The document summarizes research comparing the disinfection of wastewater using peracetic acid (PAA) and sodium hypochlorite. It discusses two case studies - jar testing of PAA and sodium hypochlorite at a wastewater facility in Cincinnati, and a study comparing the two disinfectants at a combined sewer overflow facility in Steubenville, Ohio. The research found that PAA was generally as effective as sodium hypochlorite at inactivating bacteria, but required a higher dose. PAA also produced fewer harmful byproducts and had lower aquatic toxicity than sodium hypochlorite. An ongoing study is evaluating the two disinfectants further at a CSO facility in
THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON SELENIUM AND VANADIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Introduction: Due to the increase in world population and increased demand for safe drinking water, using of bottled water,
especially in areas with a shortage of safe drinking water is common. The aim of this research was to compare Selenium and
Vanadium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number 2 (WTP2) and its outlet
water after the water treatment process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory in Ahvaz city. Materials
and Methods: Fourteen samples of Karun river water at the inlet of Ahvaz WTP2 and its outlet water after the water treatment
process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory were collected during five months (September 2013,
and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen times, each time; five, one - liter samples were collected. The samples
were mixed and one liter composite sample was isolated and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered
through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and protection, nitric acid was added and the pH was adjusted at≤2. All samples
were analyzed by ICP-MS. Results & Discussion: According to the results, the highest and lowest mean concentration of
Vanadium 14.22 and 6.17 ppb in Water inlet the water treatment plant NO (2) of Ahvaz and water at outlet from Anahita factory.
The mean concentration of selenium because of the lower limit (0.1 ppb) was not measured with ICP-MS. Conclusion: The results
showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in water.
Keywords: Karun River, Selenium, Vanadium, Water Treatment Plant, ICP-MS.
Proposed Pathways for the Reduction of a Reactive Azo Dye and kinetic reactio...Eleazar Maximo Escamilla
Azo dye degradation from textile effluents has been the objective of research for several years due to the increasingly pollution problem that they generate. For the removal of these compounds, it has been applied different kind of process, since the physicochemical to biological, and has been degraded in diverse reactors. However, is a continuous search for an efficient, low cost and environmental impact to eliminate this problem. This presentation shows one part of the contribution to development a new process for treat waste water from textile industries that present an ecological problem.
Using THGA and Zeeman Background Correction for Blood-Lead Determination in C...PerkinElmer, Inc.
Validated applications determining whole blood levels are generally performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). GFAAS is cost effective, allows for detection limits well under the blood-lead level action guideline, and requires less operator training than more advanced elemental techniques.2 In this study, we will demonstrate the applicability of the PerkinElmer® PinAAcle™ 900T atomic absorption spectrometer (Figure 1) using the stabilized temperature platform furnace (STPF) and transversely-heated graphite atomizer (THGA), for use in customer-validated applications to determine lead amounts in blood samples.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/IG2kI1
Plants concentrate metals by absorbing them from the soil in which they are grown. Some metals are beneficial and essential for life whereas other metals are highly toxic and have negative effects with even the lowest of levels. Because of their toxicity, quantification of these elements is needed. This application will investigate the preparation and analysis for heavy metals in Cascade Hops using Shimadzu AA-7000 with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption and Cold Vapor techniques.
The presence of Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in drinking water is being thoroughly studied due to the persistence of these compounds in the environment and their potential health effects. However, there is limited knowledge about the occurrence of these chemicals in bottled water, despite the increasing concerns about PFAS in the food supply. This poster shows results from a fast and simple direct injection method similar to draft EPA method 8237, using the Shimadzu triple quad LCMS-8050 to analyze seven commercially available samples of bottled water for 24 PFAS.
THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON SELENIUM AND VANADIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Introduction: Due to the increase in world population and increased demand for safe drinking water, using of bottled water,
especially in areas with a shortage of safe drinking water is common. The aim of this research was to compare Selenium and
Vanadium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number 2 (WTP2) and its outlet
water after the water treatment process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory in Ahvaz city. Materials
and Methods: Fourteen samples of Karun river water at the inlet of Ahvaz WTP2 and its outlet water after the water treatment
process and waters of inlet and outlet of Byblus factory and Anahita factory were collected during five months (September 2013,
and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen times, each time; five, one - liter samples were collected. The samples
were mixed and one liter composite sample was isolated and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered
through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and protection, nitric acid was added and the pH was adjusted at≤2. All samples
were analyzed by ICP-MS. Results & Discussion: According to the results, the highest and lowest mean concentration of
Vanadium 14.22 and 6.17 ppb in Water inlet the water treatment plant NO (2) of Ahvaz and water at outlet from Anahita factory.
