Public Safety, Public Spending: Forecasting America’s Prison Population, 2007...brighteyes
Public Safety, Public Spending: Forecasting America’s Prison Population, 2007-2011 Adam Gelb, Project Director
Public Safety Performance Project
The Pew Charitable Trusts, Pew Center on the States
October 2, 2007
A Comparative Analysis of Prevention and Delinquencybrighteyes
A Comparative Analysis of Prevention and Delinquency - Authors Mary Magee Quinn and Jeffrey Poirier, American Institutes for Research, National Center on Education, Disability,and Juvenile Justice (EDJJ)
Public Safety, Public Spending: Forecasting America’s Prison Population, 2007...brighteyes
Public Safety, Public Spending: Forecasting America’s Prison Population, 2007-2011 Adam Gelb, Project Director
Public Safety Performance Project
The Pew Charitable Trusts, Pew Center on the States
October 2, 2007
A Comparative Analysis of Prevention and Delinquencybrighteyes
A Comparative Analysis of Prevention and Delinquency - Authors Mary Magee Quinn and Jeffrey Poirier, American Institutes for Research, National Center on Education, Disability,and Juvenile Justice (EDJJ)
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR RESEARCH Mental health or addiction issues: Underlying ment...fatoomaobaid
ndividual Factors:
•Mental health or addiction issues: Underlying mental health problems
or substance abuse can contribute to criminal behavior. With
treatment, these issues can make it difficult to develop impulse control
or make positive life choices.
•Lack of opportunity: Limited access to education, employment, or
social support can make it hard to find legitimate ways to make a living,
pushing some back to crime.
•Socialization and environment: Growing up in a high-crime
environment or associating with criminals can normalize criminal
behavior and make it seem like the only option.
There are severalreasons why people might not change their
criminal behavior after convictions:
4
I
2018-06-12 Cybertraps for Educators 2.0 -- Now with Ethics!Frederick Lane
A presentation delivered on June 12, 2018 at the 2018 Annual Conference of the National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification in Minneapolis, MN.
122820211Chapter Two Defining Crimes and MeasurinCicelyBourqueju
12/28/2021
1
Chapter Two: Defining Crimes and
Measuring Criminal Behavior
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013,
2018 & 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015, 2018
& 2022).
Scared Straight Program – 1978 Rahway Max Prison
-Politically motivated –fit the get tough on crime bill
-Three year post experiment study shows evidence must be evidence based
-Criminologists embrace a systematic empirical study of the nature and extent of crime.
Example of successful criminology research based policy:
-Domestic violence research between 1981-82 shows police counseling and temporary separation was
not effective.
-Now there are more mandatory arrest being made.
7 Basic Requirements for an Act to be a Crime
Defense must prove failure of a basic requirement
• 1. The act requirement – mind & Body
• Conscious act not an unconscious act or reaction
• Not a status or condition
• 2. The legality requirement – prohibited by law
• Thoughts without action – no crime
• Choosing to not fill out sex registration forms – is a crime
• Good Samaritan?
• 3. The harm requirement
• 4. The causation requirement
• Behavior in question caused the harm – not a 3rd party
• 5. The mens rea requirement (guilty mind)
• 6. The concurrence requirement
• Must be a criminal act with criminal intent (Ex: striker – rock –window)
• Exceptions – felony murder
• 7. The punishment requirement – its must already exist
12/28/2021
2
Criminal defense negates basic ingredients of
crime.
• Crime – must be known to the police
• Not all crimes reported are cleared
• DA will not always prosecute
• Defense negation of crime elements examples:
• Insanity defense; legality requirement lacking; duress, self-defense.
• State tries cases on behalf of the state
• Victims can file civil law suits for pain and suffering
Typologies of Crime
• The French created the following three categories accepted
worldwide
• Felonies - severe
• Misdemeanors – minor
• Violation - fines
• As Criminologist we will also focus on the following
• Violent crime
• Crimes against property
• White collar and corporate crime
• Drug, alcohol and sex-related crime
12/28/2021
3
Reasons for Measuring Crime
• Researchers collect and analyze data to test theories about why
people commit crime.
