The government of the state of kelantan v the government of the federation of...FAROUQ
The case involved a challenge by the State of Kelantan to the constitutionality of the Malaysia Agreement and Malaysia Act that established Malaysia. Kelantan argued that [1] the agreements needed the consent of each Malayan state, including Kelantan, which was not obtained, and [2] the Federal Government had no power to legislate for Kelantan in matters under the state's own legislature. The key question was whether the constitutionality of an agreement entered into by the federal government and an act of Parliament can be challenged.
This document discusses different types of company meetings under corporate law. It defines key meeting types like the annual general meeting (AGM), extraordinary general meeting (EGM), class meetings, and meetings called by members or court order. It outlines requirements for convening different meetings, such as who has authority to call them, notice periods, and quorum rules. Exceptions allow one person to constitute a meeting in certain circumstances, like if they are the sole shareholder of a class of shares. The document also provides case examples relating to issues like convening meetings when a quorum cannot be reached.
Article 5 Federal Constitution Malaysia - Liberty of a pesonNelfi Amiera Mizan
Article 5 of the Malaysian Federal Constitution provides rights to liberty of the person but contains some defects. It outlines exceptions where a person may be deprived of liberty but these exceptions have been interpreted too narrowly by courts. Compared to international standards like the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 5 does not sufficiently protect personal liberty and is easily overridden by security laws. Reforms are needed to strengthen Article 5's protections, such as amending absolute emergency powers and defining 'law' to incorporate principles of natural justice.
This document provides an overview of the legal definition and interpretation of charity in England and Wales. It discusses how charity has traditionally been defined by reference to the preamble of the Statute of Charitable Uses 1601, which lists several charitable purposes. The document also summarizes Lord MacNaghten's four principal categories of charity and notes that to be charitable, a purpose must satisfy certain tests of public benefit. It concludes by noting how charity law has developed in England and Wales and how it is interpreted in Malaysia.
This document provides an overview of various defences that can be raised in negligence cases in Malaysia. It discusses the specific defences of volenti non fit injuria (consent) and contributory negligence. For volenti non fit injuria, the requirements of the plaintiff's consent being voluntary and with full knowledge of the risk are explained. Contributory negligence requires the plaintiff's unreasonable behaviour that contributed to the harm. General defences like inevitable accident and exclusion clauses are also outlined. Case examples are provided to illustrate how these defences have been applied in different factual situations.
The government of the state of kelantan v the government of the federation of...FAROUQ
The case involved a challenge by the State of Kelantan to the constitutionality of the Malaysia Agreement and Malaysia Act that established Malaysia. Kelantan argued that [1] the agreements needed the consent of each Malayan state, including Kelantan, which was not obtained, and [2] the Federal Government had no power to legislate for Kelantan in matters under the state's own legislature. The key question was whether the constitutionality of an agreement entered into by the federal government and an act of Parliament can be challenged.
This document discusses different types of company meetings under corporate law. It defines key meeting types like the annual general meeting (AGM), extraordinary general meeting (EGM), class meetings, and meetings called by members or court order. It outlines requirements for convening different meetings, such as who has authority to call them, notice periods, and quorum rules. Exceptions allow one person to constitute a meeting in certain circumstances, like if they are the sole shareholder of a class of shares. The document also provides case examples relating to issues like convening meetings when a quorum cannot be reached.
Article 5 Federal Constitution Malaysia - Liberty of a pesonNelfi Amiera Mizan
Article 5 of the Malaysian Federal Constitution provides rights to liberty of the person but contains some defects. It outlines exceptions where a person may be deprived of liberty but these exceptions have been interpreted too narrowly by courts. Compared to international standards like the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 5 does not sufficiently protect personal liberty and is easily overridden by security laws. Reforms are needed to strengthen Article 5's protections, such as amending absolute emergency powers and defining 'law' to incorporate principles of natural justice.
This document provides an overview of the legal definition and interpretation of charity in England and Wales. It discusses how charity has traditionally been defined by reference to the preamble of the Statute of Charitable Uses 1601, which lists several charitable purposes. The document also summarizes Lord MacNaghten's four principal categories of charity and notes that to be charitable, a purpose must satisfy certain tests of public benefit. It concludes by noting how charity law has developed in England and Wales and how it is interpreted in Malaysia.
This document provides an overview of various defences that can be raised in negligence cases in Malaysia. It discusses the specific defences of volenti non fit injuria (consent) and contributory negligence. For volenti non fit injuria, the requirements of the plaintiff's consent being voluntary and with full knowledge of the risk are explained. Contributory negligence requires the plaintiff's unreasonable behaviour that contributed to the harm. General defences like inevitable accident and exclusion clauses are also outlined. Case examples are provided to illustrate how these defences have been applied in different factual situations.
The document discusses whether a Portuguese man aged 75, named Jose, can be appointed as a director to replace Arsene on the board of PQR Sdn Bhd. It analyzes that Jose cannot be one of the first two directors as he is non-resident, but he could be appointed as an additional director if Alex and Rafael are resident directors. It also determines that, as PQR Sdn Bhd is a private company, Jose's age of 75 does not prevent him from being a director under the relevant laws.
The document discusses liens and lien holder's caveats under Malaysian land law. It provides definitions and discusses key cases that have helped define:
- What constitutes a valid lien under section 281 of the National Land Code, including whether the loan can be to a third party rather than just the registered proprietor.
- The effect of a lien holder's caveat, including that it has a similar prohibitive effect as a private caveat in preventing subsequent dealings on the land.
- Issues around who can create and enter a lien holder's caveat, as well as the requirements and procedures around creating and removing caveats. Cases have found equitable rights can still exist even if statutory requirements are not fully met.
Pemakaian Prinsip Ekuiti dalam Sistem Torrens di MalaysiaIrfan Shafie
UNDANG-UNDANG TANAH DI MALAYSIA MENGGUNAPAKAI SISTEM TORRENS BAGI MENGIKTIRAF HAK MILIK TANAH. NAMUN BEGITU, PRINSIP EKUITI AKAN DIGUNAKAN JIKA TERDAPAT LAKUNA DALAM SISTEM PERUNDANGAN NEGARA.
Sivarasa Rasiah, a lawyer and member of Parliament, wished to serve on the Bar Council but was disqualified under section 46A of the Legal Profession Act 1976. He challenged the constitutionality of section 46A, arguing it violated his rights to equality, association, and personal liberty. The Federal Court dismissed the appeal and held that: 1) the Malaysian Bar is a statutory body, not an association, so there was no violation of the right to association; 2) section 46A's restrictions were reasonable and aimed at ensuring an independent Bar Council free of political influence; and 3) section 46A complied with the equality and equal protection clauses.