The mean concentration of selenium because of the lower limit (0.1 ppb) was not measured with ICP-MS. Conclusion: The results
showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in water.
Keywords: Karun River, Selenium, Vanadium, Water Treatment Plant, ICP-MS.
Proposed Pathways for the Reduction of a Reactive Azo Dye and kinetic reactio...Eleazar Maximo Escamilla
Azo dye degradation from textile effluents has been the objective of research for several years due to the increasingly pollution problem that they generate. For the removal of these compounds, it has been applied different kind of process, since the physicochemical to biological, and has been degraded in diverse reactors. However, is a continuous search for an efficient, low cost and environmental impact to eliminate this problem. This presentation shows one part of the contribution to development a new process for treat waste water from textile industries that present an ecological problem.
Using THGA and Zeeman Background Correction for Blood-Lead Determination in C...PerkinElmer, Inc.
Validated applications determining whole blood levels are generally performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). GFAAS is cost effective, allows for detection limits well under the blood-lead level action guideline, and requires less operator training than more advanced elemental techniques.2 In this study, we will demonstrate the applicability of the PerkinElmer® PinAAcle™ 900T atomic absorption spectrometer (Figure 1) using the stabilized temperature platform furnace (STPF) and transversely-heated graphite atomizer (THGA), for use in customer-validated applications to determine lead amounts in blood samples.
Learn more about our solutions: http://bit.ly/IG2kI1
Plants concentrate metals by absorbing them from the soil in which they are grown. Some metals are beneficial and essential for life whereas other metals are highly toxic and have negative effects with even the lowest of levels. Because of their toxicity, quantification of these elements is needed. This application will investigate the preparation and analysis for heavy metals in Cascade Hops using Shimadzu AA-7000 with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption and Cold Vapor techniques.
The presence of Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in drinking water is being thoroughly studied due to the persistence of these compounds in the environment and their potential health effects. However, there is limited knowledge about the occurrence of these chemicals in bottled water, despite the increasing concerns about PFAS in the food supply. This poster shows results from a fast and simple direct injection method similar to draft EPA method 8237, using the Shimadzu triple quad LCMS-8050 to analyze seven commercially available samples of bottled water for 24 PFAS.
Quick Reference Guide to Compendial Water Standards Jesse McLaughlin
What makes pharmaceutical water different? What are the major "contaminants" we are trying to remove? How do we do it? Aqua-Chem can help with the right solution to your Pharmaceutical compdendial water needs.
The slickwater stimulation of unconventional gas and oil shale plays creates flowback water with a composition that is unique to particular shale formations. Characteristically, these fluids contain high concentrations of salts (e.g., chloride, bromide) which are routinely determined using ion chromatography. This analysis typically requires sample preparation, including manual dilution, which can significantly increase the cost of analysis. Results presented will show highly reproducible determination of anions and cations from Marcellus Shale flowback water using inline conductivity to identify high salt samples and then automatically diluting them prior to injection, saving time and column life.
Analysis of Cations in Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Water from the Marcellus Shale Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the determination of cations in hydraulic fracturing flowback water using ion chromatography. In this work, sodium was most abundant, followed by calcium, strontium, magnesium, potassium, barium, ammonium, and then lithium, respectively. The quantity of scale-forming ions, such as calcium, strontium, and barium, is particularly informative because it can be used to determine the amount of anti-scaling agent in fracturing fluid mix that will maximize hydrocarbon recovery.
This Presentation Clarifying about potable Water analysis and their methods which i gave training on operation and maintenance team for Oman Al Ghubrah Independence Water Project (SWRO Desalination 42 MIGD)
Future and potential of Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC) from preparative isolation of compounds to the production of Knock-out Extracts.
Can CCC become a mainstream technique?
Listing and details on the different elution methods (e.g., EECCC, BECCC, Dual mode, recycling mode) that can be implemented in countercurrent chromatography.
