Taxpayers and government
Consider costs and benefits from:
- Taxpayer perspective
- Government perspective
Slide 33
Determine whose perspectives matter.
For this analysis, we will consider costs and benefits from:
- Taxpayer perspective
- Government perspective
These perspectives capture the major public funders and implementers of drug courts.
Slide 34
Measure costs.
What are the program costs for 100 participants over 3 years?
- Program operations: $2,000 per participant x 100 participants x 3 years = $600,000
- Evaluation: $50,000
- Total costs = $650,000
We have estimated costs for operating the drug court program and
The document discusses the aims of sentencing in the criminal justice system. It mentions that magistrates and judges must evaluate cases and sentencing decisions while considering aims such as: (1) reducing crime, (2) punishing offenders, and (3) changing offending behavior. The document also discusses other sentencing aims including deterring future crimes, protecting the public, compensating victims, and rehabilitation. Students are tasked with adding details to sentencing cases by considering mitigating and aggravating factors as well as the relevant aims of sentencing.
1) Distributive justice concerns how goods in society such as rights, liberties, opportunities, and income should be distributed. There are several approaches to distributive justice including equality, need, desert, and John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness.
2) Robert Nozick argued that justice in distribution is historical and depends on how property was originally acquired and transferred through voluntary exchange. He believed justice involves respecting individual rights and that redistribution violates self-ownership.
3) Debates around distributive justice center on balancing considerations such as equality, liberty, responsibility, incentives, and social cooperation. There are disagreements around what principles best characterize a just distribution of goods in society.
This document provides an overview of a webinar on estimating marginal costs for cost-benefit analysis in criminal justice. The webinar discusses the difference between marginal and average costs and why marginal costs are important for accurate cost-benefit analysis. It then reviews five methods for estimating marginal costs: asking government agencies, reviewing budget documents, considering past capacity reductions, using estimates from other organizations, and conducting regression analysis. The webinar emphasizes that the appropriate cost estimate depends on the expected impact of the policy in question.
This document discusses how cost-benefit analysis can inform criminal justice policy and planning decisions. It defines three types of economic analysis - cost analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-benefit analysis. Cost analysis determines how much a program will cost, cost-effectiveness analysis determines if the same results can be achieved at lower cost, and cost-benefit analysis determines if one program option provides more benefits relative to its costs than alternative options. The document provides examples of how each type of analysis has been applied to inform decisions around prisons, jail alternatives, evidence-based programs, and an ex-prisoner transitional jobs program.
This webinar discussed victim costs and methods for estimating them. Tina Stanford from the New York State Office of Victim Services outlined tangible costs like medical expenses and intangible costs like pain and suffering. Kathryn McCollister from the University of Miami described methods like cost-of-illness and willingness-to-pay that can place dollar values on victim costs. These cost estimates are important for cost-benefit analyses of criminal justice programs and policies to fully account for the impacts of crime. The webinar provided examples of estimating costs for specific crimes like robbery.
This document provides an overview of a webinar on using cost-benefit analysis for justice policy. It discusses estimating the costs of incarceration and crime, including factors like recidivism rates, victim costs, and costs by crime type. It also covers estimating the probabilities of arrest, conviction, and sentencing outcomes. The webinar teaches how to apply effect sizes from program evaluations to estimate how policy changes could impact costs by reducing future criminal behavior. The goal is to help policymakers assess different options and maximize benefits relative to costs.
The document discusses linking program evaluation to cost-benefit analysis in criminal justice. It provides an agenda for a webinar that will explain why evaluation is important for CBA, different ways to assess program impacts including comparison group designs and meta-analysis, and how meta-analysis can be used in CBA. The webinar aims to give participants a practical introduction to these topics.
Rural Urgent Care Centers Business PlanI. Executive Summar.docxanhlodge
Rural Urgent Care Centers Business Plan
I. Executive Summary
II. Program Overview
Location
Services
Other Professional Offerings
Facility
Operating Model
III. Market Profile
Market Overview
Demand Forecasting
IV. Financial Analysis
Pro-Forma Income Statement for UCC
(A “Week 11 Business Plan Excel Template” has been provided in the assignment instructions and in the Learning Resources).
2
Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5
Visits4,8825,1265,3825,6525,934
Revenue Per Visit$450$450$450$450$450
Gross Revenue
Patient Reveue
Gross Patient Revenue
Deductions from Patient Revenue
Contractual
Total Deductions from Revenue
Net Patient Revenue$0$0$0$0$0
Operating Expenses
Salaries and Wages
Employee Benefits
Utilities
Repair/Maintenance
Housekeeping
Telephone Service
Depreciation
Malpractice
Miscellaneous/Other
Variable Medical Supply Costs
Other Non-Personnel Costs
Total Operating Expenses
Excess of Rev over Exp. From Operations$0$0$0$0$0
Cummulative Income$0$0$0$0$0
Net Cash from Excess Rev (excl Depreciation)$0$0$0$0$0
Cummulative Income Net Cash$0$0$0$0$0
Pro Forma Income Statement
DIRECTIONS:
Respond to another student discussion on odds in logistic regression.Respond by evaluating the learner's response. Do you agree or disagree? Why? Do you consider this a good answer to the question? Why or why not?
PLEASE CITE REFERENCES
Robert Laukaitis
U05D1 - Interpretation of Odds - R. Laukaitis
Top of Form
U05D1 – Binary Logistic Regression
Odds in logistic regression represent the probability of an event occurring compared to the probability of an event not occurring (George & Mallery, 2013; Warner, 2013). In order to provide an example, an article provided by Szumilas (2010) summarized the following scenario:
186 of the 263 adolescents previously judged as having experienced a suicidal behaviour requiring immediate psychiatric consultation did not exhibit suicidal behaviour (non-suicidal, NS) at six months follow-up. Of this group, 86 young people had been assessed as having depression at baseline. Of the 77 young people with persistent suicidal behaviour at follow-up (suicidal behaviour, SB), 45 had been assessed as having depression at baseline. (para. 6)
The hypotheses for this example might state:
H0: There is no relationship between depression and suicidal behavior in young people.
