sources of criminal law in India are described, including the Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, and Indian Evidence Act. The objectives and classifications of offences in criminal law are also summarized. An example of a criminal scam involving Harshad Mehta is briefly described at the end.
This document provides an overview of criminal law in India. It begins by defining what constitutes a crime and discusses the key elements of crimes, including actus reus and mens rea. It then categorizes different types of crimes and explains the stages of a crime. The document outlines the objectives and sources of criminal law in India, with a focus on the Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, and Indian Evidence Act. It also discusses special criminal laws and the classification and prosecution of offenses. In the end, it provides a brief overview of the Harshad Mehta securities scam case from the 1990s.
The document discusses the classification and handling of legal cases by the Indian Audit and Accounts Department (IA&AD). It outlines various types of legal cases like arbitration petitions, civil appeals, contempt petitions, criminal appeals, election petitions, and others. It then provides details on specific cases dealt with by IA&AD field offices related to accounts, entitlements, pensions, provident funds and court cases related to audits. Finally, it lists instructions for handling legal cases, including general guidelines, procedures for court matters, and handling legal references.
This document contains the text of the Federal Investigation Agency Act, 1974 passed by the National Assembly of Pakistan. The key points are:
1) It establishes a Federal Investigation Agency to investigate certain offenses related to federal matters, as listed in the Schedule.
2) The Agency will be headed by a Director-General and will have powers to investigate throughout Pakistan, similar to provincial police.
3) It repeals prior laws establishing the Special Police and transfers existing officers to the new Agency, with their existing terms and conditions.
This document is a Supreme Court of India judgment regarding the constitutional validity of Section 45 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act of 2002. Section 45 imposes conditions for granting bail to those accused of offenses punishable for over 3 years under Schedule A of the Act. The Court provides background on money laundering and the objectives of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act. It describes some key provisions of the Act regarding definitions, offenses, punishment, and attachment of property involved in money laundering. The Court will determine if Section 45's bail conditions violate constitutional rights.
The doctrine of eclipse holds that laws passed before the constitution that violate fundamental rights are not void ab initio, but are merely "eclipsed" or dormant. They remain on the books and can be enforced against non-citizens or revived if the constitutional impediment is removed, such as through a constitutional amendment. In contrast, post-constitutional laws that violate fundamental rights are void ab initio and cannot be revived even with an amendment. The doctrine does not apply to laws passed after the constitution came into force.
For Presentation made on 'OVERVIEW OF EMERGING LAWS:
1. PROHIBITION OF BENAMI TRANSACTIONS ACT, 1988
2. PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING ACT 2002;
3. INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE 2016; and
4. TAXATION LAWS (2nd AMENDMENT) ACT 2016
at Kota Branch of CIRC of ICAI
Regards
CA. Pramod Jain
Corruption in public sector anti corruption existing acts and policies in ba...DrShamsulArefin
The document provides background information on anti-corruption efforts in Bangladesh. It discusses the historical evolution of anti-corruption systems dating back to British rule. It outlines the key acts and policies related to anti-corruption in Bangladesh, including the roles and responsibilities of the Anti-Corruption Commission under the Anti-Corruption Act of 2004. The document also discusses definitions of corruption, forms of corruption, initiatives by the ACC to curb corruption, and how corruption is harmful.
Anti corruption existing acts and policies in bangldesh 8 oct 2015 DrShamsulArefin
This presentation discusses anti-corruption acts and policies in Bangladesh. It provides background on the historical development of anti-corruption efforts in Bangladesh from the British rule period to present day. It outlines some of the key anti-corruption laws and policies in Bangladesh including the Anti-Corruption Commission Act of 2004, Prevention of Corruption Act of 1947, Money Laundering Prevention Act of 2012, sections of the Penal Code of 1860 relevant to corruption, and the Criminal Procedure Code of 1898. It also discusses Bangladesh's compliance with the UN Convention Against Corruption and outlines some approaches that could be included in a National Integrity Strategy action plan to prevent corruption.
This document discusses problem solving and decision making. It defines problem solving as the process of finding a way to get from the current situation to a more desirable one. Decision making is the process of choosing between options and determining the potential consequences. Problem solving is focused on analyzing past issues, while decision making is more creative and strategic. The document provides various frameworks for problem solving, such as the five whys technique and fishbone diagrams. It also outlines systematic processes for decision making, including defining the problem, gathering information, weighing alternatives, and evaluating outcomes. Team-based approaches are recommended, but the challenges of group decisions are noted. The consensus grid tool is presented as a way to build agreement within a team.
A team is a small group of people with complementary skills committed to a common purpose. An effective team fosters trust and helps members build on each other's strengths. It provides a framework for employees to participate in planning, problem-solving, and decision-making. While conflicts may arise, addressing issues openly and respecting differences can help the team work interdependently to meet its goals.