The document discusses separation of powers in Malaysia. It explains that while Malaysia does not have absolute separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, it does apply a system of checks and balances. There is some overlap in membership and functions between the executive and legislative branches, with the monarch holding positions in both. However, checks like requiring the monarch to act on cabinet advice help prevent abuse of power. The legislative and judicial branches generally do not overlap, but both can influence the other's functions. Overall, Malaysia takes a liberal approach to separation of powers while still maintaining checks and balances between the branches.
This document outlines the key elements of a valid contract to marry under Malaysian law, including definitions, requirements, breach and consequences. It discusses the requirements of offer, acceptance, consideration and capacity. Capacity requires that parties be single and of age. Breach can occur through failure to marry within a reasonable time or through anticipatory breach. Defences include misrepresentation, lack of a duty of full disclosure, and proof of moral/physical infirmity. Consequences of breach include general and special damages awards.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Sources of law english lawxareejx
This document discusses the sources of law in Malaysia, specifically addressing the Civil Law Act 1956. It contains the following key points:
1. The Civil Law Act 1956 adopted the common law of England and rules of equity as they existed on specific cutoff dates for each state - April 7, 1956 for Peninsular Malaysia, December 1, 1951 for Sabah, and December 12, 1949 for Sarawak.
2. The Act allows Malaysian courts to apply English common law and equity to fill gaps in Malaysian law, subject to the proviso that they must be applied only as local circumstances permit.
3. Subsequent developments in English law after the cutoff dates are not binding on Malaysian courts but may be persuasive if
CONTOH MOOTING OLEH PELAJAR TAHUN AKHIR DI UUMASMAH CHE WAN
Appeal on criminal case which is a rape case. we are acting on behalf of appellant (accused). This case was based on real situation in the case of Azahan bin Aminallah v PP.
This document discusses Articles 8, 9, and 25 of the Malaysian Federal Constitution regarding equality, protection from banishment, and deprivation of citizenship.
Key points include:
- Article 8 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection, but allows for reasonable classification based on intelligible differentia and a nexus with lawful objectives. Courts have upheld various laws as not violating this principle.
- Article 9 protects against banishment from the country.
- Article 25 allows the Federal Government to deprive citizenship obtained by registration or naturalization if the individual shows disloyalty, aided enemies during war, or obtained citizenship by fraud or mistake.
This document provides an overview of divorce law in Malaysia, including:
1. The jurisdiction of courts to hear divorce petitions and the requirements under Section 48(1) of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976.
2. The ways to obtain a divorce, including presumption of death, divorce by conversion, mutual consent, and breakdown of marriage on grounds such as adultery, behavior, desertion, or living apart.
3. Exceptions to the two-year waiting period before filing for divorce, such as in cases of exceptional hardship or depravity or if one party converts to Islam.
This document discusses the concept of "personal liberty" under Article 5(1) of the Malaysian Constitution through a summary of various court cases. It addresses how personal liberty relates to rights of the person or body, such as freedom from unlawful detention, right to be informed of arrest grounds, and right to legal counsel. However, it does not include rights to travel overseas or obtain a passport, as the government has discretion over passport issuance. The document also examines how personal liberty has been more broadly interpreted in some cases to include additional rights.
1. The document discusses the key elements and principles of partnership law in Malaysia.
2. It outlines the definition of a partnership, elements required to form one, types of partners, and rules for determining if a partnership exists.
3. Key points covered include how sharing profits or assets alone does not create a partnership, the need for agreement and intention to carry on business together, and exceptions where receipt of profits does not make one a partner.
4. The summary also discusses an agent's authority to bind the partnership in dealings with outsiders, and cases that further explain partnership principles.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal history STRAITS SETTLEMENTS PART2xareejx
This document discusses the history of Singapore from its time as part of the Malay kingdom of Malacca to its establishment as a British colony in 1819. It notes that Singapore was initially under Portuguese and Dutch rule before coming under permanent British control in 1824 through a treaty with the Sultan of Johor. The document also outlines the legal developments in Singapore and the other Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca as English law was introduced through various Royal Charters and applied with some modifications to accommodate local customs and religions.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of nuisance in tort law. It defines nuisance as a branch of law that protects landowners from unreasonable interference with the use of their land. There are two types of nuisance: public nuisance, which affects the rights of the general public, and private nuisance, which disturbs a private individual's use and enjoyment of their property.
The document outlines the elements that must be proven for a private nuisance claim, including that the interference was substantial and unreasonable. It examines factors like the location of the properties and whether the defendant's actions provide a public benefit. Case examples are provided to illustrate how courts have interpreted and applied the legal principles of nuisance.
The sale and purchase agreement between Johan and Nabil is null and void as a temporary occupation license cannot be transferred. The land office can terminate the license due to breach of conditions without compensation. Johan cannot claim compensation from the land office for the house built on the land.
This document summarizes the rule in Foss v Harbottle and its exceptions regarding a member's right to bring legal action against a company. The rule establishes that the company is usually the proper plaintiff, not individual members, but there are exceptions. These include where the majority acts ultra vires, fails to obtain a required special resolution, infringes on a member's personal rights, commits fraud on the minority, or does not act bona fide for the company's benefit as a whole. The exceptions allow members to bring a derivative suit on behalf of the company or a personal claim to enforce their own rights.
The document discusses the meaning and effects of a prohibitory order (PO) under Malaysian law. A PO is a court order obtained by a judgment creditor against a judgment debtor to restrain the debtor from disposing of land subject to execution proceedings to recover a judgment debt. It prohibits registration of dealings on the land. Case law discussed establishes that a PO only binds the interest still held by the debtor and cannot override prior interests, and an extension requires proof of special circumstances. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology and procedures regarding POs under the relevant laws and rules of court.
The document summarizes the different methods of amending the Malaysian Constitution as outlined in Articles 159 and 161E. It discusses four methods: amendments requiring a simple majority in Parliament; a two-thirds majority in Parliament and consent of the Conference of Rulers; a two-thirds majority in Parliament and consent of the Governors of Sabah and Sarawak; and a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament. It also examines debates around amendments affecting the basic structure of the Constitution and examples of past attempted amendments concerning the powers of the King and constitutional monarchy.
This document discusses whether breach of promise to marry should remain a cause of action in Malaysian courts. It begins by explaining that in England, the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970 abolished this cause of action, but notes that Malaysian law is not bound by English legislation due to cut-off dates under Section 3 of the Civil Law Act. The document then provides arguments for why breach of promise to marry remains a valid cause of action in Malaysia, such as to uphold the integrity of promises made and award exemplary damages for distress caused by breaches. Case examples are discussed throughout to support keeping this as a cause of action.
Non expert opinion is not covered yeah:)
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses burden and standard of proof in law of evidence. It defines burden of proof as the obligation to provide sufficient evidence to support one's case, and distinguishes between burden of establishing a case and evidential burden of introducing evidence. The standard of proof refers to the degree of probability required to discharge the burden. For criminal cases, the standard is proof beyond reasonable doubt, while for civil cases it is on a balance of probabilities. The more serious the allegation, the higher the standard of proof required.
