Het letselschadeslachtoffer dat letsel heeft opgelopen door het onberekenbare gedrag van een paard kan zijn schade in beginsel verhalen op de bezitter van dat paard. Dat wordt anders, indien het paard “bedrijfsmatig” wordt “gebruikt”. In dat geval is namelijk uitsluitend de bedrijfsmatige gebruiker aansprakelijk. Dat betekent echter nog niet dat het slachtoffer zijn letselschade volledig vergoed krijgt. Veelal kan namelijk enige mate van eigen schuld aan zijn zijde worden aangenomen, waardoor een deel van zijn schade voor eigen rekening blijft. In deze presentatie wordt op al deze aspecten ingegaan.
De presentatie over de koopovereenkomst van een paard geeft een overzicht van de belangrijkste juridische aspecten waarmee rekening moet worden gehouden bij de koop/verkoop van een paard. De presentatie gaat o.a. in op non conformiteit, bewijslastverdeling en de zes maandenregel bij consumentenkoop. Voorts wordt ingegaan op de vraag wanneer de verkoper handelt in het kader van zijn bedrijf. De presentatie bevat ook een lijst van belangrijke bedingen bij koop/verkoopovereenkomsten van paarden.
Het retentierecht is een krachtig verweermiddel dat een schuldeiser kan inzetten om zijn vordering betaald te krijgen. Vooral in de bouw wordt dit middel veelvuldig gebruikt. Het is een bijzonder opschortingsrecht dat afgifte van de zaak opschort totdat de vordering volledig is betaald. In deze presentatie wordt ingegaan op de vereisten en wordt specifiek ingezoomd op het inroepen van een retentierecht op een onroerende zaak.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
De presentatie over de koopovereenkomst van een paard geeft een overzicht van de belangrijkste juridische aspecten waarmee rekening moet worden gehouden bij de koop/verkoop van een paard. De presentatie gaat o.a. in op non conformiteit, bewijslastverdeling en de zes maandenregel bij consumentenkoop. Voorts wordt ingegaan op de vraag wanneer de verkoper handelt in het kader van zijn bedrijf. De presentatie bevat ook een lijst van belangrijke bedingen bij koop/verkoopovereenkomsten van paarden.
Het retentierecht is een krachtig verweermiddel dat een schuldeiser kan inzetten om zijn vordering betaald te krijgen. Vooral in de bouw wordt dit middel veelvuldig gebruikt. Het is een bijzonder opschortingsrecht dat afgifte van de zaak opschort totdat de vordering volledig is betaald. In deze presentatie wordt ingegaan op de vereisten en wordt specifiek ingezoomd op het inroepen van een retentierecht op een onroerende zaak.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
4. Raadsel
4
Pina Colada
Romeo de l'Eaugrennée
[D] en [L]
Dominant
5. Bent u aansprakelijk?
Paard Letselschade Bent u aansprakelijk?
Hoofdregel: ieder draagt zijn eigen schade!
Tenzij … grond voor aansprakelijkheid
5
6. Artikel 6:162 BW
Onrechtmatige daad van de berijder
Schuldaansprakelijkheid
Geen belangrijke rol (betere
alternatieven!)
Alleen als dier door mens wordt
aangestuurd!
6
7. Artikel 6:179 BW
Risicoaansprakelijkheid:
Geen onrechtmatige daad en geen schuld
vereist bij bezitter
Kwalitatieve aansprakelijkheid:
Aansprakelijk als bezitter van het paard
7
8. Bezitter
Vereisten 6:179 BW:
Bezitter
Dier
Schade door "onberekenbaar gedrag“
veroorzaakt: "het eigen energie van het dier"
(Dus niet bij opvolgen opdracht berijder, dan
toets aan art. 6:162 BW!)
‘Tenzij’-formule
8
9. Bezitter
Tenzij-formule:
De aansprakelijkheid van de bezitter komt te
vervallen, indien "de aansprakelijkheid op grond van
de vorige afdeling zou hebben ontbroken, indien hij
de gedraging van het dier waardoor de schade werd
toegebracht in zijn macht zou hebben gehad."
Voorbeeld: inbreker!
(Zou bezitter ook aansprakelijk zijn geweest, indien
hij paard in zijn macht zou hebben gehad?)
9
10. Bezitter
Wie is bezitter?
De zaakwaarnemer?
De vervoerder?
De bewaarder?
De houder van het dierenpension?
10
11. Bezitter
Zij houden paard niet voor zichzelf, maar
voor een ander!
Geen bezitter!!
Wel artikel 6:181 BW mogelijk!!
11
12. Bezitter
Casus: Bunink/Manege Nieuw Amstelland B.V.
Manege geeft paardrijlessen
Zij organiseert buitenrit
12 leerlingen door Amsterdamse Bos
Paard is eigendom manege
Paard schrikt van derden
Leerling valt daardoor van paard
Is de Manege aansprakelijk?
12
13. Bezitter
JA! Manege als bezitter paard aansprakelijk,
want …
oorzaak val onverwachte beweging van het
paard
Dit verandert niet, doordat …
paard door ander dan bezitter bereden
vrijwillig
op basis van een overeenkomst met de manege
in het kader van rijlessen
exoneratiebeding?
13
15. Exoneratiebeding
Het beroep hierop wordt nauwelijks
gehonoreerd.
Relevante omstandigheden:
beding in gezamenlijk overleg of eenzijdig
opgesteld?
strekking voldoende duidelijk of in algemene
termen?
manege wel/niet verzekerd?
15
16. Eigen Schuld
Maar …
Op basis van aard en strekking overeenkomst en
overige omstandigheden kan schade deels voor
rekening berijder/leerling blijven!!