This document discusses various aspects of effective time management. It begins by highlighting how time is a scarce and valuable resource. It then discusses techniques for tracking time usage, prioritizing tasks, avoiding procrastination and distractions, managing meetings and interruptions, and developing plans and schedules. Key aspects covered include using the Eisenhower matrix to classify tasks by urgency and importance, focusing on important non-urgent tasks, delegating work when possible, and proactively managing crises and deadlines. The overall message is on optimizing the use of time to achieve goals in the most productive manner.
The document provides an overview of the Right to Information Act 2005 in India with the following key points:
1. The objectives of the RTI Act are to promote transparency and accountability in government bodies. It aims to provide citizens access to information held by public authorities to combat corruption.
2. The Act sets up information commissions and public information officers to receive and respond to requests from citizens. It also outlines exemptions for certain types of sensitive information.
3. All government bodies are covered under the Act and are obligated to proactively publish information, designate information officers, and adhere to strict response timelines when responding to citizen requests. Non-compliance can result in penalties.
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1. PREVENTION OF
CORRUPTION ACT, 1988
BY
DR SATYANARAYANA DASH,
INDEPENDENT MANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL
RETD ACTG CHAIRMAN
ODISHA ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL
2. EVOLUTION OF LAWEVOLUTION OF LAW
INDIAN PENAL CODEINDIAN PENAL CODE was brought into forcewas brought into force
fromfrom 01.01.186201.01.1862, though it received assent of, though it received assent of
Governor General of India onGovernor General of India on 6th October6th October
18601860..
Indian Penal CodeIndian Penal Code Chapter-IXChapter-IX deals with alldeals with all
offences by or relating to public servant. Thisoffences by or relating to public servant. This
Chapter does not deal with misconduct andChapter does not deal with misconduct and
abuse of power by the public servant.abuse of power by the public servant.
3. Section 161 to 165Section 161 to 165 of IPCof IPC deals with variousdeals with various
offences of corruption and this is the first step tooffences of corruption and this is the first step to
fight against corruption committed by the publicfight against corruption committed by the public
servants.servants.
Section 161 of IPCSection 161 of IPC deals with a publicdeals with a public
servant who accepts or obtains or agrees toservant who accepts or obtains or agrees to
accept from any person for himself or for anyaccept from any person for himself or for any
other person any gratification other than theother person any gratification other than the
legal remuneration.legal remuneration.
Section 162 of IPCSection 162 of IPC deals with a person whodeals with a person who
accepts or obtains or agrees to accept oraccepts or obtains or agrees to accept or
attempts to obtain for himself or for any otherattempts to obtain for himself or for any other
person any gratification by corrupt or illegalperson any gratification by corrupt or illegal
means to influence a public servant.means to influence a public servant.
4. Section 163 of IPCSection 163 of IPC deals with a person whodeals with a person who
accepts or obtains or agrees to accept oraccepts or obtains or agrees to accept or
attempts to obtain for himself or for any otherattempts to obtain for himself or for any other
person any gratification for inducing and byperson any gratification for inducing and by
exercise of personal influence with any publicexercise of personal influence with any public
servant.servant.
Section 164 of IPCSection 164 of IPC deals with abetment ofdeals with abetment of
offence of sec.162 and 163 IPC.offence of sec.162 and 163 IPC.
Section 165 of IPCSection 165 of IPC deals with a publicdeals with a public
servant who accepts or obtains or agrees toservant who accepts or obtains or agrees to
accept or attempts to obtain for himself or foraccept or attempts to obtain for himself or for
any other person any valuable thing without anyany other person any valuable thing without any
consideration or less consideration.consideration or less consideration.
5. There was no offence till 1952 forThere was no offence till 1952 for
abetment of any offence u/sec.161 or 165.abetment of any offence u/sec.161 or 165.
Hence, in 1952, by way of Criminal LawHence, in 1952, by way of Criminal Law
Amendment, 165-A was inserted to makeAmendment, 165-A was inserted to make
abettor of sec.161 or 165 of IPC asabettor of sec.161 or 165 of IPC as
offenders.offenders.
6. What amounts to a bribe?What amounts to a bribe?
I.I. The receiver must be a public servant.The receiver must be a public servant.
II.II. He must solicit or receive illegal gratification.He must solicit or receive illegal gratification.
III.III. He must have received the same as a motiveHe must have received the same as a motive
or reward.or reward.
IV.IV. It should be other than legal remuneration.It should be other than legal remuneration.
Motive is for doing a future act.Motive is for doing a future act.
Reward is for a past act.Reward is for a past act.
7. Mere demand of bribe by a public servant is anMere demand of bribe by a public servant is an
offence u/sec. 161 IPC (offence u/sec. 161 IPC (Mubarak Ali v/s StateMubarak Ali v/s State
AIR 1958 MP page-157AIR 1958 MP page-157 ).).
Gratification is not restricted to pecuniaryGratification is not restricted to pecuniary
gratification or estimable in money (gratification or estimable in money (C.I. EmdenC.I. Emden
v/s State of UP AIR 1960 SC 548v/s State of UP AIR 1960 SC 548 ).).