1. A witness who is inconsistent in giving evidence, especially if the inconsistencies are material contradictions, cannot generally be regarded as a credible witness. However, not all inconsistencies necessarily undermine credibility.
2. For a witness to refresh their memory by referring to notes, certain conditions must be met under Section 159 of the Evidence Act. The writing must have been made by the witness at the time of the event or soon after.
3. Even if the conditions for refreshing memory are satisfied, the opposing party still has the right to inspect the document and cross-examine the witness on it. Referring to a document alone does not necessarily make the witness credible; it depends on whether the statutory safeguards are
The document discusses whether a Portuguese man aged 75, named Jose, can be appointed as a director to replace Arsene on the board of PQR Sdn Bhd. It analyzes that Jose cannot be one of the first two directors as he is non-resident, but he could be appointed as an additional director if Alex and Rafael are resident directors. It also determines that, as PQR Sdn Bhd is a private company, Jose's age of 75 does not prevent him from being a director under the relevant laws.
The document discusses liens and lien holder's caveats under Malaysian land law. It provides definitions and discusses key cases that have helped define:
- What constitutes a valid lien under section 281 of the National Land Code, including whether the loan can be to a third party rather than just the registered proprietor.
- The effect of a lien holder's caveat, including that it has a similar prohibitive effect as a private caveat in preventing subsequent dealings on the land.
- Issues around who can create and enter a lien holder's caveat, as well as the requirements and procedures around creating and removing caveats. Cases have found equitable rights can still exist even if statutory requirements are not fully met.
Pemakaian Prinsip Ekuiti dalam Sistem Torrens di MalaysiaIrfan Shafie
UNDANG-UNDANG TANAH DI MALAYSIA MENGGUNAPAKAI SISTEM TORRENS BAGI MENGIKTIRAF HAK MILIK TANAH. NAMUN BEGITU, PRINSIP EKUITI AKAN DIGUNAKAN JIKA TERDAPAT LAKUNA DALAM SISTEM PERUNDANGAN NEGARA.
Sivarasa Rasiah, a lawyer and member of Parliament, wished to serve on the Bar Council but was disqualified under section 46A of the Legal Profession Act 1976. He challenged the constitutionality of section 46A, arguing it violated his rights to equality, association, and personal liberty. The Federal Court dismissed the appeal and held that: 1) the Malaysian Bar is a statutory body, not an association, so there was no violation of the right to association; 2) section 46A's restrictions were reasonable and aimed at ensuring an independent Bar Council free of political influence; and 3) section 46A complied with the equality and equal protection clauses.
The document discusses separation of powers in Malaysia. It explains that while Malaysia does not have absolute separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, it does apply a system of checks and balances. There is some overlap in membership and functions between the executive and legislative branches, with the monarch holding positions in both. However, checks like requiring the monarch to act on cabinet advice help prevent abuse of power. The legislative and judicial branches generally do not overlap, but both can influence the other's functions. Overall, Malaysia takes a liberal approach to separation of powers while still maintaining checks and balances between the branches.
This document outlines the key elements of a valid contract to marry under Malaysian law, including definitions, requirements, breach and consequences. It discusses the requirements of offer, acceptance, consideration and capacity. Capacity requires that parties be single and of age. Breach can occur through failure to marry within a reasonable time or through anticipatory breach. Defences include misrepresentation, lack of a duty of full disclosure, and proof of moral/physical infirmity. Consequences of breach include general and special damages awards.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Sources of law english lawxareejx
This document discusses the sources of law in Malaysia, specifically addressing the Civil Law Act 1956. It contains the following key points:
1. The Civil Law Act 1956 adopted the common law of England and rules of equity as they existed on specific cutoff dates for each state - April 7, 1956 for Peninsular Malaysia, December 1, 1951 for Sabah, and December 12, 1949 for Sarawak.
2. The Act allows Malaysian courts to apply English common law and equity to fill gaps in Malaysian law, subject to the proviso that they must be applied only as local circumstances permit.
3. Subsequent developments in English law after the cutoff dates are not binding on Malaysian courts but may be persuasive if
CONTOH MOOTING OLEH PELAJAR TAHUN AKHIR DI UUMASMAH CHE WAN
Appeal on criminal case which is a rape case. we are acting on behalf of appellant (accused). This case was based on real situation in the case of Azahan bin Aminallah v PP.
This document discusses Articles 8, 9, and 25 of the Malaysian Federal Constitution regarding equality, protection from banishment, and deprivation of citizenship.
Key points include:
- Article 8 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection, but allows for reasonable classification based on intelligible differentia and a nexus with lawful objectives. Courts have upheld various laws as not violating this principle.
- Article 9 protects against banishment from the country.
- Article 25 allows the Federal Government to deprive citizenship obtained by registration or naturalization if the individual shows disloyalty, aided enemies during war, or obtained citizenship by fraud or mistake.
This document provides an overview of divorce law in Malaysia, including:
1. The jurisdiction of courts to hear divorce petitions and the requirements under Section 48(1) of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976.
2. The ways to obtain a divorce, including presumption of death, divorce by conversion, mutual consent, and breakdown of marriage on grounds such as adultery, behavior, desertion, or living apart.
3. Exceptions to the two-year waiting period before filing for divorce, such as in cases of exceptional hardship or depravity or if one party converts to Islam.
This document discusses the concept of "personal liberty" under Article 5(1) of the Malaysian Constitution through a summary of various court cases. It addresses how personal liberty relates to rights of the person or body, such as freedom from unlawful detention, right to be informed of arrest grounds, and right to legal counsel. However, it does not include rights to travel overseas or obtain a passport, as the government has discretion over passport issuance. The document also examines how personal liberty has been more broadly interpreted in some cases to include additional rights.
1. The document discusses the key elements and principles of partnership law in Malaysia.
2. It outlines the definition of a partnership, elements required to form one, types of partners, and rules for determining if a partnership exists.
3. Key points covered include how sharing profits or assets alone does not create a partnership, the need for agreement and intention to carry on business together, and exceptions where receipt of profits does not make one a partner.
4. The summary also discusses an agent's authority to bind the partnership in dealings with outsiders, and cases that further explain partnership principles.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal history STRAITS SETTLEMENTS PART2xareejx
This document discusses the history of Singapore from its time as part of the Malay kingdom of Malacca to its establishment as a British colony in 1819. It notes that Singapore was initially under Portuguese and Dutch rule before coming under permanent British control in 1824 through a treaty with the Sultan of Johor. The document also outlines the legal developments in Singapore and the other Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca as English law was introduced through various Royal Charters and applied with some modifications to accommodate local customs and religions.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of nuisance in tort law. It defines nuisance as a branch of law that protects landowners from unreasonable interference with the use of their land. There are two types of nuisance: public nuisance, which affects the rights of the general public, and private nuisance, which disturbs a private individual's use and enjoyment of their property.