Ha: There is a relationship between depression and suicidal behavior in young people.
Calculations
The scenario data was recreated in SPSS (IBM, 2016) and analyzed. Warner (2013) suggested that starting with an odds ratio table would help present data that could help make a decision about H0. Table 1 represents the 2×2 odds ratio table to begin the analysis.
Table 1
Odds example
Suicidal Behavior (SB) (Y=0)
Non-suicidal Behavior (NS) (Y=1)
Total (N)
Depression (X=0)
45 (34.4%)
32 (24.2%)
77
No Depression (X=1)
86 (65.6%)
100 (75.8%)
186
Total (N)
131
132
263
Odds for suicidal behavior with depression, suicidal behavior .
The document discusses the aims of sentencing in the criminal justice system. It mentions that magistrates and judges must evaluate cases and sentencing decisions while considering aims such as: (1) reducing crime, (2) punishing offenders, and (3) changing offending behavior. The document also discusses other sentencing aims including deterring future crimes, protecting the public, compensating victims, and rehabilitation. Students are tasked with adding details to sentencing cases by considering mitigating and aggravating factors as well as the relevant aims of sentencing.
1) Distributive justice concerns how goods in society such as rights, liberties, opportunities, and income should be distributed. There are several approaches to distributive justice including equality, need, desert, and John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness.
2) Robert Nozick argued that justice in distribution is historical and depends on how property was originally acquired and transferred through voluntary exchange. He believed justice involves respecting individual rights and that redistribution violates self-ownership.
3) Debates around distributive justice center on balancing considerations such as equality, liberty, responsibility, incentives, and social cooperation. There are disagreements around what principles best characterize a just distribution of goods in society.
This document provides an overview of a webinar on estimating marginal costs for cost-benefit analysis in criminal justice. The webinar discusses the difference between marginal and average costs and why marginal costs are important for accurate cost-benefit analysis. It then reviews five methods for estimating marginal costs: asking government agencies, reviewing budget documents, considering past capacity reductions, using estimates from other organizations, and conducting regression analysis. The webinar emphasizes that the appropriate cost estimate depends on the expected impact of the policy in question.
This document discusses how cost-benefit analysis can inform criminal justice policy and planning decisions. It defines three types of economic analysis - cost analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-benefit analysis. Cost analysis determines how much a program will cost, cost-effectiveness analysis determines if the same results can be achieved at lower cost, and cost-benefit analysis determines if one program option provides more benefits relative to its costs than alternative options. The document provides examples of how each type of analysis has been applied to inform decisions around prisons, jail alternatives, evidence-based programs, and an ex-prisoner transitional jobs program.
This webinar discussed victim costs and methods for estimating them. Tina Stanford from the New York State Office of Victim Services outlined tangible costs like medical expenses and intangible costs like pain and suffering. Kathryn McCollister from the University of Miami described methods like cost-of-illness and willingness-to-pay that can place dollar values on victim costs. These cost estimates are important for cost-benefit analyses of criminal justice programs and policies to fully account for the impacts of crime. The webinar provided examples of estimating costs for specific crimes like robbery.
This document provides an overview of a webinar on using cost-benefit analysis for justice policy. It discusses estimating the costs of incarceration and crime, including factors like recidivism rates, victim costs, and costs by crime type. It also covers estimating the probabilities of arrest, conviction, and sentencing outcomes. The webinar teaches how to apply effect sizes from program evaluations to estimate how policy changes could impact costs by reducing future criminal behavior. The goal is to help policymakers assess different options and maximize benefits relative to costs.
The document discusses linking program evaluation to cost-benefit analysis in criminal justice. It provides an agenda for a webinar that will explain why evaluation is important for CBA, different ways to assess program impacts including comparison group designs and meta-analysis, and how meta-analysis can be used in CBA. The webinar aims to give participants a practical introduction to these topics.
Rural Urgent Care Centers Business PlanI. Executive Summar.docxanhlodge
Rural Urgent Care Centers Business Plan
I. Executive Summary
II. Program Overview
Location
Services
Other Professional Offerings
Facility
Operating Model
III. Market Profile
Market Overview
Demand Forecasting
IV. Financial Analysis
Pro-Forma Income Statement for UCC
(A “Week 11 Business Plan Excel Template” has been provided in the assignment instructions and in the Learning Resources).
2
Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5
Visits4,8825,1265,3825,6525,934
Revenue Per Visit$450$450$450$450$450
Gross Revenue
Patient Reveue
Gross Patient Revenue
Deductions from Patient Revenue
Contractual
Total Deductions from Revenue
Net Patient Revenue$0$0$0$0$0
Operating Expenses
Salaries and Wages
Employee Benefits
Utilities
Repair/Maintenance
Housekeeping
Telephone Service
Depreciation
Malpractice
Miscellaneous/Other
Variable Medical Supply Costs
Other Non-Personnel Costs
Total Operating Expenses
Excess of Rev over Exp. From Operations$0$0$0$0$0
Cummulative Income$0$0$0$0$0
Net Cash from Excess Rev (excl Depreciation)$0$0$0$0$0
Cummulative Income Net Cash$0$0$0$0$0
Pro Forma Income Statement
DIRECTIONS:
Respond to another student discussion on odds in logistic regression.Respond by evaluating the learner's response. Do you agree or disagree? Why? Do you consider this a good answer to the question? Why or why not?