DuringDuring 2nd World War2nd World War, there was large scale of, there was large scale of
corruption in War Dept. which necessitated forcorruption in War Dept. which necessitated for
creation of acreation of a Special Police EstablishmentSpecial Police Establishment toto
curb corruption.curb corruption.
Later the Special Police Establishment becameLater the Special Police Establishment became
the Central Bureau of Investigation.the Central Bureau of Investigation.
There was no special act forThere was no special act for Prevention ofPrevention of
Corruption till 11th March 1947.Corruption till 11th March 1947.
8. A Special Act i.e. Prevention of CorruptionA Special Act i.e. Prevention of Corruption
Act, 1947 came into existence fromAct, 1947 came into existence from 11th11th
March 1947March 1947 to make more effectiveto make more effective
provision for the prevention of bribery andprovision for the prevention of bribery and
corruption.corruption.
By enacting the Special Act, in addition toBy enacting the Special Act, in addition to
IPC provisions (Sec.161 to 165)IPC provisions (Sec.161 to 165) CriminalCriminal
MisconductMisconduct was made as an offence aswas made as an offence as
per Sec.5 of PC Act, 1947.per Sec.5 of PC Act, 1947.
9. Provisions of PC Act 1988Provisions of PC Act 1988
Section 7:Public Servant taking bribeSection 7:Public Servant taking bribe
Section 8:Person/Public Servant takingSection 8:Person/Public Servant taking
bribe to induce a Public Servantbribe to induce a Public Servant
Section 9:Person/Public Servant takingSection 9:Person/Public Servant taking
bribe for personally influencing a Publicbribe for personally influencing a Public
ServantServant
Section 10:Public Servant abetting SectionSection 10:Public Servant abetting Section
8 & 9 offence8 & 9 offence
10. Provisions of PC Act 1988Provisions of PC Act 1988
Section 11:Public Servant AcceptingSection 11:Public Servant Accepting
Valuable thing from a person forValuable thing from a person for
nil/inadequate considerationnil/inadequate consideration
Section 12:Persons/Public ServantsSection 12:Persons/Public Servants
abetting offences under Sections 7 & 11abetting offences under Sections 7 & 11
Section 14:Habitual Offenders of offencesSection 14:Habitual Offenders of offences
under Sections 8,9 & 12under Sections 8,9 & 12
Section 15:Attempting offences underSection 15:Attempting offences under
Sections 13(1)(c) & 13(1)(d)Sections 13(1)(c) & 13(1)(d)
11. Criminal MisconductCriminal Misconduct
1.1. If a public servantIf a public servant habituallyhabitually accepts anyaccepts any
bribe. This offence is aggravated form of 161bribe. This offence is aggravated form of 161
IPC. Section 13(1)(a) –habitual Section 7IPC. Section 13(1)(a) –habitual Section 7
2.2. If a public servantIf a public servant habituallyhabitually accepts anyaccepts any
valuable thing without consideration or for lessvaluable thing without consideration or for less
consideration with whom he transactedconsideration with whom he transacted
business or about to be transacted. It isbusiness or about to be transacted. It is
aggravated form of sec. 165 IPC. Sectionaggravated form of sec. 165 IPC. Section
13(1)(b)- habitual Section 1113(1)(b)- habitual Section 11
3.3. FraudulentlyFraudulently misappropriates or convertsmisappropriates or converts
for his own use any property entrusted to himfor his own use any property entrusted to him
or under his control or allows any otheror under his control or allows any other
person. Section 13(1)(c)person. Section 13(1)(c)
12. 4.4. ByBy corruptcorrupt andand illegalillegal means ormeans or
otherwise by abusing his official positionotherwise by abusing his official position
as public servant obtains any valuableas public servant obtains any valuable
thing or pecuniary advantage. Sectionthing or pecuniary advantage. Section
13(1)(d)(i) & Section 13(1)(d)(ii)13(1)(d)(i) & Section 13(1)(d)(ii)
5.5. Possession of Disproportionate Assets.Possession of Disproportionate Assets.
Section 13(1)(e)Section 13(1)(e)
To consolidate the law relating to theTo consolidate the law relating to the
Prevention of Corruption, the old PC ActPrevention of Corruption, the old PC Act
is repealed, and the provisions ofis repealed, and the provisions of
Section 161 to 165-A IPC were alsoSection 161 to 165-A IPC were also
repealed by introducing PC Act, 1988repealed by introducing PC Act, 1988
which came into effect fromwhich came into effect from
13. Under this Act, the provisions of IPC and theUnder this Act, the provisions of IPC and the
provisions of Sec. 5 of PC Act, 1947 were putprovisions of Sec. 5 of PC Act, 1947 were put
together as under:together as under:
Shall not be less than six months. May extend to five years.Sec. 123 yearsSec. 165 A6
Shall not be less than six months. May extend to five years.Sec.113 yearsSec. 1655
Shall not be less than six months. May extend to five years.Sec.103 yearsSec. 1644
Shall not be less than six months. May extent to five years.Sec.9Sec. 1633
Shall not be less than six months. May extend to five years.Sec.83 yearsSec. 1622
Shall not be less than six months. may extend to five yearsSec.73 yearsSec. 1611
PunishmentPC Act,
1988
Punis
hment
PC
Act,
1947
Punish
ment
IPCSl.