The document outlines the elements that must be proven for a private nuisance claim, including that the interference was substantial and unreasonable. It examines factors like the location of the properties and whether the defendant's actions provide a public benefit. Case examples are provided to illustrate how courts have interpreted and applied the legal principles of nuisance.
The sale and purchase agreement between Johan and Nabil is null and void as a temporary occupation license cannot be transferred. The land office can terminate the license due to breach of conditions without compensation. Johan cannot claim compensation from the land office for the house built on the land.
This document summarizes the rule in Foss v Harbottle and its exceptions regarding a member's right to bring legal action against a company. The rule establishes that the company is usually the proper plaintiff, not individual members, but there are exceptions. These include where the majority acts ultra vires, fails to obtain a required special resolution, infringes on a member's personal rights, commits fraud on the minority, or does not act bona fide for the company's benefit as a whole. The exceptions allow members to bring a derivative suit on behalf of the company or a personal claim to enforce their own rights.
The document discusses the meaning and effects of a prohibitory order (PO) under Malaysian law. A PO is a court order obtained by a judgment creditor against a judgment debtor to restrain the debtor from disposing of land subject to execution proceedings to recover a judgment debt. It prohibits registration of dealings on the land. Case law discussed establishes that a PO only binds the interest still held by the debtor and cannot override prior interests, and an extension requires proof of special circumstances. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology and procedures regarding POs under the relevant laws and rules of court.
The document summarizes the different methods of amending the Malaysian Constitution as outlined in Articles 159 and 161E. It discusses four methods: amendments requiring a simple majority in Parliament; a two-thirds majority in Parliament and consent of the Conference of Rulers; a two-thirds majority in Parliament and consent of the Governors of Sabah and Sarawak; and a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament. It also examines debates around amendments affecting the basic structure of the Constitution and examples of past attempted amendments concerning the powers of the King and constitutional monarchy.
This document discusses whether breach of promise to marry should remain a cause of action in Malaysian courts. It begins by explaining that in England, the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970 abolished this cause of action, but notes that Malaysian law is not bound by English legislation due to cut-off dates under Section 3 of the Civil Law Act. The document then provides arguments for why breach of promise to marry remains a valid cause of action in Malaysia, such as to uphold the integrity of promises made and award exemplary damages for distress caused by breaches. Case examples are discussed throughout to support keeping this as a cause of action.
Non expert opinion is not covered yeah:)
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses burden and standard of proof in law of evidence. It defines burden of proof as the obligation to provide sufficient evidence to support one's case, and distinguishes between burden of establishing a case and evidential burden of introducing evidence. The standard of proof refers to the degree of probability required to discharge the burden. For criminal cases, the standard is proof beyond reasonable doubt, while for civil cases it is on a balance of probabilities. The more serious the allegation, the higher the standard of proof required.
1. A witness who is inconsistent in giving evidence, especially if the inconsistencies are material contradictions, cannot generally be regarded as a credible witness. However, not all inconsistencies necessarily undermine credibility.
2. For a witness to refresh their memory by referring to notes, certain conditions must be met under Section 159 of the Evidence Act. The writing must have been made by the witness at the time of the event or soon after.
3. Even if the conditions for refreshing memory are satisfied, the opposing party still has the right to inspect the document and cross-examine the witness on it. Referring to a document alone does not necessarily make the witness credible; it depends on whether the statutory safeguards are
The document discusses key concepts related to presumption and judicial notice in Malaysian law. It defines presumption as an inference drawn from known facts, and distinguishes between presumption of law and presumption of fact. It explains different types of presumptions under Malaysian law including those that the court "may presume", "shall presume", and those that constitute "conclusive proof". It also defines judicial notice as facts that a judge will notice without proof, and provides examples of facts that courts commonly take judicial notice of, such as identities of government leaders.
1. Samad Tuah bin Jebat was charged with stealing a motorbike under Section 379A of the Penal Code.
2. The prosecution argued for a heavier punishment to deter the increasing number of motorbike thefts in the area.
3. The defense pleaded for leniency as it was the accused's first offense, and he needed the motorbike due to desperation and intended to return it.
4. The magistrate found the accused guilty but discharged him with a bond for good behavior for 2 years, taking into account it was a first offense due to necessity, and that imprisonment may not be the solution.
This document provides the text of Malaysia's Child Act 2001, which consolidates and amends laws relating to the care, protection and rehabilitation of children. Some key points:
- It establishes the National Council for Children to oversee child welfare issues.
- It defines terms like "child", "Court for Children", and types of institutions like places of safety, refuge, detention, and approved schools.
- It covers issues like children in need of care/protection, criminal procedures for children, placing children in institutions, and the roles of protectors, probation officers, and other officials.
- It has transitional provisions to continue existing councils, rules, and childcare institutions established under previous laws.
This document provides an overview of the juvenile justice system in Malaysia. It discusses that 60% of Malaysia's population is under 30 years old, and that while perceptions are that juvenile crime is increasing, data is limited and inconsistent. For children accused of crimes, the Child Act of 2001 established specialized procedures and the Court for Children to handle their cases separately from adult procedures. The document outlines the key stages of handling a child in conflict with the law, from arrest to sentencing. It also discusses exceptions for serious crimes and status offenses. Overall, the document presents background on juvenile justice in Malaysia and the legal framework established in the Child Act.
PRINCIPLE OF PRIMA FACIE CASE AND MAXIMUM EVALUATION AT THE CLOSE OF PROSECUT...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses the standard of proof required at the close of the prosecution's case in Malaysian criminal trials. It summarizes the key cases that addressed this issue, including Haw Tua Tau v Public Prosecutor, Khoo Hi Chiang v Public Prosecutor, and Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong. Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong established that only a prima facie case, not proof beyond reasonable doubt, is required at this stage. It clarified that a prima facie case means credible evidence for each essential element of the charge, subject to maximum evaluation but not equating to proof beyond reasonable doubt. This standard was affirmed in subsequent cases and resolved the long-
1) Several laws in Malaysia carry mandatory death penalties for offenses such as murder, drug trafficking, and treason. Between 1970-1996, 349 people were executed, mostly for drug offenses.
2) While the number of executions has decreased in recent years, official statistics show the death penalty has been ineffective in reducing drug addiction and the number of known addicts has risen.
3) Caning is a supplementary punishment to imprisonment for around 40 crimes including drug offenses, rape, and firearms offenses. However, caning violates international human rights standards against cruel or degrading treatment or punishment.