Biochemical Process as a means to Control and Mitigate Industrial Wastewate...Mohammad Dain Shah Munna
Biochemical Process as a means to Control and Mitigate Industrial Wastewater
Mohammad Dain Shah Munna
Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
University of Chittagong
Quick Reference Guide to Compendial Water Standards Jesse McLaughlin
What makes pharmaceutical water different? What are the major "contaminants" we are trying to remove? How do we do it? Aqua-Chem can help with the right solution to your Pharmaceutical compdendial water needs.
The slickwater stimulation of unconventional gas and oil shale plays creates flowback water with a composition that is unique to particular shale formations. Characteristically, these fluids contain high concentrations of salts (e.g., chloride, bromide) which are routinely determined using ion chromatography. This analysis typically requires sample preparation, including manual dilution, which can significantly increase the cost of analysis. Results presented will show highly reproducible determination of anions and cations from Marcellus Shale flowback water using inline conductivity to identify high salt samples and then automatically diluting them prior to injection, saving time and column life.
Analysis of Cations in Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Water from the Marcellus Shale Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the determination of cations in hydraulic fracturing flowback water using ion chromatography. In this work, sodium was most abundant, followed by calcium, strontium, magnesium, potassium, barium, ammonium, and then lithium, respectively. The quantity of scale-forming ions, such as calcium, strontium, and barium, is particularly informative because it can be used to determine the amount of anti-scaling agent in fracturing fluid mix that will maximize hydrocarbon recovery.
This Presentation Clarifying about potable Water analysis and their methods which i gave training on operation and maintenance team for Oman Al Ghubrah Independence Water Project (SWRO Desalination 42 MIGD)
Future and potential of Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC) from preparative isolation of compounds to the production of Knock-out Extracts.
Can CCC become a mainstream technique?
Listing and details on the different elution methods (e.g., EECCC, BECCC, Dual mode, recycling mode) that can be implemented in countercurrent chromatography.
Biochemical Process as a means to Control and Mitigate Industrial Wastewate...Mohammad Dain Shah Munna
Biochemical Process as a means to Control and Mitigate Industrial Wastewater
Mohammad Dain Shah Munna
Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
University of Chittagong
Over the past decade, there have been a growing number of mAb candidates entering the clinical pipeline. This results in a large increase on the demand for analytical characterization. This seminar discusses advances in analytical method development with analytical run times below 10 minutes for all routine methods with intelligent, integrated chromatography workflows. Orbitrap technology has been established as the most powerful MS technology for protein characterization. How this can be incorporated into a complete workflow for bio-pharma analysis is also discussed.
Measuring pKas, logP and Solubility by Automated titrationJon Mole
Presentation by Sirius Analytical covering measurement of pKa, LogP, LogD, Solubility, Supersaturation and precipitation kinetics.
For more details visit www.sirius-analytical.com
Research Presentation for Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference, 2019B.K.T. Samarasiri
Research Topic: Development of an enzymatic hydrolysis pre-treatment strategy to improve batch anaerobic digestion of wastewater generated in desiccated coconut processing plants.
Award: Best paper award in Environmental Engineering track
Change of Peptides and Free -Amino Acids Contents during Nanjing Dry-Cured Du...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In order to explore the relationship between the change of peptides and free-amino acid (FAA) and its unique flavour, Dry-cured duck samples of different processing phases were used to study the change of free-amino acid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in this paper, meanwhile the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method for modeling use to establish the quantitative predicated peptides. The changes of small peptides and free amino acids in the process were studied. The results showed that the level and amount of proteolysis increased with the processing time at traditional technology, meanwhile the amount of peptides were positively correlated with FAA contents (R 2 =0.86).
COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL PAPANICOLAOU STAIN WITH MODIFIED ULTRAFAST PAPANIC...SURAMYA BABU
• Body fluid cytology is vital in diagnosis of various neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions and conventional Pap stain is the staining method of choice for the same.
• MUFP is a quick and cheap staining technique which gives good interpretation of cytological features with easily available reagents.
• Preservation of cell morphology and nuclear staining are superior with conventional Papanicolaou technique whereas cytoplasmic staining is comparable with conventional pap and MUFP techniques.
• Though background of stained smears was slightly better with conventional Pap staining; MUFP was superior in case of hemorrhagic samples.