No.
14. Quantum of fine according to value of property
obtained etc.
16Quantum of fine according to
value of property obtained
etc.
5(3)(B)14
3 years153 years5(3)(A)13
Minimum 2 years. May extend to 7 years.14Court may impose sentence
less than one year
5(3)12
Shall not be less than one year. May extend to 7
years.
13(1)(e)Shall not be less than one y
ear. May extend to 7 years.
5(1)(e)11
Shall not be less than one year. May extend to 7
years.
13(1)(d)Shall not be less than one
year. May extend to 7 years.
5(1)(d)10
Shall not be less than one year. May extend to 7
years.
13(1)(c)Shall not be less than one
year. May extend to 7 years
5(1)(c)9
Shall not be less than one year. May extend to 7
years.
13(1)(b)Shall not be less than one
years. May extend to 7 years
5(1)(b)8
Shall not be less than one year. May extend to 7
years.
13(1)(a)Shall not be less than one
year. May extend to 7 years
5(1)(a)7
PunishmentPC Act
1988
PunishmentPC Act
1947
Punis
hment
IPCSl.
No
15. Dimensions of CorruptionDimensions of Corruption
Klitgaard’s Equation: Corruption happensKlitgaard’s Equation: Corruption happens
if,if,
Corrupt Gain>Penalty*Probability ofCorrupt Gain>Penalty*Probability of
getting Caught or Prosecutedgetting Caught or Prosecuted
Stephan’s Equation:Stephan’s Equation:
Degree of Corruption= Monopoly +Degree of Corruption= Monopoly +
Discretion-Transparency-MoralityDiscretion-Transparency-Morality
16. Corruption can be basically divided intoCorruption can be basically divided into
three categories.three categories.
1.1. bribery and its abettors.bribery and its abettors.
2.2. Abuse of official positionAbuse of official position
3.3. Possession of disproportionate assets.Possession of disproportionate assets.
17. CONTENTIOUS SECTIONCONTENTIOUS SECTION
13(1)(d)(iii)13(1)(d)(iii)
Section 13(1)(d)(iii) states that a PublicSection 13(1)(d)(iii) states that a Public
Servant commits misconduct when he,Servant commits misconduct when he,
while holding office as a Public Servant,while holding office as a Public Servant,
obtains for any other person any valuableobtains for any other person any valuable
thing or pecuniary advantage withoutthing or pecuniary advantage without
Public Interest . This means that withoutPublic Interest . This means that without
any quid pro quo, any decision takenany quid pro quo, any decision taken
benefitting a Private Party can be termedbenefitting a Private Party can be termed
as criminal misconductas criminal misconduct
18. CONTENTIOUS SECTIONCONTENTIOUS SECTION
13(1)(d)(iii)13(1)(d)(iii)
It may be seen that it will be difficult toIt may be seen that it will be difficult to
show Public Interest when Private Party isshow Public Interest when Private Party is
benefitted by a Government Decision. It isbenefitted by a Government Decision. It is
precisely the reason why decision makingprecisely the reason why decision making
has been affected in Government . In thehas been affected in Government . In the
Odisha Talabira II Coal block allocation toOdisha Talabira II Coal block allocation to
Hindalco, CBI has charged Ex-PrimeHindalco, CBI has charged Ex-Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh, Ex-CoalMinister Manmohan Singh, Ex-Coal
Secretary P.C.Parakh & HindalcoSecretary P.C.Parakh & Hindalco
Chairman Kumaramangalam Birla underChairman Kumaramangalam Birla under
19. Actions to amend the PC ActActions to amend the PC Act
19881988
The following Decisions have been takenThe following Decisions have been taken
to amend the Provisions of PC Actto amend the Provisions of PC Act
1988.The Bill has been introduced in1988.The Bill has been introduced in
Parliament and Cabinet has cleared theParliament and Cabinet has cleared the
same:-same:-
(i) Minimum-Maximum Punishment(i) Minimum-Maximum Punishment
prescribed under Sections 7,8,9,10,11 andprescribed under Sections 7,8,9,10,11 and
12 which was 6months-5 years has been12 which was 6months-5 years has been
increased to 3 years-7 yearsincreased to 3 years-7 years
20. Actions to amend the PC ActActions to amend the PC Act
19881988
(ii) Trial under PC Act to complete in 2(ii) Trial under PC Act to complete in 2
years. Now it is taking about 8 years.years. Now it is taking about 8 years.