Baldah Toyyibah (Prasarana) Kelantan Sdn Bhd v Dae Hanguru Infra Sdn Bhd and ...surrenderyourthrone
The Court of Appeal was determining two appeals regarding a dispute over a construction agreement for the Kota Bharu-Kuala Krai Highway Project. The plaintiff had sued the defendants for breach of contract. The key issues were whether there was an enforceable contract and whether the plaintiff was entitled to compensation. The Court of Appeal allowed the first defendant's appeal and dismissed the plaintiff's appeal. It found that there was no valid contract between the parties due to a lack of consensus ad idem. While the plaintiff was later nominated as the contractor, this did not remedy the lack of consensus needed to form a valid contract. As the plaintiff did not prove a valid enforceable contract existed, it was not entitled to compensation for breach
The bankrupt appealed the dismissal of their application for discharge from bankruptcy. The creditor opposed the appeal, arguing that the Director General of Insolvency's (DGI) report was incomplete and unreliable. The court agreed that the DGI report failed to undertake a comprehensive investigation of the bankrupt's assets. As the DGI report is a main piece of evidence in bankruptcy cases, it should have been more detailed. The court dismissed the appeal, as it was not bound to accept an incomplete or unreliable report.
JUSTIFIKASI KEPERLUAN PENAHANAN REMAN MENURUT PERUNDANGAN ISLAM DAN SIVILsurrenderyourthrone
Dokumen tersebut membahasakan justifikasi keperluan penahanan reman menurut hukum Islam dan perundangan sivil. Penahanan reman dipraktikkan sejak zaman Nabi Muhammad sebagai salah satu prosedur penyiasatan untuk mencegah tertuduh melarikan diri dan menghancurkan bukti. Kebanyakan ulama Islam mengizinkan penahanan reman yang bersifat sementara untuk tujuan investigasi, bukan hukuman. Tempoh penahanan bervariasi menurut
The document is the Contracts Act 1950 of Malaysia. It contains 191 sections organized into 10 Parts that establish rules and principles related to contracts. Some key details include:
- The Act relates to contracts and was first enacted in 1950, with revisions in 1974 and 2006.
- Part I establishes preliminary definitions for terms used in the Act like proposal, acceptance, promisor, promisee, consideration, agreement, void, contract, and reciprocal promises.
- Parts II through IX cover topics like communication and revocation of proposals, void and voidable contracts, contingent contracts, performance of contracts, consequences of breach, indemnity and guarantee, bailment, and agency.
- Part X addresses the
The document summarizes the history and current state of the legal profession in Malaysia. It discusses:
- The legal profession in Malaysia is a fused profession with no distinction between solicitors and barristers.
- The earliest lawyers were known as "law agents" or "advocates and attornies", with the first admission recorded in 1808.
- Various ordinances established regulatory bodies for lawyers in different states, which were consolidated by the Legal Profession Act 1976, establishing the Malaysian Bar and Bar Council. However, Sabah and Sarawak continue to have their own separate legislation and professional bodies.
This document provides an overview of Islamic law of property in Malaysia. It discusses several key topics:
1) The administration of Muslim estates, which can be testate (with a will) or intestate (without a will). Small estates valued under RM600,000 are distributed by land administrators according to Islamic inheritance law. Non-small estates are distributed by civil courts, who require a certificate from the sharia court.
2) Wills made by Muslims must comply with sharia principles and are adjudicated by sharia courts. Some states have enacted Muslim Wills Enactments to govern this.
3) Nominations in insurance policies and savings accounts are treated differently by different state fatwas regarding
WRITTEN AND ORAL IN ISLAMIC LAW - DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND NON-MUSLIMS IN MOR...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses a case from 1881 in which a Jewish merchant named Ya'akov b. Shalom Assarraf sued a Muslim associate in a shari'a court in Fez, Morocco. Ya'akov presented a legal document as evidence that the defendant owed him money, and the judge ruled in Ya'akov's favor based solely on this documentary evidence, contradicting the common understanding that Islamic law privileged oral testimony over written documents. The document analyzes this case in the context of scholarship on evidentiary standards in Islamic law and the role of non-Muslims in shari'a courts, arguing it highlights the need to reexamine assumptions about the probative value of documents and legal interactions between religious groups in
PEMBUKTIAN MELALUI DOKUMEN DALAM KES-KES PENGESAHAN HIBAH DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH...
Past Years - Company Law I (6 papers)
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11. L
IUNIVERSITI KEBANGSMN MALAYSIA
The National University ofA1alaysia
PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR
SEMESTER I SESI AKADEMIK 2015-2016 (GANTIAN)
IJAZAH SARJANA MUDA DENGAN KEPUJIAN
IFEBRUARI 2016
KODKURSUS
TAJUKKURSUS
ARAHAN
MASA: 2 JAM
UUUK3053
UNDANG-UNDANG SYARIKAT DAN PERKONGSIAN I
1. Kertas ini mengandungi Bahagian A dan Bahagian B.
Terdapat EMPAT (4) soalan semuanya.
2. Pelajar diwajibkan menjawab DUA (2) soalan sahaja, SATU
(1) soalan daripada bahagian A dan SATU (1) soalan
daripada bahagian B.
3. Pelajar diwajibkan menjawab SATU (1) soalan dalam bahasa
Melayu dan SATU (1) soalan dalam bahasa Inggeris.
5. lumlah markah keseluruhan kertas ini ialah 40.
6. Kertas soalan tidak dibenarkan dibawa keluar dari Dewan
Peperiksaan.
7. Akta - akta yang dibekalkan untuk rujukan ialah :
(i) Akta Perkongsian 1961 / Partnership Act 1961
(ii) Akta Syarikat 1965 (Akta 125) / Companies Act
1965 (Act 125)
(iii) Limited Liability Partnership Act 2012
Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 2 muka surat bercetak, tidak termasuk muka surat ini.
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BAHAGIAN A: UNDANG-UNDANG PERKONGSIAN
1. ".ifcases should occur where any partners under the guise ofsuch an agreement are really
trading as principals andputtingforward as ostensible, others who are really the agents,
they must not hope by such device to escape liability; for the law in cases ofthis kind will
look at the body and substance ofthe arrangement andfasten responsibility on the parties
according to their true and real character. "
(Sir Montague Smith dalam Mollowo March & Co. v The Court of Wards (1872) L.R. 4
PC.)
Dengan merujuk peruntukan di bawah Akta Perkongsian 1961 dan Limited Liability
Partnership Act 2012, bincangkan kenyataan di atas.
(20 markah)
2. lawab (a) DAN (b).
(a) P, Q, R dan S adalah rakan-rakan kongsi dalam firma PQRS Enterprise. S tidak pernah
mengambil apa-apa bahagian aktif dalam urus niaga firma. P, Q dan R baru-baru ini telah
mendapati S telah memasuki perkongsian dengan T dan membuat untung yang banyak.
Nasihatkan P, Q dan R tentang sarna ada mereka boleh menuntut keuntungan yang dibuat
oleh S dalam perkongsian yang lain itu.
(10 markah)
(b) Terangkan alasan-alasan yang membolehkan sesebuah perkongsian itu dibubarkan.
