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音樂治療於末期病人之照護
Music Therapy in Palliative Care
李 如 音樂治療師蕙
MTA,MT-BC,MHA
2017.11.10
約克大學心理系
莎大學音樂治療系溫
1
Presentation Outline
 What is Music Therapy?
 Music Therapy Video
 Goals of MT in Palliative Care
 Literature Review
 Interventions and Case Examples
 Staff and Resident Testimonials
 Family Responses
 Caregiver Grief
3
話語盡,音樂始。——海涅
音樂是思維著的聲音—雨果
音樂有一種魅力,可以感化
人心向善,也可以誘人走上
墮落之路 —— 莎士比亞 
移風易俗 , 莫善於樂 - 孔子
人生像一首詩歌
愛是最美的樂章
4
Hospice palliative care
安寧療護安寧療護 (hospice)
中世紀時代用來作朝聖者或旅行者中途
休息、重新補充體力的驛站。
Palliative care is an approach that improves
the quality of life of patients and their
families facing the problem associated with
life-threatening illness, pain and other
problems, physical, psychosocial and
spiritual – WHO. 5
安寧療護
1) Emotional
2) Physical
3) Psychological
4) Social
5) Spiritual
6) Bereavement support
6
para-
professionals
Volunt
-eers
Dying
person &
caregiver(s)
Church &
synagogue
Professionals
Friends
& Family
THE PALLIATIVE CARE TEAM
THE TEAM APPROACH TO CARE
安寧團隊
7
TEAM
TOGETHER
EVERYONE
ACCOMPLISHES
MORE
8
Music Therapist Training
Bachelor of Music Therapy(4 years)
Master of Music Therapy(1-2 years)
Ph.D in Music Therapy
Music Therapy Intern(1000 hours post-
graduate)
Music Therapy Accredited(by national
association-CAMT)
9
音樂可調節大腦皮層音樂可調節大腦皮層 ,, 加體 一些有益健康的增 內加體 一些有益健康的增 內
激素激素 ,, 刺激神經血管及心理的活動刺激神經血管及心理的活動 --National PostNational Post
10
11 4
Good Death
(American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry)
 對於死亡有一定的掌握 Having control over the specific dying process
 不會疼痛 Pain-free status
 參與宗教儀式 Engagement with religion or spirituality
 情緒健康 Experiencing emotional well-being
 圓滿人生 Having a sense of life completion or legacy
 對疾病治療有選擇權 Having a choice in treatment preferences
 在死亡過程中有尊嚴 Experiencing dignity in the dying process
 有家人同在道別 Having family present and saying goodbye
 在死亡過程中有生命品質 Quality of life during the dying process
 與醫護人員有良好關係 A good relationship with health care
providers
 其他 ( 包括 : 特殊文化、有寵物在、醫療費用 .. 等等 )A
miscellaneous “other” category (cultural specifics, having pets nearby,
health care costs, etc.) 12
音樂治療的定義
Therapy 字根源自希臘文“ therapeia”- to
attend, to help, to treat 是參與、幫助、
處理之意
NAMT, 1980
“Music therapy is the use of music in the
accomplishment of therapeutic aims: the
restoration, maintenance, and improvement
of mental and physical health.