PLEASE CITE REFERENCES
Robert Laukaitis
U05D1 - Interpretation of Odds - R. Laukaitis
Top of Form
U05D1 – Binary Logistic Regression
Odds in logistic regression represent the probability of an event occurring compared to the probability of an event not occurring (George & Mallery, 2013; Warner, 2013). In order to provide an example, an article provided by Szumilas (2010) summarized the following scenario:
186 of the 263 adolescents previously judged as having experienced a suicidal behaviour requiring immediate psychiatric consultation did not exhibit suicidal behaviour (non-suicidal, NS) at six months follow-up. Of this group, 86 young people had been assessed as having depression at baseline. Of the 77 young people with persistent suicidal behaviour at follow-up (suicidal behaviour, SB), 45 had been assessed as having depression at baseline. (para. 6)
The hypotheses for this example might state:
H0: There is no relationship between depression and suicidal behavior in young people.
Ha: There is a relationship between depression and suicidal behavior in young people.
Calculations
The scenario data was recreated in SPSS (IBM, 2016) and analyzed. Warner (2013) suggested that starting with an odds ratio table would help present data that could help make a decision about H0. Table 1 represents the 2×2 odds ratio table to begin the analysis.
Table 1
Odds example
Suicidal Behavior (SB) (Y=0)
Non-suicidal Behavior (NS) (Y=1)
Total (N)
Depression (X=0)
45 (34.4%)
32 (24.2%)
77
No Depression (X=1)
86 (65.6%)
100 (75.8%)
186
Total (N)
131
132
263
Odds for suicidal behavior with depression, suicidal behavior .
Discussion Week 6 The authors of the Constitution worried that .docxedgar6wallace88877
Discussion Week 6
The authors of the Constitution worried that treason law would be abused because of two concerns: that peaceful opposition to the government, not just rebellion, would be repressed and that innocent people might be convicted of treason by perjury, passion, and/or insufficient evidence. They were determined that disloyal feelings or opinions and the passions of the time wouldn't be a part of the law of treason.
Please respond to the following prompts:
· At what point should the rights of individuals be restricted in order to achieve the goal of enhanced security?
· Should those who are not citizens of this country have the same rights as citizens do?
· How has the U.S. Supreme Court addressed this issue recently?
Investigate 4
Needs to be 5 to 7 sentences each
Question 1
Explain the three elements of the time, place, and manner test. (Points : 10)
Question 2
How do panhandlers continue to panhandle without violating these laws? (Points : 15)
Question 3
Do panhandling statutes unreasonably target the poor? (Points : 15)
Quiz
1. In order to establish the crime of obtaining property by false pretenses, it must be shown that the victim parted with the property because he believed the lies told by the thief in order to get the property. (Points : 8)
True
False
Question 2.2. At common law, the offenses of unlawful assembly and rout involved ____ or more persons. (Points : 8)
three
four
five
six
Question 3.3. Many recent rape statutes have modified the common law by (Points : 8)
eliminating the marital rape exception.
including sexual intercourse in the actus reus.
lowering the burden of proof to preponderance of the evidence.
making rape a vicarious liability crime.
Question 4.4. The Model Penal Code disorderly conduct statute requires the mens rea of (Points : 8)
negligence.
strict liability.
recklessness or knowledge.
knowledge.
Question 5.5. One of the most critical problems in sex offenses is to distinguish flirting and seduction from? (Points : 8)
sexual assault
assault
stalking
kidnapping
Question 6.6. Embezzlement was not a crime at common law. (Points : 8)
True
False
Question 7.7. Throughout most of its history, homicide law has followed what rule? (Points : 8)
the born alive rule
the viable rule
the conception rule
the living rule
Question 8.8. All states have repealed offenses involving receipt of stolen property. (Points : 8)
True
False
Question 9.9. Rape law reforms since the 1970s have (Points : 8)
expanded a defendant’s ability to present evidence about the victim.
repealed rape shield statutes.
repealed gender neutral rape laws.
included additional types of sexual penetration.
Question 10.10. Criminal liability is imposed on accomplices and accessories because they (Points : 8)
.
This document provides an overview of a webinar on cost-benefit analysis and its application to justice policy for state legislators. The webinar agenda includes an introduction, basics of cost-benefit analysis, a presentation from Senator Karen Fraser on how Washington State has used cost-benefit analysis to successfully implement evidence-based justice policies, and a question and answer session. Senator Fraser highlights six major successes in the criminal justice field in Washington resulting from policies identified through the state's nonpartisan research institute, which conducts cost-benefit analyses to identify options that improve outcomes and save money.
Liubomyr Bregman "Financial Crime Detection using Advanced Analytics"Lviv Startup Club
This document discusses using autoencoders for financial crime detection. Autoencoders are a type of neural network that can be trained to learn patterns in transaction data and detect anomalies. They work by learning to reconstruct their input, so transactions that don't fit the normal patterns won't be reconstructed accurately. This allows autoencoders to detect potentially fraudulent transactions without needing labeled examples. The document provides an example of applying autoencoders at an Asian bank, where they achieved 80% accuracy at prioritizing anomalies for investigation.
Week 8 Discussion 1The Investigation of Computer-Related Crime.docxphilipnelson29183
Week 8 Discussion 1
"The Investigation of Computer-Related Crime" Please respond to the following:
· From the e-Activity, there are general principles that investigators must follow when they respond to any crime scene in which computers and electronic technology may be involved. Suggest at least two (2) general principles for proper evidence preservation for stand-alone personal computers, networked home personal computers, and network server business networks. Provide a rationale for your response.
· Discuss the major procedures that investigators must use in order to collect network trace evidence of computer-related crimes. Next, speculate on the primary concern of investigators as they execute the evidence-collection procedures in question, and explain the main reasons why you believe such a concern is valid. Justify your response.
Please also reply to the student
Alecia Giles
RE: Week 8 Discussion 1
Two of the general principles that I believe are extremely important are " do not alter the state of an electronic device" and "identity, seize, and secure all electronic devices, including personal and/or portable devices". These two stand out to me as not following proper guidelines can make the information gathered inadmissible. Also with the electronic devices any change in state can change all of the information. So following at least these two principles can help save the information gained.