A recent study conducted by an independent environmental laboratory proves that TIGG’s 5DC 12 x 30 activated carbon is effective at removing TTHMs from municipal drinking water. The test was sponsored by a municipality that needed to come into compliance with the EPA’s DPB Stage 2 regulations.
The study sponsor historically had high levels of TTHM in its water that ranged between 105 and 171 µg/L. The municipality talked to TIGG about a water purification adsorption system. While some in the industry insist that coal-based activated carbon is the only effective means of removing disinfection byproducts from municipal drinking water, TIGG experts recommended their 5DC 12 x 30 virgin coconut activated carbon.
The municipality had an independent laboratory run a pilot study using a rapid small-scale column test. They used TIGG’s 5DC 12 x 30 NSF activated carbon, which is designed to remove low concentrations of contaminants from potable water. The laboratory found that initial TTHM concentrations of 138 µg/L were reduced to < 1.0 µg/L following treatment with virgin coconut activated carbon. Based on the scale-up of the testing, it was determined that a full scale carbon adsorber would effectively treat TTHMs for 325 days before the bed needed a changeout.
Not only is coconut-based activated carbon effective, it is typically more economical than coal-based activated carbon. The following report shows the laboratory’s results over a 24-day period.
PerkinElmer: Environmental Contaminants in Finished Drinking Water and Raw So...PerkinElmer, Inc.
Environmental quality issues are extremely demanding, heterogeneous and ever expanding. Regulatory agencies around the world are constantly increasing the amount of environmental testing requirement to ensure public health and safety.Carbonyl compounds may be formed in water during ozonization and chlorination of natural organic matter. These, hazardous pollutants released from diverse sources including motor vehicles and industrial emissions, have been shown to have adverse effects on human health. EPA method 556 addresses this issue of carbonyl compounds in detail. This method applies to 15 carbonyl compounds.
The compounds are derivatised using pentafluoro benzyl hydroxylamine and determined on Gas chromatograph equipped with an Electron Capture detector. This GC-ECD method enables the separation, detection and quantitation of parts per billion (ppb) concentrations of low molecular weight carbonyls in water samples, safeguarding human health and ensuring compliance with industry regulations.
This method is a gas chromatographic method optimized to determine the carbonyl compounds in drinking water and raw source water. The analytes are derivatised to their corresponding penta fluorobenzyl oximes, which are extracted from water with hexane. The hexane extracts are then analyzed by GC-ECD. A PerkinElmer Elite -5 (30 meter, 0.53 mm i.d., 0.5 µm df) was used for in the method at a flow rate of 3.5 ml/min helium at constant flow mode. The oven temperature was programmed to separate the aldehyde oximes. The method is simple, fast and reproducible. The micro extraction procedure is simple and uses very small quantity of solvents which greatly reduces waste management steps and prevents pollution.
1. Comparing Peracetic Acid with Sodium
Hypochlorite for Disinfection of
Combined Sewer Overflows
Craig Patterson, P.E.1, Don Schupp, P.E.2, Bruce Smith, P.E.3,
Bob Freeborn4, John Maziuk5, Vasudevan Namboodiri, Ph.D.1
1 U .S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268
2 CB&I Federal Services LLC, Cincinnati, OH 45212
3 Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45204
4 PERAGreen Solutions, Northville, MI 48168
5 Solvay Chemicals, Inc., Houston, Texas 77098
World Environmental & Water
Resources Congress 2014
Portland, Oregon
June 2, 2014
2. 2
EPA and Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati
(MSDGC) jar test studies with peracetic acid on non-
chlorinated secondary effluent at the U.S. EPA Test and
Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Case Study 1 - Comparison of chlorine/sodium bisulfite with
peracetic acid at a WW Facility in Steubenville, OH
Case Study 2 – Comparison of sodium hypochlorite and
peracetic acid in disinfection of MSDGC Muddy Creek
combined sewer overflow in Cincinnati, OH (Ongoing)
Today’s Presentation
Peracetic Acid (PAA) Research
3. 3
U.S. EPA Test & Evaluation
Facility, Cincinnati, Ohio
Multi-faceted drinking water and
wastewater research facility located on
the grounds of the MSDGC
4. 4
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office
of Research and Development, funded and managed, or
partially funded and collaborated in, the research described
herein. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and
administrative review and has been approved for external
publication. Any opinions expressed are those of the author (s)
and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency,
therefore, no official endorsement should be inferred. Any
mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Disclaimer
5. PAA Literature Review
PAA is a strong disinfectant, as effective as Cl2
against indicator bacteria in secondary and
tertiary effluents
Less effective than Cl2 against viruses
Synergistic with UV irradiation
M. Kitis, Disinfection of wastewater with peracetic acid: a
review, Environment International, 3047-55 (2004).