13
死亡哀傷五階段
否認 denial
憤怒 anger
討價還價 bargain
抑鬱 depress
接受 accept
Kubler-Ross, E (1973) On Death and
Dying, Routledge, ISBN 0415040159
14
音樂治療階段
Music Psychotherapy
I.Music therapy as activity therapy
1. 支持性 , 活動導向音樂治療目標
II.Insight music therapy with reeducative goals
2. 再教育 , 自我覺察與歷程導向音樂治療目標
III.Insight music therapy with reconstructive goals
3. 再建構 , 分析性與宣洩導向音樂治療目標
15
音樂治療的原則
ISO principle 同質原則
共乘原理 (entrainment)
以音樂為中心 (music-center) 的治療方式:
music as therapy VS music in therapy
治療對象、音樂、音樂治療師的三角形關係
16
音
樂
治療
對象
音樂
治療師
Burnout ( 悲憫疲憊 )
17
替代性創傷與悲憫疲憊
1992 年 Joinson 研究發現,當急診護理人員照
護
嚴重疾病和創傷病患時,所產生的壓力會以無
力感或生氣來表現,隨後多被以次級創傷壓力
失調來解釋,統稱替代性創傷 (secondary trau-
matic stress disorder) 。直到 1995 年,才被
Figley
正式命名為悲憫疲憊 (compassion fatigue) 。
18
Compassion Fatigue
悲憫疲憊之徵狀
19
層面 徵狀
身體 頭痛、血壓升高、疲勞、頸部僵硬、心血管疾
病發病率上升、糖尿病、胃腸和免疫功能障礙
、睡眠不足、注意力不集中心理 疲潰、冷淡、 求安靜、指責、脾氣暴躁、悲渴
傷、憂鬱、焦慮、容易做 夢、漠不關心、麻噩
木、害怕去上班、無力感社會 欠缺同情心、與人互動少、與他人疏離、退縮
、藥物濫用
靈性 對神生氣 ( 質疑信仰 ) 、無望感、自我反省能
力變差
智能 判斷力變差、無邏輯性的
楊琳 等琪 (2012). 醫院護理人員的悲憫疲憊及其因應策略 . 護理雜誌 (59):3
Burnout 替代性創傷 -1
20汪淑媛 (2014) 替代性創傷是助人工作者不可避免之風險?社區發展季刊 147 期( Stamm & Figley 編制授權
,
1999 ;汪淑媛、賴靜宜、郭邦媛合譯, 2008
Burnout 替代性創傷 -2
21
Burnout 替代性創傷 -3
22
Burnout 替代性創傷 -4
23
美國心理學會 (APA) 自 2007 至 2014 的
調 ,包括查 : 散步、看書、打電話、飲酒
、烹調等廿四種緩解身心疲憊的方式。
(American Psychology Association)
Music Therapy
聆聽
彈奏
歌唱
律動
詞曲創作
懷舊 (Butler)
生命歷程
25
Music Therapy Handbook (2015). The Guilford Press.
Music Therapy Goal Areas in Palliative Care
安寧音樂治療目標
改善疼痛 Pain Perception. Pain Management
舒緩放鬆 Comfort and Relaxation
情緒宣洩 Emotional Self-Expression
溝通 Communication
強化關係 Strengthen Relationship
減緩焦慮、壓力、恐懼 Stress. Fear.
Anxiety
回顧生命 Life Review
協助悲傷過程 Facilitate Grieving Process
靈 Spirituality 26
道謝、道歉、道愛、道別
文獻探討
 Music interventions for improving psychological and
physical outcomes in cancer patients. Bradt J; Dileo C;
Grocke D; Magill L. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews. (8):CD006911, 2011.
