Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and deranged insulin release from the pancreas, leading to hyperglycemia. Predisposing factors include age and heredity, while precipitating factors are obesity, diet, stress, and lifestyle. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes include glycosuria, polyuria, nocturia, and polydipsia. Diabetic ketoacidosis can also occur, with symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, tachycardia, and Kussmaul breathing. Long-term complications involve damage to blood vessels and nerves, increasing the risk of nephropathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, neuropathy, infection, and

1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
• Age
• Hereditary
PRECIPITATING FACTORS
• Obesity
• Dietary intake
• Stress
• Lifestyle
INSULIN RESISTANCE
DERANGED INSULIN RELEASE
↑ed hepatic glucose uptake
↓ed glucose uptake
Hyperglycemia
DM (TYPE II)
S/S:
 Glycosuria
 Polyuria
 Nocturia
 Polydipsia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
S/S:
 Polyuria
 Polydipsia
 N and V
 Hypotension
 Tachycardia
 Fruity smell
Kussmaul breathing
NephropathyRetinopathy
Blindness
Atherosclerosis
Sugar deposits like fat in the
wall of the blood vessel
Myocardial infarction
Neuropathy
Skin break
Impaired pain sensation
Impaired host defenses
Infection
↑ed serum glucose level
Prone to injury
Blockage of tiny blood
vessels
↓ed blood supply in the eye
Blurry vision
Destruction of retinal blood
vessels
Death
Severe infection
↓ed size of the lumen
↓ed renal perfusion
Impaired renal function
Renal failure
Coma