Does not form chlorinated DBPs but does form
aldehyde, brominated organic DBPs due to
reaction with spiked precursors in wastewater
Booth and Lester (1995), Crathorne et al. (1991).
Background
Oxidation Potential
Oxidant eV
Hydroxyl Radical 2.85
Ozone 2.08
Peracetic Acid 1.81
Hydrogen Peroxide 1.78
Permanganate 1.68
Hypochlorite Ion 1.64
Hypchlorous Acid 1.48
Monochloramine 1.4
Sodium Hypochlorite
(Chlorine Bleach) 1.36
Dichloramine 1.34
Hypobromous Acid 1.33
Oxygen 1.23
Chlorine Dioxide 0.95
Lide (1995); AWWA (1990);
Stumm and Morgan (1996)
6. PAA Environmental Benefits
Does not add conductivity (TDS)
Does not form chlorinated
disinfection byproducts (THMs
and HAAs)
Non persistent in the environment
Breaks down into acetic acid, CO2
and H2O
No RMP, SARA, or CERCLA
requirements
Degrades rapidly in soil (seconds)
and seawater (minutes)
Background
PAA Use Limitations
Contributes TOC on a
one to one basis.
PAA is consumed by
sulfites and sulfides.
Reduced half life above
pH 8.5.
Cannot be stored in mild
steel or contaminated
containers.
7. PAA Suppliers
Supplier information: FMC & Solvay
FMC: VigorOX WWT II (PAA15%)
Solvay: Proxitane WW-12 (PAA 12%)
Manufacturing locations
FMC: Tonawanda, NY
Solvay: Joliet, IL
Onsite PAA (>98%) generation:
Eltron Research & Development, Inc.
Background
8. What is in Solvay’s Proxitane WW 12?
PAA 12%
Acetic Acid 15%
Hydrogen Peroxide 18.5%
H2O2+ CH3COOH CH3COO-OH + H2O
MSDGC Jar Test Studies
9. Advantages of PAA
for WW Treatment
Small footprint
Feed in neat form
Low freezing point
Long shelf life (12 to 18 months)
No extensive capital improvements
required
Minimal pH and temperature
dependence
Disadvantages of PAA for
WW Treatment
Still requires State approval
Cost? (site specific)
Limited suppliers
Background
10. E. Coli and PAA Concentrations in
MSDGC Secondary Effluent vs. Time
E. coli /
100 mL
PAA
(mg/L)
E. coli /
100 mL
PAA
(mg/L)
E. coli /
100 mL
PAA
(mg/L)
E. coli /
100 mL
PAA
(mg/L)
E. coli /
100 mL
PAA
(mg/L)
E. coli /
100 mL
PAA
(mg/L)
0 1.3 x EE4 4.4 1.3 x EE4 5.8 6.8 x EE3 5.9 6.8 x EE3 13.7 6.8 x EE3 20.3 6.8 x EE3 26.2
5 2.4 x EE3 3.3 >2.4 x EE3 4.7 10 5.6 16 12 13 18.2 4 26.2
10 687 2.6 457 4.1 10 5.1 13 11.6 3 18.2 5 25.7
15 1203 2.2 387 3.7 3 5.2 6 11.6 2 18.2 1 24.6
20 649 2 250 3.2 5 4.9 6 11.3 2 17.7 3 24.6
P6
Time
(min)
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
MSDGC Jar Test Studies
11. E. Coli and Chlorine Concentrations in
MSDGC Secondary Effluent vs. Time
E. coli /
100 mL
Free
Chlorine
(mg/L)
E. coli /
100 mL
Free
Chlorine
(mg/L)
E. coli /
100 mL
Free
Chlorine
(mg/L)
E. coli /
100 mL
Free
Chlorine
(mg/L)
0 5.1 x EE3 0.8 5.1 x EE3 1.4 5.1 x EE3 1.8 5.1 x EE3 1.5
5 10 0.6 <1 1 <1 1.4 <1 1.3
10 3 0.6 <1 1 <1 0.9 <1 1.2
15 <1 0.8 <1 0.8 <1 0.7 <1 0.9
20 <1 0.5 <1 <1 0.5 <1 0.8
C1 C2 C3 C4
Time
(min)
0
2000
4000
6000
0
5
10
15
20
5100
10
3
0
0
5100
0 0 0 0
5100
0 0 0 0
5100
0 0 0 0
E.coli/100mL
Time (min)
NaOCl: E. coli Concentration vs. Time
C1
C2
C3
C4
MSDGC Jar Test Studies
12. Results and Conclusions
NaOCl with a concentration of 1.4 mg/L free chlorine
resulted in complete inactivation of E. coli in less than
5 minutes
PAA with a concentration of 14 mg/L resulted in
significant inactivation of E. coli in 10 minutes.