(iii) Prior sanction for prosecution under(iii) Prior sanction for prosecution under
Section 19 of the PC Act will be requiredSection 19 of the PC Act will be required
in case of Retired Officers. Earlier it wasin case of Retired Officers. Earlier it was
covering Serving Officers onlycovering Serving Officers only
(iv) Prior Sanction of Lokpal/Lokayukta will(iv) Prior Sanction of Lokpal/Lokayukta will
be required for inquiry/investigation intobe required for inquiry/investigation into
offences relatable to recommendationsoffences relatable to recommendations
21. Actions to amend the PC ActActions to amend the PC Act
19881988
(iv) Contd: made or decisions taken by(iv) Contd: made or decisions taken by
Public ServantsPublic Servants
(v) Intentional Enrichment of Public Servants(v) Intentional Enrichment of Public Servants
will be Criminal Misconduct andwill be Criminal Misconduct and
Disproportionate Assets will be proof of itDisproportionate Assets will be proof of it
(vi) Trial Court instead of District Court , will(vi) Trial Court instead of District Court , will
have power of attachment of disputedhave power of attachment of disputed
properties of accusedproperties of accused
22. Actions to amend the PC ActActions to amend the PC Act
19881988
(vii) Both Bribe Giver and Bribe taker will be(vii) Both Bribe Giver and Bribe taker will be
treated as Accused.treated as Accused.
(viii) PC (Amendment) Bill,2013 will be(viii) PC (Amendment) Bill,2013 will be
consistent with provisions of Unitedconsistent with provisions of United
Nations Convention Against CorruptionNations Convention Against Corruption
(UNCAC)(UNCAC)
(ix) Ambit of inducement of Public Servants(ix) Ambit of inducement of Public Servants
expanded from individuals to commercialexpanded from individuals to commercial
entities alsoentities also
23. Actions to amend the PC ActActions to amend the PC Act
19881988
(x) Non-monetary Gratification has been(x) Non-monetary Gratification has been
covered under the definition ofcovered under the definition of
gratification.gratification.
(xi) Issue of Guidelines for Commercial(xi) Issue of Guidelines for Commercial
Organizations to prevent their associatedOrganizations to prevent their associated
persons from bribing Public Servants.persons from bribing Public Servants.
(xii) Corruption to be treated as a heinous(xii) Corruption to be treated as a heinous
crime with maximum punishment of Sevencrime with maximum punishment of Seven
YearsYears
24. Bribery and its AbettorsBribery and its Abettors
Just as fish moving under water cannot possiblyJust as fish moving under water cannot possibly
be found either as drinking or not drinking water.be found either as drinking or not drinking water.
(Kautilya) Similarly, public servants cannot be(Kautilya) Similarly, public servants cannot be
found out while taking money.found out while taking money.
Sec. 7 of PC Act 1988 deals with public servantSec. 7 of PC Act 1988 deals with public servant
taking gratification other than legaltaking gratification other than legal
remuneration.remuneration.
The public servant becomesThe public servant becomes functus officiofunctus officio
when money offered to him as a bribe.when money offered to him as a bribe.
25. Payment of a sum to a public servant whetherPayment of a sum to a public servant whether
paid before or after the act would constitutepaid before or after the act would constitute
bribe (bribe (Mohinder Lal Bagai v/s DelhiMohinder Lal Bagai v/s Delhi
Administration 1970 Cr LJ 793Administration 1970 Cr LJ 793 ))
The practice of laying traps employing spies andThe practice of laying traps employing spies and
trap witnesses for detection of offences hastrap witnesses for detection of offences has
been recognized in this country (been recognized in this country (In reIn re
Ambujam Ammal, AIR 1954 Madras 326Ambujam Ammal, AIR 1954 Madras 326 ).).
Sting operation by a private television channelSting operation by a private television channel
for detection of crime was also accepted (for detection of crime was also accepted (SriSri
Bharadwaj Media Pvt. Ltd. v/s State 2008Bharadwaj Media Pvt. Ltd. v/s State 2008
(2) Crimes 244 Delhi(2) Crimes 244 Delhi ). In this case, a telecast). In this case, a telecast
programme was shown from MPs receivingprogramme was shown from MPs receiving
money for raising question in Parliament. Themoney for raising question in Parliament. The
Delhi High Court observed that FIR could beDelhi High Court observed that FIR could be
quashed only if all facts stated when consideredquashed only if all facts stated when considered
true did not disclose cognizable offence.true did not disclose cognizable offence.
26. Section 8 and 9 of PC ActSection 8 and 9 of PC Act areare
complimentary to sec.7 of the PC Act andcomplimentary to sec.7 of the PC Act and
are intended to reach to the aiders andare intended to reach to the aiders and
abettors of the offence.abettors of the offence.
Section 8 and 9 of the PC ActSection 8 and 9 of the PC Act areare
applicable to public servants as well as toapplicable to public servants as well as to
private persons.private persons.
TheThe abettorsabettors of the offences ofof the offences of sec.7sec.7
and 11and 11 are dealt underare dealt under sec.12sec.12 of the PCof the PC
Act for the abetment.Act for the abetment.