Evidence requires that it is handled correctly, every step of evidence process is documented, and all devices collected are cataloged for use in obtaining any future warrants. Once this process is followed then begins the process of evidence collection from the network trace. With electronic evidence the manipulation or change of data is such a primary concern that precautions must be followed or loss of evidence collected could be the result. Even accidental data change can be a cause for that evidence to not be allowed in. Making sure all steps are properly followed or loss of evidence collected validates all concerns the invewstigators have.
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
Week 8 Discussion 2
"White-Collar Crime and Bribery versus Extortion" Please respond to the following:
· Discuss the key elements of identifying white-collar crimes. Next, determine at least two (2) federal criminal statutes that government agencies commonly use to convict white-collar criminals, and specify the main reasons why government agencies commonly use the statutes in question. Justify your response.
· Define the key difference between the crime of bribery and the crime of extortion, based on the federal bribery and extortion statutes. Next, specify the necessity of defining the difference that you have defined. Justify your response.
Please also reply to the student
Maida Rangel
RE: Week 8 Discussion 2
There are three types of costs that can result from white-collar crime. The first type of cost is financial harm. It is not possible to provide a clear e.
1. Explain the main statutory aims of sentencing contained in s.153 Criminal Justice Act 2003 - retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, protection of the public, denunciation.
2. Discuss some non-statutory aims like reparation.
3. Explain the difference between aggravating and mitigating factors and provide examples of each. Aggravating factors make the crime seem worse while mitigating factors make it seem less bad.
4. Discuss how judges must balance all the different aims and factors to determine the appropriate sentence depending on the
Here are the key things I've learned from our lesson:
- There are multiple aims that courts consider when sentencing offenders, including punishment, rehabilitation, deterrence, and compensation.
- Mitigating and aggravating factors can increase or decrease a sentence depending on the specific circumstances of the offense and offender.
- Being able to apply sentencing principles to hypothetical scenarios and reach a reasoned conclusion demonstrates understanding.
- With practice applying the law, providing details and examples to support points, and considering different factors that may contradict, writing ability can improve over time.
The most important things are to keep practicing, learn from feedback, and focus on continual growth rather than comparisons to others. You seem engaged and willing to learn - with
This document summarizes a webinar on estimating marginal costs for cost-benefit analysis in criminal justice. The webinar discussed (1) the difference between marginal and average costs and why marginal costs are important for accurate cost-benefit analysis, (2) five methods for estimating marginal costs including asking government agencies, reviewing budgets, considering past capacity changes, using estimates from other organizations, and regression analysis, and (3) provided examples and key takeaways for estimating marginal costs.
Washington State implemented video visitation in all of its prisons in an effort to increase contact between incarcerated individuals and their loved ones. Video visitation allows visitors to have face-to-face interactions via video chat rather than just phone calls. It aims to reduce the isolation of incarcerated individuals by providing an alternative to in-person visits, which can be difficult due to the distance of the prisons from communities and the costs of travel. However, there are also concerns about the high costs of video visitation for incarcerated individuals and their families. The report examines Washington State's experience in depth to understand the costs of implementation and operation as well as the experiences of users.
The survey found that the actual costs of operating jails are higher than typically reported for three key reasons: (1) Jail budgets do not include expenses paid by other county agencies like employee benefits, medical care, and education programs for inmates; (2) Personnel costs, which make up the majority of jail spending, rise as inmate populations increase requiring more guards and staff; (3) County general funds, not just corrections budgets, ultimately pay for the full costs of incarceration in local jails. The findings provide a more accurate picture of the true taxpayer costs of incarceration to help policymakers make more informed decisions.
This document provides an overview and guidance for conducting a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of justice policies and programs. It outlines the six basic steps of a CBA: 1) identify potential impacts, 2) quantify impacts, 3) determine marginal costs, 4) calculate costs, benefits and net present value, 5) test assumptions, and 6) report results. The purpose is to guide analysts new to CBA methodology. Examples are provided from a CBA of the Center for Employment Opportunities transitional jobs program to illustrate concepts. Close collaboration with evaluators and an advisory panel is advised to ensure access to necessary data and diverse perspectives.
1. CBA can provide a base-case scenario and conduct partial sensitivity analysis to test assumptions and increase confidence in results.
2. CBA can perform break-even analysis, best- and worst-case scenarios analysis, and Monte Carlo analysis to show the range of possible outcomes and that results are not guaranteed.
3. CBA can present benefits that accrue to different stakeholders like taxpayers, victims, and society separately to show who benefits.
4. Multiple CBAs can provide a menu of options and costs/benefits for each alternative to show what policymakers are choosing between.
This document provides an overview of sensitivity analysis as part of cost-benefit analysis for justice policies. Sensitivity analysis examines how sensitive the results of a cost-benefit analysis are to changes in underlying assumptions and parameters. The document discusses deterministic sensitivity analysis techniques like partial sensitivity analysis, which varies inputs one at a time, and scenario analysis, which defines best and worst case scenarios. It also discusses probabilistic sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. The goal of sensitivity analysis is to assess the robustness of cost-benefit analysis results to changes in assumptions.
This webinar discusses cost-benefit analysis and its application to criminal justice policy for budget and finance staff. It compares cost-benefit analysis to fiscal impact analysis, outlines key questions to ask when reviewing cost-benefit studies, and provides examples of how cost-benefit analysis has influenced budget decisions. The presenters are from the Utah Office of the Legislative Fiscal Analyst and the Kentucky Legislative Research Commission.
This document provides a guide to reading cost-benefit analysis reports. It outlines a 4-step process: 1) get your bearings by identifying the bottom line and what is covered, 2) survey the landscape by understanding the data, perspectives, and breakdown of costs and benefits, 3) look at the details such as costs, time periods, and impacts not monetized, and 4) make sense of uncertainties, limitations, and how everything adds up. The guide is illustrated using a cost-benefit analysis of the Center for Employment Opportunities transitional jobs program.