To achieve a log inactivation of greater than 3, PAA
required a CT value greater than 150 mg*min/L, while
NaOCl required a CT value of 8 mg*min/L.
MSDGC Jar Test Studies
13. Sodium hypochlorite – For CES effluent, assume a NaOCl
dose of 5 mg/L and dechlorination with sodium bisulfite at a
dose of 2 mg/L.
For raw or screened CSO, assume a NaOCl dose of 10 mg/L
and dechlorination with sodium bisulfite at a dose of 4
mg/L.
PAA – For raw or screened CES effluent, assume a PAA
dose of 5 mg/L.
For CSO, assume a PAA dose of 10 mg/L with no required
dechlorinating facilities.
Assumptions based on Results
MSDGC Jar Test Studies
14. Comparison of PAA and Chlorine/Sodium Bisulfite
Disinfectants at a WW Facility in Steubenville, OH
Case Study 1
PAA Totes and Injection Pump
15. Determine the lowest PAA levels required to meet the summer
NPDES discharge fecal coliform limit of <200 CFU’s/ml.
Successfully pass the “WET” test (no acute affect on fresh
water organisms) on the PAA treated discharge water with 0.4
ppm residual PAA.
Determine that flow pacing is an adequate method of feeding
Proxitane WW-12.
Calculate cost effectiveness versus chlorine bleach and
dechlorination using sodium bisulfite.
Criteria for Success
Steubenville WW
Facility Study
16. Inject Peracetic Acid (Proxitane WW-12) neat, directly into the
secondary clarifier combined discharge. At an initial feed rate
of 1.5 mg/L active PAA based on total flow.
Allow for adequate mixing in the contact chamber.
Measure fecal coliform and PAA (indirectly through DPD Total
Chlorine residual measurement). Sample mixing chamber and
¾ point PAA residuals once per day. Sample final effluent
discharge every two hours and record PAA residual and total
flow (see diagram on next slide).
Demonstration Criteria
Steubenville WW
Facility Study
17. 17
Inlet
Mixing Chamber ¾ Test Point
Discharge
Chlorine
Contact
Chamber
Diagram
Steubenville WW
Facility Study
23. Proxitane WW-12 effectively controlled effluent fecal
coliform at a 0.75 ppm PAA feed and 0.40 ppm PAA
residual to meet both summer and winter NPDES permit
requirements. PAA could achieve fecal coliform discharge
limits even at PAA residual dosages of 0.32 ppm with
improved chemical feed control.
The “WET” test (Alloway Laboratories) at a 0.40 ppm
PAA residual passed with no effect on selected organism
survivability in the discharge stream.
Flow pacing is the desired method of Proxitane WW-12
feed and control.
Results and Conclusions
Steubenville WW
Facility Study
24. Proxitane WW-12 reduced the operating costs for disinfection
by 27% at the Steubenville WW Facility when compared to
chlorine (bleach) and dechlorination (sodium bisulfite).
Proxitane WW-12 was extremely effective in handling upsets in
secondary discharge fecal levels up to 290,000 CFUs/100ml
without any change in the low PAA dosage of 0.75 ppm.
Proxitane WW-12 was effective in treating wet weather flow
with bypass flows up to and exceeding 22.66 MGD without
deactivation.