音樂治療可以增加疼痛閥值 , 改善疼痛的程
度 , 疼痛持續的時間及止痛藥使用的量及使
用頻率 (Bailey,1985; Heitz,Symreng &
Scamman,1992; Magill,1993; Mandel,1991;
Munro&Mount,1978;)
29
32
疼痛
Breaking the vicious circle of chronic pain
by relieving anxiety and depression and
thus altering the perception of pain
33
音樂用於疼痛治療之理論
音樂和疼痛的心理關聯性 (psychological
relationship between music and pain)
認知調適策略 (cognitive coping strategy)
門戶控制理論 (gate control theory)
內 的角色嗎啡 (role of endorphin)
34
的角色內嗎啡
藉由聆聽喜歡的音樂 , 而刺激大腦內嗎啡
(endorphin) 的分泌而減輕不舒服的程度。
(Alvin,1978;Goldstein,1980)
35
音樂和疼痛的心理關聯性
轉移注意力
(Fermandez&Turk,1989;Maslar,1986;Heise
r,et al. 1997)
36
認知調適策略
感覺訊息傳遞的競爭 (Donovan,1982) 。音
樂與不舒服感覺的相互競爭傳遞 , 因而減低
不舒服訊息的傳遞 , 而減輕疼痛程度及症狀
困擾程度。
37
門 控制理論戶
(Gate Control Theory)
改變神經傳遞物質的分泌
(Donovan,1982) 。藉由減低神經傳遞物質的
分泌而減輕疼痛及不舒服感覺的傳遞。
「門戶」就是脊髓背角 (dorsal horn of spinal
cord) 的膠狀質 (substantia gelatinosa)
疼痛神經傳導纖維可在此形成突觸至中樞
Melzack&Wall(1965)
38
音樂的功能
Reinforcement ( 強物增 )
Environment ( 環境)
Mediator ( 訊息)
Structure ( 結構 )
39
SPIRITUAL NEEDS
 Spiritual support may help some people makes
sense of their illness and give them the strength to
continue
 There are many different spiritual belief systems
and each one has its own parctices, myths, rites
and symbols
 Spiritual beliefs are highly personal and vary
among individuals
40
我希望
我希望我們能回到初次見面的地方
重溫陶醉在”浪漫一生”的氛圍裡
每天都能 去餐廳共聚晚餐夠
回憶那段我們曾擁有的溫馨美好時光
那時的我是青春洋溢的少年郎
那時的 是如此清純的小姑娘妳
心裡有個最大的夢想 把 留在身邊呵護成長妳
一起建立我們堅定不移的婚姻城堡
41
我希望用最純粹的心與最純粹的模樣
永生不變地陪伴 ,
執 ( 妳 )( 妻 )( 子 ) 之手 , 與 ( 妳 )( 妻 )( 子 ) 偕老
我希望這段記憶能勾起 無限的溫暖妳
帶上 的故事與美麗幻想妳
美好就是 微笑的模樣妳
42
Music Therapy Basics
Clients are not passive recipients of music.
Clients do not require previous training or
experience.
Music therapy is more than just music!
Only qualified music therapists can provide
music therapy.
Music therapy is a goal-directed process.
43
有效溝通
不說 : 不要哭了
不要想太多
你要堅強
我了解你的感受 ..
不與對方爭論 企圖改變對方的想法
不因好奇而發問 尊重對方隱私
不要完全阻止對方重複訴說同樣一件事
不企圖一定要解決對方的痛苦和困難
44
105 年衛福部死亡場所統計
45
Self-Care 自我照顧
凡事都有定期,天下萬務都有定時。
生有時,死有時;栽種有時,拔出所
栽種的也有時;
哭有時,笑有時;哀慟有時,跳舞有時;
46
但願人長久
明月幾時有 把酒問青天
不知天上宮闕 今夕是何年
我欲乘風歸去 唯恐瓊樓玉宇
高處不勝寒 起舞弄清影 何似在人間
轉朱閣低綺戶照無眠
不應有恨何事長向別時圓
人有悲歡離合 月有陰晴圓缺
此事古難全 但願人長久
千里共嬋娟
47
音樂治療流程
 Referral
 Assessment
 Goal Setting
 Program Planning
 Implementation
-Individual Therapy
-Group Therapy
• Documentation
• Evaluation
• Generalization/Discharge
48
醫學為生命 添 月增 歲
音樂為 月 添生命歲 增
聽唱彈奏即興
49
Reference
Music Therapy Association of Taiwan
http://www.musictherapy.org.tw
formosamt@cgmh.org.tw
助人工作者憐憫疲乏自我檢測量表
社區發展季刊 147 期 ( 民國 103 年 9 月
)
50
51

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Palliative Music Therapy

Editor's Notes

  1. Melody旋律在superior temporal gyri, Harmony合right lingual gyrus, Rhythm節奏cerebellum&basal ganglia(Bhat & Udupa, 2004){1}.
  2. 提醒
  3. 172,418 (男102,985女69,433)