• Researchers and criminal justice agencies need to enhance their
knowledge of the characteristics of various types of offenses.
• Criminal justice agencies depend on certain information to facilitate
daily operations and anticipate future needs.
The Research Process
• Topic – research question
• Theory: is a set of principles that explain how 2 or more phenomena
are related
• May choose to use a hypothesis or not.
• Methodology (qualitative vs. quantitative)
• Will you use secondary data or primary data
• Analysis
• What did you do, findings, discussions and conclusions
12/28/2021
4
Exploring and defin ...
12/28/2021
1
Chapter Two: Defining Crimes and
Measuring Criminal Behavior
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013,
2018 & 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015, 2018
& 2022).
Scared Straight Program – 1978 Rahway Max Prison
-Politically motivated –fit the get tough on crime bill
-Three year post experiment study shows evidence must be evidence based
-Criminologists embrace a systematic empirical study of the nature and extent of crime.
Example of successful criminology research based policy:
-Domestic violence research between 1981-82 shows police counseling and temporary separation was
not effective.
-Now there are more mandatory arrest being made.
7 Basic Requirements for an Act to be a Crime
Defense must prove failure of a basic requirement
• 1. The act requirement – mind & Body
• Conscious act not an unconscious act or reaction
• Not a status or condition
• 2. The legality requirement – prohibited by law
• Thoughts without action – no crime
• Choosing to not fill out sex registration forms – is a crime
• Good Samaritan?
• 3. The harm requirement
• 4. The causation requirement
• Behavior in question caused the harm – not a 3rd party
• 5. The mens rea requirement (guilty mind)
• 6. The concurrence requirement
• Must be a criminal act with criminal intent (Ex: striker – rock –window)
• Exceptions – felony murder
• 7. The punishment requirement – its must already exist
12/28/2021
2
Criminal defense negates basic ingredients of
crime.
• Crime – must be known to the police
• Not all crimes reported are cleared
• DA will not always prosecute
• Defense negation of crime elements examples:
• Insanity defense; legality requirement lacking; duress, self-defense.
• State tries cases on behalf of the state
• Victims can file civil law suits for pain and suffering
Typologies of Crime
• The French created the following three categories accepted
worldwide
• Felonies - severe
• Misdemeanors – minor
• Violation - fines
• As Criminologist we will also focus on the following
• Violent crime
• Crimes against property
• White collar and corporate crime
• Drug, alcohol and sex-related crime
12/28/2021
3
Reasons for Measuring Crime
• Researchers collect and analyze data to test theories about why
people commit crime.
• Researchers and criminal justice agencies need to enhance their
knowledge of the characteristics of various types of offenses.
• Criminal justice agencies depend on certain information to facilitate
daily operations and anticipate future needs.
The Research Process
• Topic – research question
• Theory: is a set of principles that explain how 2 or more phenomena
are related
• May choose to use a hypothesis or not.
• Methodology (qualitative vs. quantitative)
• Will you use secondary data or primary data
• Analysis
• What did you do, findings, discussions and conclusions
12/28/2021
4
Exploring and defin ...
Running Head REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 1 .docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 1
Success Rates of Traditional and Intensive Supervisors in Reducing Recidivism
John Doe
University Name
Sample Paper
Running Head: REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 2
Abstract
The purpose of this paper to suggest a research proposal describing the succes rates of
traditional and intensive supervison on reducing recidivism. A design plan was designed
suggesting the type of research method used, which is a mixed-method research, and the
strenghts and weaknesses it may bring; the variables, the independent(traditional and intensive)
and dependent(recidivism) variables included; the sample of what is being studied, how it is
being chosen and how many people are needed for the research to move forward; the statistical
analysis being used and a total of ten annotated references summarizing each work and
suggesting its importance to the research.
Running Head: REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 3
Introduction
The topic of this research is recidivism and what approach has been the most successful
in reducing it, there are two types of supervisions, traditional and intensive, that are used in the
criminal justice system that need to be tested for success rate and researched for understanding in
order to determine not only their worth, but their success rates in the reduction of recidivism.