The abettors of the offences u/The abettors of the offences u/sec. 8sec. 8 andand
99 are dealt u/are dealt u/sec.10sec.10 of the PC Act.of the PC Act.
27. TheThe habitualhabitual abettors for the offencesabettors for the offences
u/sec.u/sec. 8, 9 and 12 of PC Act8, 9 and 12 of PC Act are dealtare dealt
under sec.under sec. 14 of the PC Act14 of the PC Act..
The aggravated form of bribe i.e. habitualThe aggravated form of bribe i.e. habitual
acceptance of bribe is a criminalacceptance of bribe is a criminal
misconduct.misconduct.
The habitual acceptance of valuable thingThe habitual acceptance of valuable thing
without consideration or inadequatewithout consideration or inadequate
consideration is also criminal misconduct.consideration is also criminal misconduct.
The above forms are falling under theThe above forms are falling under the
category of bribery.category of bribery.
28. Provisions of PC Act 1988Provisions of PC Act 1988
Section 16:Fines to take into account theSection 16:Fines to take into account the
pecuniary resources/property involved inpecuniary resources/property involved in
all cases including DA Casesall cases including DA Cases
Section 17:Investiating Officers–Section 17:Investiating Officers–
Inspectors of CBI, ACPs in Metros & DyInspectors of CBI, ACPs in Metros & Dy
SPs in other placesSPs in other places
Section 18:Inspetion of Bank Records ofSection 18:Inspetion of Bank Records of
accused by Investigating officers of SPaccused by Investigating officers of SP
rankrank
29. Abuse of official positionAbuse of official position
Abuse means misuse i.e. using hisAbuse means misuse i.e. using his
position for something for which it is notposition for something for which it is not
intended.intended.
The abuse of official position is wider thanThe abuse of official position is wider than
the offence of bribery.the offence of bribery.
The abuse may be by corrupt or illegalThe abuse may be by corrupt or illegal
means .means .
To obtain pecuniary advantage or anyTo obtain pecuniary advantage or any
valuable thing for himself or for any othervaluable thing for himself or for any other
person .person .
30. To obtain pecuniary advantage or any valuableTo obtain pecuniary advantage or any valuable
thing for himself or for any other person withoutthing for himself or for any other person without
any public interest .any public interest .
All bribery cases squarely fall under “obtaining anyAll bribery cases squarely fall under “obtaining any
pecuniary advantage “ in addition to sectionpecuniary advantage “ in addition to section 7 of7 of
the PC Act, 1988the PC Act, 1988 ..
Causing wrongful loss to the Govt to obtainCausing wrongful loss to the Govt to obtain
pecuniary advantage for a third party falls underpecuniary advantage for a third party falls under
abuse of Powerabuse of Power (M Narayanan Nambiar Vs(M Narayanan Nambiar Vs
State of Kerala AIR 1963 SC 1116 ).State of Kerala AIR 1963 SC 1116 ).
Issue of contracts to the bidders at higher ratesIssue of contracts to the bidders at higher rates
would also fall under abuse of powerswould also fall under abuse of powers
((Narbahadur Bhandari Vs State 2003 Cr.LJNarbahadur Bhandari Vs State 2003 Cr.LJ
2799 Sikkim, Ghulam Din Butch Vs State2799 Sikkim, Ghulam Din Butch Vs State
of J& K AIR 1996 SC 1568 ) .of J& K AIR 1996 SC 1568 ) .
31. Possession of disproportionatePossession of disproportionate
assetsassets
Large numbers of public servants indulge inLarge numbers of public servants indulge in
corrupt activities on regular basis and somecorrupt activities on regular basis and some
times it would be difficult to catch them whiletimes it would be difficult to catch them while
accepting the bribe by laying a trap and the ill-accepting the bribe by laying a trap and the ill-
gotten money so colleted by them are convertedgotten money so colleted by them are converted
into assets. Hence, to detect such officer,into assets. Hence, to detect such officer,
disproportionate asset was made as an offencedisproportionate asset was made as an offence
in PC Act.in PC Act.
In K. Veera Swami v/s Union of IndiaIn K. Veera Swami v/s Union of India
(1991) 3 SCC(1991) 3 SCC, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, the Hon’ble Supreme Court
observed that if one possesses assets beyondobserved that if one possesses assets beyond
his legitimate means, it goes without saying thathis legitimate means, it goes without saying that
the excess is out of ill-gotten gain. The assetsthe excess is out of ill-gotten gain. The assets
are not drawn like Nitrogen from the air.are not drawn like Nitrogen from the air.
32. In P. Nallamal v/s State 1999 Cr LJ 3967In P. Nallamal v/s State 1999 Cr LJ 3967 ,,
the Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the abettorthe Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the abettor
can also be prosecuted for aiding to acquirecan also be prosecuted for aiding to acquire
disproportionate assets by the public servant.disproportionate assets by the public servant.