This document discusses using cost-benefit analysis to evaluate justice policies and pretrial systems. It outlines the steps of CBA, including determining costs and benefits from different stakeholder perspectives. As an example, it analyzes studies that found incarcerating offenders costs $1 but generates $1.74 in benefits to taxpayers and victims. The document recommends CBAs on pretrial systems and provides resources for practitioners, including a knowledge bank and studies on estimating public safety benefits.
This document discusses cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and its application to criminal justice policy and practice. CBA is a tool that helps determine if a program is cost-effective and generates cost savings. It assists policymakers in identifying cost-effective programs and service providers in demonstrating economic benefits. Conducting a CBA involves 5 steps - evaluating the program, considering perspective, measuring costs, measuring benefits in dollars, and comparing costs and benefits. The document provides examples of CBA applications and how to monetize justice system, victim, employment, and other benefits. Resources for learning more about and getting started with CBA are also listed.
The document discusses the use of cost-benefit analysis in justice policymaking. It describes how the Vera Institute of Justice's Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit helps policymakers evaluate the economic costs and benefits of criminal justice programs and policies. It provides examples of cost-benefit studies that have found some evidence-based programs reduce recidivism and generate cost-savings, while incarceration is only cost-effective for serious offenders. The document encourages the use of cost-benefit analysis to inform decision-making and identifies resources for further information.
This document summarizes a presentation given by the Vera Institute of Justice on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for criminal justice programs. It provides examples of CBA conducted by the Washington State Institute of Public Policy and Vera Institute to evaluate the costs and benefits of various criminal justice interventions. The presentation notes that CBA can help identify programs that provide the greatest value by reducing crime and generating cost savings, but that its goals differ from budget analysis, which aims to develop a balanced budget. CBA incorporates long-term, societal costs and benefits rather than just near-term budget impacts.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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Discussion Week 6 The authors of the Constitution worried that .docxedgar6wallace88877
Discussion Week 6
The authors of the Constitution worried that treason law would be abused because of two concerns: that peaceful opposition to the government, not just rebellion, would be repressed and that innocent people might be convicted of treason by perjury, passion, and/or insufficient evidence. They were determined that disloyal feelings or opinions and the passions of the time wouldn't be a part of the law of treason.
Please respond to the following prompts:
· At what point should the rights of individuals be restricted in order to achieve the goal of enhanced security?
· Should those who are not citizens of this country have the same rights as citizens do?
· How has the U.S. Supreme Court addressed this issue recently?
Investigate 4
Needs to be 5 to 7 sentences each
Question 1
Explain the three elements of the time, place, and manner test. (Points : 10)
Question 2
How do panhandlers continue to panhandle without violating these laws? (Points : 15)
Question 3
Do panhandling statutes unreasonably target the poor? (Points : 15)
Quiz
1. In order to establish the crime of obtaining property by false pretenses, it must be shown that the victim parted with the property because he believed the lies told by the thief in order to get the property. (Points : 8)
True
False
Question 2.2. At common law, the offenses of unlawful assembly and rout involved ____ or more persons. (Points : 8)
three
four
five
six
Question 3.3. Many recent rape statutes have modified the common law by (Points : 8)
eliminating the marital rape exception.
including sexual intercourse in the actus reus.
lowering the burden of proof to preponderance of the evidence.
making rape a vicarious liability crime.
Question 4.4. The Model Penal Code disorderly conduct statute requires the mens rea of (Points : 8)
negligence.
strict liability.
recklessness or knowledge.
knowledge.
Question 5.5. One of the most critical problems in sex offenses is to distinguish flirting and seduction from? (Points : 8)
sexual assault
assault
stalking
kidnapping
Question 6.6. Embezzlement was not a crime at common law. (Points : 8)
True
False
Question 7.7. Throughout most of its history, homicide law has followed what rule? (Points : 8)
the born alive rule
the viable rule
the conception rule
the living rule
Question 8.8. All states have repealed offenses involving receipt of stolen property. (Points : 8)
True
False
Question 9.9. Rape law reforms since the 1970s have (Points : 8)
expanded a defendant’s ability to present evidence about the victim.
repealed rape shield statutes.
repealed gender neutral rape laws.
included additional types of sexual penetration.
Question 10.10. Criminal liability is imposed on accomplices and accessories because they (Points : 8)
.
This document provides an overview of a webinar on cost-benefit analysis and its application to justice policy for state legislators. The webinar agenda includes an introduction, basics of cost-benefit analysis, a presentation from Senator Karen Fraser on how Washington State has used cost-benefit analysis to successfully implement evidence-based justice policies, and a question and answer session. Senator Fraser highlights six major successes in the criminal justice field in Washington resulting from policies identified through the state's nonpartisan research institute, which conducts cost-benefit analyses to identify options that improve outcomes and save money.
Liubomyr Bregman "Financial Crime Detection using Advanced Analytics"Lviv Startup Club
This document discusses using autoencoders for financial crime detection. Autoencoders are a type of neural network that can be trained to learn patterns in transaction data and detect anomalies. They work by learning to reconstruct their input, so transactions that don't fit the normal patterns won't be reconstructed accurately. This allows autoencoders to detect potentially fraudulent transactions without needing labeled examples. The document provides an example of applying autoencoders at an Asian bank, where they achieved 80% accuracy at prioritizing anomalies for investigation.
Week 8 Discussion 1The Investigation of Computer-Related Crime.docxphilipnelson29183
Week 8 Discussion 1
"The Investigation of Computer-Related Crime" Please respond to the following:
· From the e-Activity, there are general principles that investigators must follow when they respond to any crime scene in which computers and electronic technology may be involved. Suggest at least two (2) general principles for proper evidence preservation for stand-alone personal computers, networked home personal computers, and network server business networks. Provide a rationale for your response.
· Discuss the major procedures that investigators must use in order to collect network trace evidence of computer-related crimes. Next, speculate on the primary concern of investigators as they execute the evidence-collection procedures in question, and explain the main reasons why you believe such a concern is valid. Justify your response.