Recidivism is the tendency to relapse into a behavior or a condition, such as criminal behavior
and the reason why this matter is important is because the cold hard facts and numbers suggest
that “nearly 650,000 people are released from the nation’s prisons every year, and about nine
million more are released from jails. Two-thirds of those who come out of prison are rearrested
within three years of release” (Dory, 2009). More than half of the people being released are
committing the same crimes that got them convicted in the first place or are committing even
more dangerous crimes, like murder. The community can’t afford these type of careless releases
because they will be the ones being victimized, their families and friends will be the ones facing
the dangers of becoming another statistic in a murder crime. The people being released are just
being thrown out into the community where they will not be accepted and where they will not fit
in, unless they are helped and supervised accordingly.
There are two types of supervisions being used, traditional and intensive, traditional
supervision consists of offenders under correctional control in the community that are given
either the minimal or regular type of supervision, which means they are required to report as
little if any to their correctional officers and intensive supervision consists of offenders under
correctional control in the community to report constantly, the requirements are more strict and
there are conditions that .
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR RESEARCH Mental health or addiction issues: Underlying ment...fatoomaobaid
ndividual Factors:
•Mental health or addiction issues: Underlying mental health problems
or substance abuse can contribute to criminal behavior. With
treatment, these issues can make it difficult to develop impulse control
or make positive life choices.
•Lack of opportunity: Limited access to education, employment, or
social support can make it hard to find legitimate ways to make a living,
pushing some back to crime.
•Socialization and environment: Growing up in a high-crime
environment or associating with criminals can normalize criminal
behavior and make it seem like the only option.
There are severalreasons why people might not change their
criminal behavior after convictions:
4
I
2018-06-12 Cybertraps for Educators 2.0 -- Now with Ethics!Frederick Lane
A presentation delivered on June 12, 2018 at the 2018 Annual Conference of the National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification in Minneapolis, MN.
122820211Chapter Two Defining Crimes and MeasurinCicelyBourqueju
12/28/2021
1
Chapter Two: Defining Crimes and
Measuring Criminal Behavior
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013,
2018 & 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015, 2018
& 2022).
Scared Straight Program – 1978 Rahway Max Prison
-Politically motivated –fit the get tough on crime bill
-Three year post experiment study shows evidence must be evidence based
-Criminologists embrace a systematic empirical study of the nature and extent of crime.
Example of successful criminology research based policy:
-Domestic violence research between 1981-82 shows police counseling and temporary separation was
not effective.
-Now there are more mandatory arrest being made.
7 Basic Requirements for an Act to be a Crime
Defense must prove failure of a basic requirement
• 1. The act requirement – mind & Body
• Conscious act not an unconscious act or reaction
• Not a status or condition
• 2. The legality requirement – prohibited by law
• Thoughts without action – no crime
• Choosing to not fill out sex registration forms – is a crime
• Good Samaritan?
• 3. The harm requirement
• 4. The causation requirement
• Behavior in question caused the harm – not a 3rd party
• 5. The mens rea requirement (guilty mind)
• 6. The concurrence requirement
• Must be a criminal act with criminal intent (Ex: striker – rock –window)
• Exceptions – felony murder
• 7. The punishment requirement – its must already exist
12/28/2021
2
Criminal defense negates basic ingredients of
crime.
• Crime – must be known to the police
• Not all crimes reported are cleared
• DA will not always prosecute
• Defense negation of crime elements examples:
• Insanity defense; legality requirement lacking; duress, self-defense.
• State tries cases on behalf of the state
• Victims can file civil law suits for pain and suffering
Typologies of Crime
• The French created the following three categories accepted
worldwide
• Felonies - severe
• Misdemeanors – minor
• Violation - fines
• As Criminologist we will also focus on the following
• Violent crime
• Crimes against property
• White collar and corporate crime
• Drug, alcohol and sex-related crime
12/28/2021
3
Reasons for Measuring Crime
• Researchers collect and analyze data to test theories about why
people commit crime.
• Researchers and criminal justice agencies need to enhance their
knowledge of the characteristics of various types of offenses.
• Criminal justice agencies depend on certain information to facilitate
daily operations and anticipate future needs.
The Research Process
• Topic – research question
• Theory: is a set of principles that explain how 2 or more phenomena
are related
• May choose to use a hypothesis or not.