(10 markah)
BAHAGIAN B : UNDANG-UNDANG SYARIKAT
3. "The term 'promoter' is not a term oflaw, but o.fbusiness, usefully summing-up in a single
word a number ofbusiness operationsfamiliar to the commercial world. "
(Hakim Bowen dalam Whaley Bridge Calico Printing Co v Green & Smith (1879) 5 QBD
109 hIm. 111.)
(a) Berdasarkan keputusan-keputusan mahkamah, siapakah yang tergolong dalam
skop istilah 'penaja' dan apakah perhubungan antara penaja dan syarikat.
(b)
(10 markah)
Bincangkan remedi-remedi yang boleh diperoleh oleh pihak syarikat sekiranya
penaja gagaI menunaikan kewajipan-kewajipan mereka.
(10 markah)
,
13. .'<
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UUUK3053
4. Jawab (a) DAN (b).
(a) Doktrin ultra vires tidak lagi mempunyai apa-apa kepentingan praktikal pada masa kini.
Bincangkan.
(10 markah)
(b) Objek syarikat KKKG Sdn. Bhd. adalah untuk :
(i) menghasilkan perabut kayu dan produk-produk berkaitan hasil-hasil kayu.
(ii) menjalankan urusan-urusan lain yang pada pendapat para pengarah syarikat akan
memberi kelebihan pada syarikat sarna ada berkaitan dengan atau sebagai sokongan
terhadap urusan am syarikat.
Baru-baru ini, para pengarah syarikat KKKG Sdn. Bhd. telah memasuki satu kontrak
dengan syarikat DTPH Sdn. Bhd. yang sedang dalam keadaan kewangan yang gawat.
Syarikat DTPH akan membekalkan syarikat KKKG Sdn. Bhd. bahan-bahan untuk produk
berkaitan besi bernilai RM5 juta untuk tempoh satu tahun.
Rahul, seorang pemegang saham syarikat KKKG Sdn. Bhd. tidak berasa senang dengan
perkembangan ini. Dia percaya bahawa kontrak ini lebih kepada untuk menyelamatkan
syarikat DTPH Sdn. Bhd. yang pegangan ekuitinya turut dimiliki oleh adik pengarah
urusan syarikat KKKG Sdn. Bhd.
Nasihatkan Rahul tentang sarna ada kesahan kontrak itu boleh dicabar di mahkamah.
(10 markah)
"SELAMAT MAJU JAVA"
2
14. IUNIVERSm KEBANGSMN MALAYSIA
The National University ofMalaysia
PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR
SEMESTER I SESI AKADEMIK 2015-2016
IJAZAH SARJANA MUDA DENGAN KEPUJIAN
IDISEMBER 2015/JANUARI 2016 MASA: 2 JAM
KODKURSUS
.TAJUK KURSUS
ARAHAN
UUUK3053
UNDANG-UNDANG SYARIKAT DAN PERKONGSIAN I
1. Kertas ini mengandungi Bahagian A dan Bahagian B.
Terdapat EMPAT (4) soalan semuanya.
2. Pelajar diwajibkan menjawab DUA (2) soalan sahaja, SATU
(1) soalan daripada bahagian A dengan menggunakan buku
jawapan berwarna BIRU dan SATU (1) soalan daripada
bahagian B menggunakan buku jawapan berwarna HIJAU.
3. Pelajar diwajibkan menjawab SATU (1) soalan dalam bahasa
Melayu dan SATU (1) soalan dalam bahasa Inggeris.
5. Jumlah markah keseluruhan kertas ini ialah 40.
6. Kertas soalan tidak dibenarkan dibawa keluar dari Dewan
Peperiksaan.
7. Akta - akta yang dibekalkan untuk rujukan ialah :
(i) AktaPerkongsian 1961 I Partnership Act 1961
(ii) Akta Syarikat 1965 (Akta 125) I Companies Act
1965 (Act 125)
(iii) Limited Liability Partnership Act 2012
Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 3 muka surat bercetak, tidak termasuk muka surat ini.
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MS ISO 9001 REG NO. AR 2845
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BAHAGIAN A: UNDANG-UNDANG PERKONGSIAN
1. Buat beberapa tahun lamanya, Linda dan Kathy telah menjadi rakan kongsi dalam
sebuah firma guaman dengan nama L, K & Co. Pada 31 Julai 2015 Linda telah bersara
daripada firma dan seorang rakan kongsi baru, Hannah telah diterima masuk ke dalam
firma. Persaraan Linda telah dihebahkan melalui warta Kerajaan pada lOgos 2015.
Linda bersetuju untuk mengizinkan firma untuk mengekalkan namanya sebagai L, K
& Co. tetapi telah meminta supaya namanya tidak lagi tercatat sebagai rakan kongsi
dalam semua kepala surat yang digunakan oleh firma bermula tarikh lOgos 2015.
Nasihatkan orang-orang berikut yang berurusan dengan firma selepas tarikh lOgos
2015 sarna ada Linda dan Hannah akan bertanggungan bersama Kathy dalam situasi-
situasi berikut:-
(i) Syarikat Alatulis Green Fingers telah kerap membekalkan alat tulis untuk firma
sebelum ini. Satu pesanan alat tulis yang baru dengan jumlah yang agak besar telah
dibuat oleh Kathy menerusi telefon pada 10 Ogos 2015. Dia tidak pula memberitahu
syarikat ini berkenaan dengan perubahan yang berlaku dalam keanggotaan firma.
(5 markah)
(ii) Syarikat Mesin Automasi Sdn Bhd, sebuah syarikat yang tidak pemah berurusan
dengan firma sebelum ini, telah membekalkan sebuah mesin pendua (fotostat) kepada
firma. Mesin itu telah dipesan pada 1] Ogos, 2015 dengan menggunakan kepala surat
firma yang lama yang masih meletakkan Linda sebagai salah seorang rakan kongsinya,
dan tidak pula meletakkan Hannah sebagai seorang rakan kongsi.
(5 markah)
(iii) Pada 16 Ogos, 2015 Encik Bob, yang telah buat sekian lamanya berurusan dengan
Linda sebagai pelanggan firma, ingin meminta nasihat mengenai cadangannya untuk
menyertai pemiagaan makanan segera yang dikendalikan oleh sepupunya. Kathy telah
menawarkan dirinya untuk menasihatinya. Encik BOB bersetuju dan menunjukkan
Kathy akaun pemiagaan makanan segera itu. Kathy menasihatkan Encik Bob bahawa
pemiagaan itu adalah menguntungkan dan menasihatkannya bahawa pelaburan
sebanyak RMlOO,OOO.OO adalah jumlah pelaburan yang sesuai dan berdaya maju.
Encik Bob, selepas melaburkan wang sebanyak itu, mendapati bahawa pemiagaan itu
adalah tak solven dan berada dalam kedudukan kewangan yang teruk. Kecuaian Kathy
ialah gagal meminta Encik Bob membuat pertanyaan lanjut mengenai kedudukan
kewangan pemiagaan itu, hakikat yang telah diakui sendiri oleh Kathy.
