Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
AJUSTE DE MODELOS DE REGRESIÓN ALEATORIA EN EVALUACIONES GENÉTICAS DE BOVINOS...criollito
La curva de crecimiento del ganado tiene una forma sigmoidea
que puede ser ajustada con modelos de regresión
aleatoria. El objetivo de este estudio fue ajustar un modelo
de regresión aleatoria con base en polinomios de Legendre,
y estimar componentes de varianza y parámetros genéticos,
para datos de crecimiento en bovinos Tropicarne. Se analizó
la información de 12 890 pesadas mensuales, del nacimiento
a los 24 meses de edad de 1787 becerros. El pedigrí incluyó
2504 animales. Se compararon 27 modelos lineales, cuadráticos
y cúbicos para ajuste de los efectos genéticos (EGA) y
de ambiente permanente (APA) del animal, con tres estructuras
en las varianzas de residuales (homogénea, y heterogénea
de seis y doce clases). Una vez seleccionado el modelo
con los efectos del animal, se analizaron otros nueve modelos
para determinar la posible adición de los efectos maternos,
genéticos (EGM) y de ambiente permanente (APM).
Los análisis se realizaron con el programa DFREML. Los
modelos se compararon con base en: proporción de verosimilitudes,
criterio de información de Akaike y criterio de
información bayesiana. El modelo con mejor ajuste incluyó
los EGA de orden cuadrático y los efectos de APA, EGM
y APM de orden cúbico, con varianza residual heterogénea
en doce clases. Las varianzas fenotípicas de EGA y de EGM
presentaron tendencia positiva con la edad; sin embargo,
la varianza residual presentó un comportamiento cuadrático
en los primeros ocho meses del crecimiento y luego se
mantuvo constante. La heredabilidad directa promedio fue
0.079, con valores de 0.006 a 0.06 hasta los siete meses; y
desde los ocho meses fue constante (alrededor de 0.11). La
heredabilidad materna promedio fue 0.084, con valores de 0.02 a 0.06 hasta los siete meses y de 0.07 a 0.16 desde de
los ocho meses de edad. El modelo de regresión aleatoria fue
el mejor desde los nueve meses de edad, pero subestimó los
parámetros genéticos para edades menores.
Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
AJUSTE DE MODELOS DE REGRESIÓN ALEATORIA EN EVALUACIONES GENÉTICAS DE BOVINOS...criollito
La curva de crecimiento del ganado tiene una forma sigmoidea
que puede ser ajustada con modelos de regresión
aleatoria. El objetivo de este estudio fue ajustar un modelo
de regresión aleatoria con base en polinomios de Legendre,
y estimar componentes de varianza y parámetros genéticos,
para datos de crecimiento en bovinos Tropicarne. Se analizó
la información de 12 890 pesadas mensuales, del nacimiento
a los 24 meses de edad de 1787 becerros. El pedigrí incluyó
2504 animales. Se compararon 27 modelos lineales, cuadráticos
y cúbicos para ajuste de los efectos genéticos (EGA) y
de ambiente permanente (APA) del animal, con tres estructuras
en las varianzas de residuales (homogénea, y heterogénea
de seis y doce clases). Una vez seleccionado el modelo
con los efectos del animal, se analizaron otros nueve modelos
para determinar la posible adición de los efectos maternos,
genéticos (EGM) y de ambiente permanente (APM).
Los análisis se realizaron con el programa DFREML. Los
modelos se compararon con base en: proporción de verosimilitudes,
criterio de información de Akaike y criterio de
información bayesiana. El modelo con mejor ajuste incluyó
los EGA de orden cuadrático y los efectos de APA, EGM
y APM de orden cúbico, con varianza residual heterogénea
en doce clases. Las varianzas fenotípicas de EGA y de EGM
presentaron tendencia positiva con la edad; sin embargo,
la varianza residual presentó un comportamiento cuadrático
en los primeros ocho meses del crecimiento y luego se
mantuvo constante. La heredabilidad directa promedio fue
0.079, con valores de 0.006 a 0.06 hasta los siete meses; y
desde los ocho meses fue constante (alrededor de 0.11). La
heredabilidad materna promedio fue 0.084, con valores de 0.02 a 0.06 hasta los siete meses y de 0.07 a 0.16 desde de
los ocho meses de edad. El modelo de regresión aleatoria fue
el mejor desde los nueve meses de edad, pero subestimó los
parámetros genéticos para edades menores.
2. On the day when you see us old, weak and weary…… Have patience - and do try to understand us…….
3. If we get dirty when eating…and.. If we cannot dress on our own… Please bear with us and remember the times we spent feeding you and dressing you up.
4. If, when we speak to you, we repeat the same things over and over again… do not interrupt us… When you were small, we had to read to you the same story a thousand and one times until you went to sleep. ...listen to us.
5. When we do not want to have a shower, neither shame us nor scold us….. Remember when we had to chase you with your thousand excuses to get you to the shower?
6. When you see our ignorance of new technologies…. Help us navigate our way through these worldwide webs. . We taught you how to do so many things… To eat the right foods, to dress appropriately, To fight for your rights….
7. When at some moments we loose the memory or the thread of our conversation……...let us have the necessary time to remember… and if we cannot, do not become nervous….. As the most important thing is not our conversation but simply to be with you and to have you listening to us….
8. If ever we do not feel like eating, do not force us. We know well when we need to and when not to eat. When our tired legs give way and do not allow us to walk without a cane…. Lend us your helping hand the same way we did when you tried your first faltering steps.
9. And when someday we say to you that we don’t want to live anymore, that we want to die………. Do not get angry…. For one day you will understand. Try to appreciate that our age is not just lived but survived.
10. Some day you will realize that despite our mistakes… We always wanted the best for you.. And we tried to prepare the way for you….. You must not feel sad, angry nor ashamed for having us near you. Instead, try to understand us and help us like we did when you were young.
11. Help us to walk.. Help us to live the rest of our life with love and dignity. We will pay you with a smile and by the immense love we have always had for you in our hearts.