• Methodology (qualitative vs. quantitative)
• Will you use secondary data or primary data
• Analysis
• What did you do, findings, discussions and conclusions
12/28/2021
4
Exploring and defin ...
12/28/2021
1
Chapter Two: Defining Crimes and
Measuring Criminal Behavior
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013,
2018 & 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015, 2018
& 2022).
Scared Straight Program – 1978 Rahway Max Prison
-Politically motivated –fit the get tough on crime bill
-Three year post experiment study shows evidence must be evidence based
-Criminologists embrace a systematic empirical study of the nature and extent of crime.
Example of successful criminology research based policy:
-Domestic violence research between 1981-82 shows police counseling and temporary separation was
not effective.
-Now there are more mandatory arrest being made.
7 Basic Requirements for an Act to be a Crime
Defense must prove failure of a basic requirement
• 1. The act requirement – mind & Body
• Conscious act not an unconscious act or reaction
• Not a status or condition
• 2. The legality requirement – prohibited by law
• Thoughts without action – no crime
• Choosing to not fill out sex registration forms – is a crime
• Good Samaritan?
• 3. The harm requirement
• 4. The causation requirement
• Behavior in question caused the harm – not a 3rd party
• 5. The mens rea requirement (guilty mind)
• 6. The concurrence requirement
• Must be a criminal act with criminal intent (Ex: striker – rock –window)
• Exceptions – felony murder
• 7. The punishment requirement – its must already exist
12/28/2021
2
Criminal defense negates basic ingredients of
crime.
• Crime – must be known to the police
• Not all crimes reported are cleared
• DA will not always prosecute
• Defense negation of crime elements examples:
• Insanity defense; legality requirement lacking; duress, self-defense.
• State tries cases on behalf of the state
• Victims can file civil law suits for pain and suffering
Typologies of Crime
• The French created the following three categories accepted
worldwide
• Felonies - severe
• Misdemeanors – minor
• Violation - fines
• As Criminologist we will also focus on the following
• Violent crime
• Crimes against property
• White collar and corporate crime
• Drug, alcohol and sex-related crime
12/28/2021
3
Reasons for Measuring Crime
• Researchers collect and analyze data to test theories about why
people commit crime.
• Researchers and criminal justice agencies need to enhance their
knowledge of the characteristics of various types of offenses.
• Criminal justice agencies depend on certain information to facilitate
daily operations and anticipate future needs.
The Research Process
• Topic – research question
• Theory: is a set of principles that explain how 2 or more phenomena
are related
• May choose to use a hypothesis or not.
• Methodology (qualitative vs. quantitative)
• Will you use secondary data or primary data
• Analysis
• What did you do, findings, discussions and conclusions
12/28/2021
4
Exploring and defin ...
Running Head REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 1 .docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 1
Success Rates of Traditional and Intensive Supervisors in Reducing Recidivism
John Doe
University Name
Sample Paper
Running Head: REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 2
Abstract
The purpose of this paper to suggest a research proposal describing the succes rates of
traditional and intensive supervison on reducing recidivism. A design plan was designed
suggesting the type of research method used, which is a mixed-method research, and the
strenghts and weaknesses it may bring; the variables, the independent(traditional and intensive)
and dependent(recidivism) variables included; the sample of what is being studied, how it is
being chosen and how many people are needed for the research to move forward; the statistical
analysis being used and a total of ten annotated references summarizing each work and
suggesting its importance to the research.
Running Head: REDUCING RECIDIVISM THROUGH SUPERVISIONS 3
Introduction
The topic of this research is recidivism and what approach has been the most successful
in reducing it, there are two types of supervisions, traditional and intensive, that are used in the
criminal justice system that need to be tested for success rate and researched for understanding in
order to determine not only their worth, but their success rates in the reduction of recidivism.
Recidivism is the tendency to relapse into a behavior or a condition, such as criminal behavior
and the reason why this matter is important is because the cold hard facts and numbers suggest
that “nearly 650,000 people are released from the nation’s prisons every year, and about nine
million more are released from jails. Two-thirds of those who come out of prison are rearrested
within three years of release” (Dory, 2009). More than half of the people being released are
committing the same crimes that got them convicted in the first place or are committing even
more dangerous crimes, like murder. The community can’t afford these type of careless releases
because they will be the ones being victimized, their families and friends will be the ones facing
the dangers of becoming another statistic in a murder crime. The people being released are just
being thrown out into the community where they will not be accepted and where they will not fit
in, unless they are helped and supervised accordingly.