( 10 markah)
16. UUUK3053
2. Jawab (a) DAN (b)
(a) "Adalah menjadi suatu terma yang tersirat bagi setiap perjanjian perkongsian
bahawa setiap pekongsi hendaklah menjaga kesucian hati yang tinggi terhadap
rakan pekongsi-pekongsi yang lain."
Bincangkan kenyataan ini dengan menghubungkannya dengan seksyen-seksyen
dalam Akta Perkongsian 1961 yang dibuat dengan tujuan untuk menguatkuasakan
terma yang tersirat ini.
(10 markah)
DAN
(b) John hendak bersara daripada sebuah firma percetakan John, Matt & Co. yang
mana dia telah pun menjadi seorang pekongsi untuk tempoh lima tahun. Nasihatkan
dia sarna ada danjika ada, sejauh manakah, dia akan kekal bertanggungan terhadap
pemiutang-pemiutang firma, bagi hutang-hutang yang dibuat selepas persaraannya.
(10 markah)
BAHAGIAN B : UNDANG-UNDANG SYARIKAT
3. Sally dan Amy bercadang hendak menubuhkan sebuah syarikat percetakan yang akan
dikenali sebagai "Salamy Sdn. Bhd." (Syarikat). Semasa dokumen-dokumen yang
berkenaan disediakan untuk diserah-hantar kepada Pejabat Pendaftar Syarikat bagi tujuan
pendaftaran, perkara-perkara berikut telah berlaku:-
(a) Sally telah membeli dua buah rumah kedai dengan harga RM1 juta sebuah. Harga
pasaran bagi sebuah rumah kemudiannya naik mendadak sebaik sahaja stesen MRT
berhampiran siap menjadi RM2 juta sebuah.
(b) Amy bagi pihak syarikat yang bakal ditubuhkan telah memasuki satu kontrak
dengan Syarikat Kelam Jerbu Sdn. Bhd. untuk membeli dua buah mesin pencetak
baru dengan harga RM35,OOO.OO setiap unit. Amy mengingatkan Syarikat Kelam
Jerbu bahawa pembelian itu adalah bagi pihak syarikat yang akan ditubuhkan dan
memberi jaminan bahawa syarikat akan menepati kontraknya sebaik sahaja
ditubuhkan.
Sebaik sahaja syarikat itu sempurna ditubuhkan, Sally menjual salah sebuah rumah kedai
dengan harga RM2 juta kepada syarikat. Dia memutuskan untuk menyewakan rumah kedai
yang sebuah lagi. Syarikat telah mengetahui mengenai perkara sebenarnya, dan hendak
menuntut daripada Sally keuntungan yang telah dibuat melalui penjualan rumah kedai
kepada syarikat. Syarikat juga hendak memperoleh rumah kedai yang sebuah lagi
daripada Sally dengan harga pembelian sebanyak RMI juta. Syarikat ingin mendapatkan
nasihat anda mengenai kedudukan undang-undang.
Selain itu, syarikat tidak berpuas hati dengan kontrak pembelian mesin cetak dan
bercadang untuk tidak meneruskan kontrak tersebut. Syarikat Kelam Jerbu hendak
mendapatkan nasihat anda mengenai kedudukan undang-undang.
2
17. UUUK3053
Nasihatkan Syarikat Salami Sdn. Bhd dan Kelam Jerbu Sdn. Bhd. mengenai kedudukan
tuntutan-tuntutan mereka.
(20 markah)
4. "The doctrine laid down in Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd has to be watched very
carefully. It has often been supposed to cast a veil over the personality ofa limited company
through which the courts cannot see. But that is not true. The courts do and often draw
aside the veil. They can, and often do, pull off the mask. They look to see what really lies
behind. The legislature has shown the way with group accounts and the rest. The courts
should follow suit."
Per Lord Denning MR dalam Littlewoods Mail Order Stores Ltd v. IRC (1969) 3 All ER
855 hIm. 860
Sila komen kenyataan di atas berdasarkan perkembangan kes undang-undang berkaitan di
Malaysia.
(20 markah)
"SELAMAT MAJU JAYA"
3
18. , r
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IuNrvERSITrKEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
The National University ofl'vlalays'ia
PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR
SEMESTER I SESI AKADEMIK 2017-2018
IJAZAH SARJANA MUDA DENGAN KEPUJIAN
DISEMBER 2017/JANUARI 2018 MASA: 2 JAM
KODKURSUS
TAJUK KURSUS
ARAHAN
No. Pendaftaran: I I
Set:
UUUK3053
UNDANG-UNDANG SYARlKAT DAN PERKONGSIAN I
1. Kertas ini mempunyai Bahagian A dan Bahagian B. Terdapat
EMPAT (4) soalan kesemuanya.
2. Jawab SATU (1) soalan daripada Bahagian A dan SATU (1)
soalan daripada Bahagian B.
3. Jawab SATU (1) soalan dalam Bahasa Melayu dan SATU
(1) soalan dalam Bahasa Inggeris.
4. Soalan Bahagian A hendaklah dijawab dalam buku jawapan
warna BIRU dan Bahagian B dalam buku warna HIJAU.
5. Jumlah markah keseluruhan kertas ini 40 markah.
6. Kertas soalan tidak dibenarkan dibawa keluar daripada
Dewan Peperiksaan.
7. Akta yang dibekalkan untuk rujukan ialah:
1. Akta Perkongsian 1961
11. Akta Syarikat 1965
111. Partnership Act 1961
IV. Companies Act 1965
v. Limited Liability Partnership Act 2012
VI. Companies Act 2016
I I I I I (dengan perkataan)
---------------
Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 3 muka surat bercetak, tidak termasuk muka surat ini.
MS ISO 9001 REG NO. AR 2845
19. ..
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UUUK3053
BAHAGIAN A
1. Edward dan Said ialah dua sahabat karib yang telah menjalankan perniagaan kad kredit
selarna lima tahun di Kota Kinabalu. Baru-baru ini, mereka telah berjumpa anda untuk
mendapatkan nasihat. Fakta yang diberi adalah seperti berikut:
Edward ingin menyumbangkan RM10,000.00 sebagai modal permulaan untuk
menubuhkan perniagaan secara lebih formal. Beliau akan bekerjasarna dengan Said dan
berkongsi segala keuntungan yang diperoleh daripada perniagaan tersebut. Walau
bagaimanapun, kerugian akan ditanggung sendiri oleh pihak yang menyebabkan
kerugian. Said pula akan menyumbangkan lot perniagaan yang terletak di Lot 72-A,
Sabah Mall. Said juga akan digajikan sebagai penasihat akaun firma di mana beliau
akan bertanggungjawab terhadap semua akaun kira-kira firma. Selain keuntungan
firma, Said juga akan dibayar bonus dalam bentuk faedah pada kadar 9% daripada
setiap transaksi kad kredit yang dimasuki oleh firma.