Please also reply to the student
Alecia Giles
RE: Week 8 Discussion 1
Two of the general principles that I believe are extremely important are " do not alter the state of an electronic device" and "identity, seize, and secure all electronic devices, including personal and/or portable devices". These two stand out to me as not following proper guidelines can make the information gathered inadmissible. Also with the electronic devices any change in state can change all of the information. So following at least these two principles can help save the information gained.
Evidence requires that it is handled correctly, every step of evidence process is documented, and all devices collected are cataloged for use in obtaining any future warrants. Once this process is followed then begins the process of evidence collection from the network trace. With electronic evidence the manipulation or change of data is such a primary concern that precautions must be followed or loss of evidence collected could be the result. Even accidental data change can be a cause for that evidence to not be allowed in. Making sure all steps are properly followed or loss of evidence collected validates all concerns the invewstigators have.
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
Week 8 Discussion 2
"White-Collar Crime and Bribery versus Extortion" Please respond to the following:
· Discuss the key elements of identifying white-collar crimes. Next, determine at least two (2) federal criminal statutes that government agencies commonly use to convict white-collar criminals, and specify the main reasons why government agencies commonly use the statutes in question. Justify your response.
· Define the key difference between the crime of bribery and the crime of extortion, based on the federal bribery and extortion statutes. Next, specify the necessity of defining the difference that you have defined. Justify your response.
Please also reply to the student
Maida Rangel
RE: Week 8 Discussion 2
There are three types of costs that can result from white-collar crime. The first type of cost is financial harm. It is not possible to provide a clear e.
1. Explain the main statutory aims of sentencing contained in s.153 Criminal Justice Act 2003 - retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, protection of the public, denunciation.
2. Discuss some non-statutory aims like reparation.
3. Explain the difference between aggravating and mitigating factors and provide examples of each. Aggravating factors make the crime seem worse while mitigating factors make it seem less bad.
4. Discuss how judges must balance all the different aims and factors to determine the appropriate sentence depending on the
Here are the key things I've learned from our lesson:
- There are multiple aims that courts consider when sentencing offenders, including punishment, rehabilitation, deterrence, and compensation.
- Mitigating and aggravating factors can increase or decrease a sentence depending on the specific circumstances of the offense and offender.
- Being able to apply sentencing principles to hypothetical scenarios and reach a reasoned conclusion demonstrates understanding.
- With practice applying the law, providing details and examples to support points, and considering different factors that may contradict, writing ability can improve over time.
The most important things are to keep practicing, learn from feedback, and focus on continual growth rather than comparisons to others. You seem engaged and willing to learn - with
This document summarizes a webinar on estimating marginal costs for cost-benefit analysis in criminal justice. The webinar discussed (1) the difference between marginal and average costs and why marginal costs are important for accurate cost-benefit analysis, (2) five methods for estimating marginal costs including asking government agencies, reviewing budgets, considering past capacity changes, using estimates from other organizations, and regression analysis, and (3) provided examples and key takeaways for estimating marginal costs.
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Washington State implemented video visitation in all of its prisons in an effort to increase contact between incarcerated individuals and their loved ones. Video visitation allows visitors to have face-to-face interactions via video chat rather than just phone calls. It aims to reduce the isolation of incarcerated individuals by providing an alternative to in-person visits, which can be difficult due to the distance of the prisons from communities and the costs of travel. However, there are also concerns about the high costs of video visitation for incarcerated individuals and their families. The report examines Washington State's experience in depth to understand the costs of implementation and operation as well as the experiences of users.
The survey found that the actual costs of operating jails are higher than typically reported for three key reasons: (1) Jail budgets do not include expenses paid by other county agencies like employee benefits, medical care, and education programs for inmates; (2) Personnel costs, which make up the majority of jail spending, rise as inmate populations increase requiring more guards and staff; (3) County general funds, not just corrections budgets, ultimately pay for the full costs of incarceration in local jails. The findings provide a more accurate picture of the true taxpayer costs of incarceration to help policymakers make more informed decisions.
This document provides an overview and guidance for conducting a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of justice policies and programs. It outlines the six basic steps of a CBA: 1) identify potential impacts, 2) quantify impacts, 3) determine marginal costs, 4) calculate costs, benefits and net present value, 5) test assumptions, and 6) report results. The purpose is to guide analysts new to CBA methodology. Examples are provided from a CBA of the Center for Employment Opportunities transitional jobs program to illustrate concepts. Close collaboration with evaluators and an advisory panel is advised to ensure access to necessary data and diverse perspectives.
1. CBA can provide a base-case scenario and conduct partial sensitivity analysis to test assumptions and increase confidence in results.
2. CBA can perform break-even analysis, best- and worst-case scenarios analysis, and Monte Carlo analysis to show the range of possible outcomes and that results are not guaranteed.
3. CBA can present benefits that accrue to different stakeholders like taxpayers, victims, and society separately to show who benefits.
4. Multiple CBAs can provide a menu of options and costs/benefits for each alternative to show what policymakers are choosing between.
This document provides an overview of sensitivity analysis as part of cost-benefit analysis for justice policies. Sensitivity analysis examines how sensitive the results of a cost-benefit analysis are to changes in underlying assumptions and parameters. The document discusses deterministic sensitivity analysis techniques like partial sensitivity analysis, which varies inputs one at a time, and scenario analysis, which defines best and worst case scenarios. It also discusses probabilistic sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. The goal of sensitivity analysis is to assess the robustness of cost-benefit analysis results to changes in assumptions.
This webinar discusses cost-benefit analysis and its application to criminal justice policy for budget and finance staff. It compares cost-benefit analysis to fiscal impact analysis, outlines key questions to ask when reviewing cost-benefit studies, and provides examples of how cost-benefit analysis has influenced budget decisions. The presenters are from the Utah Office of the Legislative Fiscal Analyst and the Kentucky Legislative Research Commission.