There are two types of supervisions being used, traditional and intensive, traditional
supervision consists of offenders under correctional control in the community that are given
either the minimal or regular type of supervision, which means they are required to report as
little if any to their correctional officers and intensive supervision consists of offenders under
correctional control in the community to report constantly, the requirements are more strict and
there are conditions that .
2. Electronic Monitoring
• Used for offenders
who need a
supervised structured
environment
• Alternative to jail and
prison sentencing
• Community
placement
4. Benefits
• Cuts offenders’ fees
• Reduce overcrowding
of jails and prisons
• Opportunity for the
offender to sustain
employment, appear
in treatment, and
keep family ties
6. Ethical Concerns
• Surveillance can be
considered against a
persons’ liberty
• Too invasive
• Misuse and Abuse
• Violation of privacy
rights
• Affecting the family
involved
• Legislative concern
7. Crime and Electronic Monitoring
• Deters criminal
behavior
• Reduces crime
• Leads to long-term
behavioral change
8. Selection Criteria
• Background checks
• Mental Stability
• Participation Support
• Following convictions taken into
consideration
9. Ways to Measure Success
• 1. Whether or not
offenders violated
their conditions
• Failed to finish
their sanction
• Whether or not the
offender committed
any new offenses
10. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
• Help save taxpayers $
• Reduce overcrowded
jails/prisons
• Right tools and training
can produce efficient
results
Disdavantages
• False positives
• Faulty devices
• Lack of training
• Stigma
11. Public Safety
• Number one concern for electronic
monitoring is the public’s safety
• Protecting the public
• Keeping a track on offenders
12. Conclusion
• Curfew
• Drug testing
• Visits by supervisors
• Self-help groups
• Guidelines and
regulations
• Easily reported
violations
13. References
Armstrong, G., & Freeman, B. C. (2011). Examining GPS monitoring alerts triggered by sex offenders: The divergence of
legislative goals and practical application in community corrections. Journal of Criminal Justice , 29 (2), 175-182.
Button, D. M., Tewksbury, R., Mustaine, E., & K.Payne, B. (2013). Factors Contributing to Perceptions About Policies
Regarding the Electronic Monitoring of Sex Offenders: The Role of Demographic Characteristics, Victimization Experiences,
and Social Disorganization. . International Journal of Offender therapy & Comparative Criminology , 57 (1), 25-54.
Button, D., DeMichele, M., & Payne, B. (2009). Using Electronic Monitoring to Supervise Sex Offenders: Legislative Patterns
and Implications for Community Corrections Officers. Criminal Justice Policy Review , 20 (4), 414-436.
Brown, T., & McCabe, S. (2008). GPS use in community supervision: A practitioner's primer. Journal of the American
Probation and Parole Association , 32 (1), 25-32.
DeMichele, M., Payne, B. K., & Button, D. M. (2008). Electronic Monitoring of Sex Offenders: Identifying Unanticipated
Consequences and Implications. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation , (3/4) (46), 119-135.
Nellis, M. (2011). Quakers, penal reform and the challenge of electronically monitoring offenders. International Review of
Law, Computer & Technology , 25 (1/2), 95-105.
Martin, J., Hanrahan, K., & Bowers, J. (2009). Offenders' Perceptions of House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring. Journal of
Offender Rehabilitation , 48 (6), 547-570.
Payne, B., & Gainey, R. (2000). Understanding the Experience of House Arrest with Electronic Monitoring: An Analysis of
Quantitative and Qualitative Data. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology , 44 (1), p.81; p.13.
Payne, B., & Gainey, R. (2004). THE ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF OFFENDERS RELEASED FROM JAIL OR
PRISON: SAFETY, CONTROL, AND COMPARISONS TO THE INCARCERATION EXPERIENCE. Prison Journal , 84 (4),
413-435.