Results and Conclusions
Steubenville WW
Facility Study
25. Case Study 2
Comparison of Sodium Hypochlorite and Peracetic Acid
in Disinfection of Muddy Creek Combined Sewer
Overflow in Cincinnati, OH (Ongoing)
EPA
NRMRL (Vasu Namboodiri, Craig Patterson)
NHSRC (Jeff Szabo)
CB&I (EPA Contractors, Don Schupp)
Solvay Chemicals (John Maziuk)
Peragreen & Engineers Plus (Bob Freeborn)
City of Cincinnati (MSDGC, Bruce Smith)
Wade Trim (MSDGC Contractor)
Muddy Creek Facility (field study)
26. 26
To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and PAA in
CSO wastewater using the following criteria:
Effectiveness of the disinfectants in the inactivation of E. coli.
Storage, shelf life, and application of the disinfectants.
Formation of harmful byproducts by the disinfectants.
Operation and maintenance costs, including the cost of the
disinfectant, its storage, application, and neutralizing agent for
the disinfectant to maintain the Ohio EPA guideline for
residual disinfectant at the discharge point.
Muddy Creek Facility Study
Solvay CRADA Objectives
27. Background
Comparison of PAA and NaOCl
PAA NaOCl
Efficacy High High
Efficacy > pH8 High Low
Oxidation Capacity 1.81 eV 1.36 eV
Oxidizes H2S Yes Yes
Degraded by UV No Yes, T1/2 45 mins
Contributes Na
+
No 1.8 lb NaCl/gallon
Aquatic toxicity Very Low High
Field test kit Yes Yes
28. The Muddy Creek CSO treatment facility was
constructed to provide disinfection using sodium
hypochlorite for two CSOs from the Westwood
Trunk sewer.
Muddy Creek Facility Study
29. Baseline Study
A baseline study (a minimum of 1 hour) will be performed to
determine the current operating conditions. Samples will be
collected every 15 minutes for the duration of the wet-weather
event (a maximum of 4 hours):
Tank 1 Access (beginning) – TSS and VSS
Tank 1 Access (end) – TSS, VSS, free and total chlorine, pH,
temperature, E. coli, Enterococci, and fecal coliform
Tank 2 Access (beginning) – Free and total chlorine, pH,
temperature, E. coli, Enterococci, and fecal coliform
Tank 2 Access (end) – Free and total chlorine, pH,
temperature, E. coli, Enterococci, and fecal coliform
Treated Effluent – E. coli, Enterococci, and fecal coliform
Muddy Creek Facility Study
31. Field Study Parameters
The following field study parameters will be measured or
analyzed:
Sodium Hypochlorite Level (height or volume) in the
Storage Tank
PAA Level (height or volume) in the container
PAA and Chlorine concentration (chlorine is a measure
of sodium hypochlorite concentration)
E. coli, Enterococci, and fecal coliform
Temperature
pH
TSS and VSS
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (effluent only)
Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic Acids (HAAs)
disinfection byproducts (effluent only)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (effluent only)
Measurement Units
Free and total chlorine mg/L
PAA mg/L
E. coli CFU/100 mL
Enterococci CFU/100 mL
Fecal coliform CFU/100 mL
TSS mg/L
VSS mg/L
TDS mg/L
pH S.U.
Temperature ºC
THM µg/L
HAA µg/L
COD mg/L
Muddy Creek Facility Study
32. Field Study Sampling Plan
Influent samples will be collected just upstream of the application
of PAA and sodium hypochlorite, and the effluent samples will be
collected from the pit used for bi-sulfite sampling based on the
following schedule:
Sample Time after rainfall begins
1 15 minutes
2 30 minutes
3 45 minutes
4 1 hour
5 1.5 hours
6 2 hours
7 3 hours
8 4 hours
Muddy Creek Facility Study
33. • The Muddy Creek Facility Study will be completed this year
during wet weather flow events (May 1-September 30, 2014).
• Results will be useful in WW treatment decision making.
• Many wastewater treatment facilities are conducting PAA pilot
and field studies:
– Storage, handling and security issues, to reduce toxic DBPs,
TDS & sodium pollution (chlorination & dechlorination).
– Hydraulic fracturing businesses are using PAA in the field.
• Other applications of PAA (prevent biofilm growth, membrane
cleaning, decontamination studies & chlorine resistant
pathogens).
Conclusions