This document provides a guide to reading cost-benefit analysis reports. It outlines a 4-step process: 1) get your bearings by identifying the bottom line and what is covered, 2) survey the landscape by understanding the data, perspectives, and breakdown of costs and benefits, 3) look at the details such as costs, time periods, and impacts not monetized, and 4) make sense of uncertainties, limitations, and how everything adds up. The guide is illustrated using a cost-benefit analysis of the Center for Employment Opportunities transitional jobs program.
This document discusses using cost-benefit analysis to evaluate justice policies and pretrial systems. It outlines the steps of CBA, including determining costs and benefits from different stakeholder perspectives. As an example, it analyzes studies that found incarcerating offenders costs $1 but generates $1.74 in benefits to taxpayers and victims. The document recommends CBAs on pretrial systems and provides resources for practitioners, including a knowledge bank and studies on estimating public safety benefits.
This document discusses cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and its application to criminal justice policy and practice. CBA is a tool that helps determine if a program is cost-effective and generates cost savings. It assists policymakers in identifying cost-effective programs and service providers in demonstrating economic benefits. Conducting a CBA involves 5 steps - evaluating the program, considering perspective, measuring costs, measuring benefits in dollars, and comparing costs and benefits. The document provides examples of CBA applications and how to monetize justice system, victim, employment, and other benefits. Resources for learning more about and getting started with CBA are also listed.
The document discusses the use of cost-benefit analysis in justice policymaking. It describes how the Vera Institute of Justice's Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit helps policymakers evaluate the economic costs and benefits of criminal justice programs and policies. It provides examples of cost-benefit studies that have found some evidence-based programs reduce recidivism and generate cost-savings, while incarceration is only cost-effective for serious offenders. The document encourages the use of cost-benefit analysis to inform decision-making and identifies resources for further information.
This document summarizes a presentation given by the Vera Institute of Justice on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for criminal justice programs. It provides examples of CBA conducted by the Washington State Institute of Public Policy and Vera Institute to evaluate the costs and benefits of various criminal justice interventions. The presentation notes that CBA can help identify programs that provide the greatest value by reducing crime and generating cost savings, but that its goals differ from budget analysis, which aims to develop a balanced budget. CBA incorporates long-term, societal costs and benefits rather than just near-term budget impacts.
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Part 2, Cost-Benefit Analysis for Justice Policy: A Step-By-Step Guide, PowerPoint Presentation
1. Cost-Benefit Analysis for Justice
Policy: A Step-By-Step Guide
January 25, 2011
Mike Wilson, Oregon Criminal Justice Commission
Lora Krsulich, Vera Institute of Justice
Slide 1
2. Cost-Benefit Analysis for Justice Policy:
A Step-by-Step Guide
January 25, 2011
Michael Wilson Lora Krsulich
Oregon Criminal Justice Commission Vera Institute of Justice
Slide 2
3. The Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice
(CBKB) is a project of the Vera Institute of Justice
funded by the U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of
Justice Assistance.
•Website (cbkb.org)
•CBA toolkit
•Snapshots of CBA literature
•Podcasts, videocasts, and webinars
•Roundtable discussions
•Community of practice
Slide 3
4. Today’s Agenda
Introduction and Housekeeping 5 minutes
Review Data Tables 5 minutes
Calculate the Cost of an Offense 15 minutes
(Example 1)
Apply Cost-Benefit Analysis to 20 minutes
Oregon State Drug Courts
(Example 2)
Question and Answer 10 minutes
Wrap-Up 5 minutes
Slide 4
5. Housekeeping items
Questions
Use the chat feature to send us
questions during the webinar.
Raise your hand to ask a question
during a question and answer period. I
will call on you and give you
instructions for how to un-mute your
phone line.
Slide 5
6. Housekeeping items (continued)
Webinar support and troubleshooting
Call: (800) 843-9166
E-mail: help@readytalk.com
Handout
This webinar is being recorded.
Slide 6
7. Series Preview
You will learn how to:
Assess your state’s return on investment
from criminal justice expenditures
Explain the costs of crime and benefits
from crime avoided
Consume and produce high-quality
cost-benefit analysis
Slide 7
8. Part 1 Recap
Discussed prison economics and return on
investment from incarceration
Deconstructed costs into their component parts:
estimates, probabilities, and sentencing
distributions
Interpreted an effect size and demonstrated how
effects sizes are used to produce CBA findings
Slide 8
9. Part 2 Preview
You will learn how to:
Calculate the cost of an offense using
real numbers from Oregon
Build a cost-benefit model
Use cost-benefit analysis in
decision making
Slide 9
11. Table 1: Oregon Cost Estimates
Costs by
crime type
Costs by
resource
use
Taxpayer
and victim
costs
Slide 11
12. Figure 1: Probability of Arrest, Conviction and
Incarceration
Offense
Unreported Offenses Reported Offenses
No Arrest Arrest
No Conviction Conviction
Department of
Local Jail Probation
Corrections
Post-Prison
Supervision
Slide 12
13. Table 2: Estimated Probability of Arrest and
Conviction
Probability Probability Probability Probability
offense offense offense arrest
reported leads to leads to leads to
arrest conviction conviction
Slide 13
14. Table 3: Sentencing Distribution
Probability Probability Probability Average
conviction conviction conviction length of
leads to leads to jail leads to sentence
prison probation
Slide 14
17. Example 1
What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Victimization $_______
Arrest $_______
Conviction $_______
Adult Corrections $_______
Jail $_______
Probation $_______
Post-Prison $_______
Supervision
Slide 17
18. What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Victimization:
Out-of-pocket victim costs $7,921 Table 1
Quality-of-life victim costs $12,232 Table 1
Total cost $20,153
Add out-of-pocket costs and quality-of-life
costs.
Slide 18
19. What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Arrest:
Cost of arrest $670 Table 1
Probability of arrest 0.32 Table 2
Total cost $214
Multiply cost of an arrest by probability of
arrest.