Every public servant is legally bound to inform theEvery public servant is legally bound to inform the
receipt of income otherwise the same cannot bereceipt of income otherwise the same cannot be
treated as income.treated as income.
The above are only certain illustrations of briberyThe above are only certain illustrations of bribery
and corruption and the media may keep the sameand corruption and the media may keep the same
in mind while reporting any corruption relatedin mind while reporting any corruption related
matter .matter .
If you shut your doors to all errors , truth will beIf you shut your doors to all errors , truth will be
shut out (Rabindra Nath Tagore).shut out (Rabindra Nath Tagore).
33. Sanction Under Section 19Sanction Under Section 19
No court shall take cognizance of anNo court shall take cognizance of an
offence under sectionsoffence under sections 7, 10, 11, 13 and7, 10, 11, 13 and
15 of PC Act except with prior15 of PC Act except with prior
sanction.sanction.
Sanction not required for the offences underSanction not required for the offences under
secsec 8, 9, 12 and 14 of PC Act8, 9, 12 and 14 of PC Act ..
In case of Group-A officers, sanction isIn case of Group-A officers, sanction is
accorded by the Central Govt/State Govt.accorded by the Central Govt/State Govt.
In case of others, viz., Public SectorIn case of others, viz., Public Sector
undertakings and Non Group-A officers,undertakings and Non Group-A officers,
sanction is accorded by the competentsanction is accorded by the competent
authority.authority.
34. High court cannot give direction to theHigh court cannot give direction to the
sanctioning authority to grant sanction.sanctioning authority to grant sanction.
(Mansukh Lal Vithal Das Chauhan Vs.(Mansukh Lal Vithal Das Chauhan Vs.
State of Gujarat 1997 Crl.L.J 4059 SC)State of Gujarat 1997 Crl.L.J 4059 SC)
Sanction for retired employees notSanction for retired employees not
necessary.necessary.
Time limit of 3 months for issuing sanctionTime limit of 3 months for issuing sanction
order fixed by Hon’ble Supreme courtorder fixed by Hon’ble Supreme court
(Vineet Naraian Vs. Union of India AIR(Vineet Naraian Vs. Union of India AIR
1998 SC 889)1998 SC 889)
35. Provisions of PC Act 1988Provisions of PC Act 1988
Section 20:Presumption of illegalSection 20:Presumption of illegal
gratifications by Public Servants undergratifications by Public Servants under
Sections 7,11 & 12Sections 7,11 & 12
Section 21:Accused a Competent WitnessSection 21:Accused a Competent Witness
to defend himselfto defend himself
Section 22:Cr.P.C. 1973 to apply withSection 22:Cr.P.C. 1973 to apply with
certain modificationscertain modifications
36. Provisions of PC Act 1988Provisions of PC Act 1988
Section 23:In Misappropriation of PropertySection 23:In Misappropriation of Property
cases under Section 13(1)(c) of PC Actcases under Section 13(1)(c) of PC Act
dates between which such propertiesdates between which such properties
were misappropriated are required to bewere misappropriated are required to be
indicated and duration should not exceedindicated and duration should not exceed
One YearOne Year
Section 24:Bribe Giver protected fromSection 24:Bribe Giver protected from
prosecution for his statementprosecution for his statement
Section 25:Spl Judge under Act 46/1952Section 25:Spl Judge under Act 46/1952
37. Provisions of PC Act 1988Provisions of PC Act 1988
Section 27:High Court to haveSection 27:High Court to have
Appeal/Revision powers over orders of SplAppeal/Revision powers over orders of Spl
JudgeJudge
Section 28:Act to be in addition to anySection 28:Act to be in addition to any
other lawother law
Section 29:Amendment to Criminal LawSection 29:Amendment to Criminal Law
Amendment Ordinance of 1944Amendment Ordinance of 1944
38. Provisions of PC Act 1988Provisions of PC Act 1988
Section 30: Repeal & Saving of PC ActSection 30: Repeal & Saving of PC Act
19471947
Section 31:Omission of Sections 161 toSection 31:Omission of Sections 161 to
165A of IPC 1861165A of IPC 1861
Amendments to PC Act 1988 (Bill ofAmendments to PC Act 1988 (Bill of
2013) is pending consideration of2013) is pending consideration of
Parliament to be in tune with UnitedParliament to be in tune with United
Nations Framework against Corruption.Nations Framework against Corruption.