Pada masa yang sarna, seseorang yang bernarna Chan juga berminat untuk memberikan
pinjarnan yang berjumlah 25% daripada modal perniagaan. Tempoh masa bayaran tidak
disebutkan. Selain modal ini, Chan juga bersetuju untuk memberikan pendahuluan
sebanyak RM30,000.00 jika diperlukan oleh firma. Chan juga tidak keberatan untuk
membantu memantau pengurusan firma dan untuk tujuan tersebut beliau mesti
dibenarkan untuk menghadiri semua mesyuarat pengurusan. Walau bagaimanapun
Chan menjelaskan beliau tidak berminat untuk menjadi rakan kongsi firma.
Berdasarkan fakta di atas, adakah pihak-pihak terlibat merupakan rakan kongsi dan
sarna ada wujudnya suatu perkongsian di bawah Akta Perkongsian 1961 ataupun
perkongsian liabiliti terhad di bawah Akta Perkongsian Liabiliti Terhad 2012.
(20 markah)
2. John dan Harris merupakan dua sahabat dalam perniagaan yang menjalankan urusan
memproses besi keluli dalarn projek hartanah. Premis perniagaan mereka terletak di
No. 32, Jalan Mahawangsa, Shah Alam. John telah menyumbangkan modal sebanyak
RM55,000.00 manakala Harris telah menyumbangkan tapak perniagaan di Jalan
Mahawangsa yang merupakan tanah yang diwarisi oleh bapanya sebagai modal
sumbangan bagi perniagaan tersebut. Pada awal 2016, John telah mencadangkan
kepada Harris untuk menyertai kontrak tender dengan Syarikat Prima Bhd. (Syarikat
Prima) bagi menjalankan usaha pembinaan hospital di Shah Alam Perdana. John dan
Harris bercadang untuk menjadi pembekal utama dalam projek tersebut.
Bagi membiayai projek tersebut, John telah mencadangkan supaya Datuk Arumugam
dijemput untuk membiayai kos sebanyak RMIOO,OOO.OO. Datuk Arumugam
menetapkan bahawa pembayaran modal akan dibuat berdasarkan 25% daripada
keuntungan projek danjuga menuntut hak bagi mendapatkan 35% daripada syer projek
tersebut. Beliau tidak mahu berkongsi apa-apa kerugian yang dialami dalam
pernIagaan.
Kontrak tersebut telah ditandatangani oleh John dan Harris di satu pihak, wakil daripada
Syarikat Prima di satu pihak lagi dan Datuk Arumugam sebagai pihak ketiga dalam
usaha sarna perniagaan tersebut. Kwan Lee Meng, salah seorang juru runding binaan
yang digaji oleh Harris telah tercedera semasa dalam operasi menjalankan tugas di
premis perniagaan di Jalan Mahawangsa. Beliau telah mengalami kecederaan parah.
20. UUUK3053
Berdasarkan laporan doktor di Hospital Pakar SriRam, Kwan Lee Meng mungkin akan
lumpuh keseluruhan tubuh badannya. Lily, isteri Kwan Lee Meng bercadang untuk
membawa tindakan sivil danjenayah terhadap John, Harris, Syarikat Prima dan Datuk
Arumugam atas alasan bahawa mereka semua merupakan rakan kongsi dalam projek
tersebut.
Nasihatkan Lily.
(20 markah)
BAHAGIANB
3. Elon dan Jeffbercadang hendak menubuhkan sebuah syarikat bioteknologi yang akan
dikenali sebagai "Tech Savvy Sdn. Bhd." (Syarikat). Semasa dokumen-dokumen yang
berkenaan disediakan untuk diserah hantar kepada Pejabat Pendaftar Syarikat bagi
tujuan pendaftaran, perkara-perkara berikut telah berlaku:-
(a) Elon telah membeli dua buah rumah kedai dengan harga RM1,000,000.00
sebuah. Harga pasaran bagi sebuah rumah kemudiannya kembali naik sejajar
dengan harga pasaran pada RM2,000,000.00 sebuah.
(b) Bagi pihak syarikat yang bakal ditubuhkan, Jeff telah memasuki satu kontrak
dengan Syarikat Tesla Sdn. Bhd. untuk membeli dua buah komputer baharu
dengan harga RM10,000.00 setiap unit. Jeff mengingatkan Syarikat Tesla
bahawa pembelian itu adalah bagi pihak syarikat yang akan ditubuhkan dan
memberi jaminan bahawa syarikat akan menepati kontraknya sebaik sahaja
ditubuhkan.
Sebaik sahaja syarikat itu sempurna ditubuhkan, Elon menjual salah sebuah rumah
kedai dengan harga RM2,000,000.00. Dia memutuskan untuk menyewakan rumah
kedai yang sebuah lagi. Syarikat telah mengetahui tentang perkara sebenar dan hendak
menuntut daripada Elon keuntungan yang diperoleh melalui penjualan rumah kedai
kepada syarikat. Syarikat juga ingin memperoleh rumah kedai yang sebuah lagi
daripada Elon dengan harga pembelian sebanyak RM1,000,000.00. Syarikat ingin
mendapatkan nasihat anda tentang kedudukan undang-undang.
Selain itu, Syarikat tidak berpuas hati dengan kontrak pembelian komputer dan
bercadang untuk tidak meneruskan kontrak tersebut. Syarikat Tesla hendak
mendapatkan nasihat anda tentang kedudukan undang-undang yang berkaitan.
Nasihatkan Syarikat Tech Savvy Sdn. Bhd dan Tesla Sdn. Bhd.
(20 markah)
4. Jawab (a) DAN (b).
Seksyen 31 (2) Akta Syarikat 2016 memperuntukkan:
(a) Jika syarikat mempunyai perlembagaan, syarikat itu, setiap pengarah dan setiap
anggota syarikat itu hendaklah mempunyai hak, kuasa, tugas dan obligasi yang
dinyatakan dalam Akta ini, kecuali setakat mana hak, kuasa, tugas dan obligasi
itu dibenarkan untuk diubah suai mengikut Akta ini, dan diubah suai oleh
perlembagaan syarikat itu.
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21. UUUK3053
Sejauh manakah seksyen ini mewujudkan hak antara syarikat dengan ahli-
ahlinya; syarikat dan orang-orang yang namanya tersebut di dalam
perlembagaan; dan sesama ahli-ahli syarikat?
(10 markah)
DAN
(b) A Sdn. Bhd. hendak meminda perlembagaan syarikatnya bagi membolehkan
mana-mana pemegang saham yang memegang lebih 80% syer dalam syarikat
memaksa mana-mana pemegang saham yang lain menjual syer mereka
kepadanya. Nasihatkan A Sdn. Bhd. tentang apa-apa halangan undang-undang
yang akan dihadapinya untuk membolehkannya berbuat demikian.
(10 markah)
'SELAMAT MAJU JAVA'
3