Slide 19
20. What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Conviction:
Cost of conviction $4,877 Table 1
Probability of conviction 0.15 Table 2
Total cost $732
Multiply cost of a conviction by probability
of conviction.
Slide 20
21. What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Adult Corrections:
Number of convictions per 0.15 Table 2
offense
Probability of adult corrections 0.35 Table 3
given conviction for assault
Present value of prison costs Must
calculate
Total cost
Multiply number of convictions per
offense by probability of adult corrections
and present value of prison costs.
Slide 21
22. What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Present value of adult corrections costs:
Unit of measurement Measure Source
Cost per year $13,851 Table 1
Average length of 46.87 months Table 3
sentence (4 years)
Discount rate 3 percent Common
practice
Slide 22
23. What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Present value of adult corrections costs:
Cost of Year 1 $13,851/(1+0.03)
Cost of Year 2 $13,851/(1+0.03)^2
Cost of Year 3 $13,851/(1+0.03)^3
Cost of Year 4 $13,851/(1+0.03)^4
Total present value $51,485
Add cost per year of imprisonment and
incorporate time value of money.
Slide 23
24. What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Adult Corrections:
Number of convictions per offense 0.15 Table 2
Probability of adult corrections given 0.35 Table 3
conviction for assault
Present value of prison costs $51,485 See previous
slide.
Total cost $2,703
Multiply number of convictions per
offense by probability of adult corrections
and present value of prison costs.
Slide 24
25. What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Use the same formula from prison costs to
calculate the costs for jail, probation, and
post-prison supervision:
Number of convictions
Probability of resource use
Present value of costs
Slide 25
26. Example 1
What is the estimated cost of an assault?
Victimization $20,153
Arrest $214
Conviction $732
Adult Corrections $2,703
Jail $560
Probation $773
Post-Prison Supervision $553
Total cost $25,688
Slide 26
27. The cost of an assault and other types
of crime
The cost of one assault is $25,688.
It is possible to calculate the cost of multiple
offenses.
It is also possible to change the unit measured
to calculate the cost of fewer arrests,
convictions, inmates, parolees, or probationers.
Slide 27
30. Example 2: Oregon Drug Courts
Are Oregon’s drug courts cost-beneficial for
100 drug court participants?
Determine the impact of the initiative.
Determine whose perspective(s) matter.
Measure costs.
Measure benefits (in dollars).
Compare costs and benefits.
Slide 30
31. Determine the impact of the initiative.
Do we have an evaluation of drug courts in
our state?
No, but WSIPP meta-analysis estimates a
crime reduction of about 12% based on 57
studies.
Slide 31
32. Determine the impact of the initiative.
Other considerations:
Does the effectiveness of the program go
down over time?
Decay rate
What crimes does the program apply to?
How many years out does the program
measure recidivism?
Slide 32
33. Determine whose perspectives matter.
State, federal, and local funding
Total costs or compared to alternative?
Slide 33
34. Measure costs.
What we know in Oregon:
How much state funding goes to drug
courts
How many participants
Can estimate state dollars per participant
Don’t know how much local funding
Don’t know how much “business as usual” costs
Slide 34
35. Measure benefits (in dollars).
Need to be clear on what benefits are being
measured
Tax benefits are a mixture of state and local
benefits
For Oregon drug court model, most benefits
were “costs avoided” (both taxpayer and victim )
Slide 35
36. Table 4: Recidivism of Drug Court and
Property Probationers Convicted in 1997
Slide 36
37. Table 5: Conviction Distribution for 100 Drug or
Property Probationers, 1997
Slide 37
38. Table 6: Estimated Convictions Avoided for 100
Drug Court Participants
Slide 38
39. Measure benefits (in dollars).
Taxpayer benefits (avoided costs):
Costs per felony conviction
Average number of convictions per 100
participants (Table 6)
Victimization benefits (avoided costs):
Costs per felony conviction
Average number of convictions per 100
participants (Table 6)
Slide 39
40. Table 7: Cost of an Adult Felony Conviction
Slide 40
41. Table 7: Cost of an Adult Felony Conviction
Table 7 changes the unit measured from the
cost of an offense (as in Example 1) to cost of
conviction.
To calculate cost of conviction, must use cost
estimates (Table 1) and probabilities (Table 2).
Number of convictions averted is most common
outcome measured in drug court evaluations.
Slide 41
42. Table 8: Estimated Taxpayer Benefit for 100
Drug Court Participants
Slide 42
43. Table 9: Estimated Crime Victim Benefit for 100
Drug Court Participants
Slide 43
44. Compare costs and benefits.
Total costs: $2,000 to $4,000 per participant
Total benefits: $4,100 per participant
For every dollar invested, we avoid $2.05 to
$1.02 in costs.
Oregon decided to continue to fund drug courts,
in part because of the vast amount of research
on effectiveness of drug courts.
Slide 44
45. Questions?
Mike Wilson
SAC Director/Economist
Oregon Criminal Justice Commission
Michael.K.Wilson@state.or.us
(503) 378-4850
Slide 45
47. Part 2 Review
Calculated the cost of an offense using real
numbers from Oregon
Built a cost-benefit analysis of an Oregon drug
court
Demonstrated how cost-benefit analysis can be
used in decision making
Slide 47
48. Series Review
Learned how to:
Assess your state’s return on investment
from criminal justice expenditures
Explain the costs of crime and benefits
from crime avoided
Consume and produce high-quality
cost-benefit analysis
Slide 48
49. Follow-up
Please complete the evaluation form as you leave this
training.
To receive information and notifications about upcoming
webinars and other events:
• Visit the Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice at
http://www.cbkb.org.
• Follow us on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/CBKBank.
Slide 49
51. This project is supported by Grant No. 2009-MU-BX K029 awarded by the
Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a
component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the
Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office of Sex
Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and
Tracking. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the
author and do not represent the official position or policies of the United
States Department of Justice.
Slide 51