39. Ethical Issues in Health SectorEthical Issues in Health Sector
of Indiaof India
Bribes/Kickbacks like for false certificatesBribes/Kickbacks like for false certificates
Theft/Embezzlement Instruments ,Theft/Embezzlement Instruments ,
MedicineMedicine
Intentional Damage of Public Goods forIntentional Damage of Public Goods for
Private Gain Not working UG/X-RayPrivate Gain Not working UG/X-Ray
Machines Refer to Private Labs for gainMachines Refer to Private Labs for gain
Large Scale AbsenteeismLarge Scale Absenteeism
Informal Payments Bribes for giving BedInformal Payments Bribes for giving Bed
40. Ethical Issues in Health SectorEthical Issues in Health Sector
of Indiaof India
Use Human Guinea pigs for Private Gain:Use Human Guinea pigs for Private Gain:
Clinical Trials & Research:2868 deaths inClinical Trials & Research:2868 deaths in
2005-2012 only 45 compensated2005-2012 only 45 compensated
Institutionalized Corruption : DirectInstitutionalized Corruption : Direct
Patients to conduct Unnecessary tests atPatients to conduct Unnecessary tests at
Private Diagnostics Labs for commissionsPrivate Diagnostics Labs for commissions
as high as 30% to 60%as high as 30% to 60%
The Art of “Healing” has turned into aThe Art of “Healing” has turned into a
Science of “Stealing”Science of “Stealing”
41. Ethical Issues in Health SectorEthical Issues in Health Sector
of Indiaof India
Areas of Concern (i) Patient CareAreas of Concern (i) Patient Care
(ii)Biomedical Research (iii)Medical(ii)Biomedical Research (iii)Medical
EducationEducation
Necessary Steps (i) Adopt Zero ToleranceNecessary Steps (i) Adopt Zero Tolerance
Policy for Unethical/Corrupt PracticesPolicy for Unethical/Corrupt Practices
(ii)Whole Hearted Support for Anti-(ii)Whole Hearted Support for Anti-
Corruption Measures (iii) Protection ofCorruption Measures (iii) Protection of
Whistleblowers (iv) Legislation (v)Whistleblowers (iv) Legislation (v)
EducationEducation
42. NRHM ScamNRHM Scam
A Rs.10000 Crore Scam-5 PersonsA Rs.10000 Crore Scam-5 Persons
murdered/Committed Suicide -2murdered/Committed Suicide -2
CDMOs,2Deputy CDMOs, One ProjectCDMOs,2Deputy CDMOs, One Project
Manager and one clerkManager and one clerk
Corruption in awarding work of repair ofCorruption in awarding work of repair of
134 district Hospitals, Supply of Medical134 district Hospitals, Supply of Medical
Equipments and supply of Computer &Equipments and supply of Computer &
PeripheralsPeripherals
Chargesheet filed by CBI on 3Chargesheet filed by CBI on 3rdrd
,4,4thth
and 5and 5thth
43. NRHM ScamNRHM Scam
Of April 2012Of April 2012
Works were awarded by nomination andWorks were awarded by nomination and
equipments were purchased at ten timesequipments were purchased at ten times
the Market Price.the Market Price.
71 cases filed by CBI involving large71 cases filed by CBI involving large
number of Health Department officersnumber of Health Department officers
Principal Secretary Health and MinisterPrincipal Secretary Health and Minister
(Family Welfare) chargesheeted. It is 10(Family Welfare) chargesheeted. It is 10
times the Fodder Scam of Rs.950 Crorestimes the Fodder Scam of Rs.950 Crores
44. NRHM ScamNRHM Scam
State PSUs, UP Jal Nigam & UPSIC wereState PSUs, UP Jal Nigam & UPSIC were
fronting for the Private Parties. Partiesfronting for the Private Parties. Parties
Furnish Bogus & Forged DocumentsFurnish Bogus & Forged Documents
Artificial Division of Department intoArtificial Division of Department into
Family Welfare & Health at State & DistrictFamily Welfare & Health at State & District
Levels against NRHM NormsLevels against NRHM Norms
Minister’s Favourites appointed asMinister’s Favourites appointed as
CDMOs(FW) in the DistrictsCDMOs(FW) in the Districts
45. Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is aCentral Vigilance Commission (CVC) is a
commission established under CVC Actcommission established under CVC Act
20032003..
According to sec 8(g) of CVC Act, it tendersAccording to sec 8(g) of CVC Act, it tenders
advice to the Central Govt., corporationsadvice to the Central Govt., corporations
established under any central act.established under any central act.
CVC advices whether there is a prima facieCVC advices whether there is a prima facie
case against a Group-A officer/ Middlecase against a Group-A officer/ Middle
Management officer of a Corporation toManagement officer of a Corporation to
accord sanction or not.accord sanction or not.
In case of difference of opinion between theIn case of difference of opinion between the
organisation and CBI, CVC resolves theorganisation and CBI, CVC resolves the
difference of opinion.difference of opinion.
46. In case of difference of opinion betweenIn case of difference of opinion between
the organisation and CVC, a committeethe organisation and CVC, a committee
will resolve the difference of opinion.will resolve the difference of opinion.
If commission’s advice to grant of sanctionIf commission’s advice to grant of sanction
is not accepted then the matter is referredis not accepted then the matter is referred
to DOPT for final decision.to DOPT for final decision.
The object of sanction is to save publicThe object of sanction is to save public
servants for frivolous prosecution.servants for frivolous prosecution.
Sanction order is an administrative act.Sanction order is an administrative act.