Eigen Schuld, want…
noch aan berijder, noch aan bezitter/manege verwijt
deelname les eigen keuze leerling
leerling kent algemeen gevaar onberekenbaar element
16
17. Eigen Schuld
Aspecten eigen schuld:
wat is leeftijd leerling (jong: beschermen!, oud:
kwetsbaarder!)
wie heeft om dit paard gevraagd?
heeft leerling beweging paard veroorzaakt?
voldoet manege/rijbaan aan daarvoor geldende
eisen?
voldoet instructrice aan (opleidings)eisen?
heeft instructrice bij les fouten gemaakt?
wat is ernst letsel?
17
18. Eigen Schuld
Casus (Bokkend paard in manege):
leerling 5 jaar les bij manege
paard eigendom manege
leerling meerdere lessen met dit paard gehad
niet-gediplomeerde instructrice gaf les
instructrice wist dat het een bokkig paard was
3 aansporingen in galop gaan, paard bokt,
leerling valt
Wat is een redelijke verdeling?
18
19. Eigen Schuld
Hof Arnhem: manege 70 % aansprakelijk,
leerling 30 % ES
19
20. Artikel 6:181 BW
Artikel 6:181 BW:
Paard wordt "gebruikt" in uitoefening bedrijf
gevolg: niet bezitter, maar UITSLUITEND
bedrijfsmatige gebruiker is aansprakelijk!!
Als bezitter wordt aangesproken, dan wordt
vordering eiser afgewezen.
20
21. Bedrijfsmatige gebruiker
Onduidelijkheid "bedrijfsmatig gebruiken"
I. Wetgever:
Artikel 6:181 BW n.v.t. bij enkel:
bewaren paard (voor een ander)
vervoeren paard (voor een ander)
stallen paard (voor een ander)
Dan blijft bezitter aansprakelijk!
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22. Bedrijfsmatige gebruiker
II. Hoge Raad in Loretta-arrest:
10 jarige Marloes in gezicht getrapt door paard
ongeval in "gesloten" bak van Manege
Marloes was bak ingelopen na einde training
door werknemer Manege
paard eigendom van derde
paard was tegen betaling ter belering gestald bij
Manege
overeenkomst tussen derde en Manege
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23. Bedrijfsmatige gebruiker
Manege aansprakelijk voor schade Marloes,
ongeacht:
of manege bezitter/eigenaar paard is
of doel gebruik paard (i.c. beleren) bijna is
bereikt
of paard duurzaam wordt gebruikt
of paard ten eigen nutte wordt gebruikt
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24. Bedrijfsmatige gebruiker
Waarom dan?
manege heeft PROFIJT van gebruik paard
geen problemen bij achterhalen identiteit aan te
spreken partij
ook dit bedrijfsrisico kan met één
bedrijfsverzekering worden afgedekt
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25. Bedrijfsmatige gebruiker
Wetgever versus Hoge Raad
Hoe zit het nu met ...
bedrijfsmatige bewaarder en vervoerder?
stalhouder?
exploitant paardenpension?
manegehouder, die
a. uitsluitend het paard laat stallen voor een ander?
b. een beleringsovereenkomst heeft m.b.t. het paard?
c. paardrijles geeft met het paard? etc.
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26. Artikel 7:658 BW
Werkgeversaansprakelijkheid
Een (manege)houder van paarden kan ook
aansprakelijk zijn voor schade door paard
toegebracht aan:
eigen werknemer (lid 1)
uitzendkracht (lid 4)
vrijwilliger (lid 4)
ingeschakelde zzp'er (lid 4)
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27. Werkgeversaansprakelijkheid
Vereisten toepassing 7:658 BW
wn.: schade "in de uitoefening van de
werkzaamheden" geleden
wg.: werkgever is aansprakelijk, tenzij:
zij aan zorgplicht heeft voldaan
schade ook ontstaan als wel aan zorgplicht zou
zijn voldaan (geen c.v.) of
opzet/bewuste roekeloosheid werknemer
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28. Werkgeversaansprakelijkheid
Wat is het voordeel voor de
werknemer/vrijwilliger etc.?
Er is maar een zeer beperkt ES-verweer
mogelijk!!
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29. Combi-casus
Climax: Combi-casus
Werkneemster manege loopt polsblessure op bij
lossen paard
Ongeval op terrein manege
Paard van een derde
Paard in vrachtauto van en door chauffeur van
manege aangevoerd
Voor filmsessie op terrein manege t.b.v. veiling
manege
Wie is aansprakelijk?
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30. Combi-casus
Artikel 6:181 BW van toepassing, want niet
enkel vervoeren/bewaren, maar ook profijt!!
Artikel 6:179 BW daarmee niet van
toepassing!!
Maar bewijsprobleem slachtoffer: geen
getuige dat letsel is ontstaan door
onverhoedse beweging paard!
Wat is oplossing?
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31. Combi-casus
De manegehouder is als werkgever
aansprakelijk op grond van 7:658 BW!!
In dat geval draagt niet werkneemster, maar
werkgeefster/manegehouder bewijsrisico dat
de precieze toedracht van het ongeval niet
vaststaat!
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32. Conclusie
Vele gronden voor aansprakelijkheid!
Niet/nauwelijks uit te sluiten!
Ontsnapmogelijkheid: als niet
bedrijfsmatige gebruiker, maar u als
bezitter wordt aangesproken!
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33. Conclusie
Controleer goed:
Dekking van eventuele verzekering (op/buiten
eigen terrein, eigen werknemers/vrijwilligers
etc.)?
Welke (contractuele) afspraken maakt u met
derden?
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35. Schenkeveld Advocaten N.V. heeft deze
kennisbijeenkomst op zorgvuldige wijze
samengesteld.
Het is desalniettemin niet uit te sluiten dat
de verstrekte informatie onjuistheden bevat.
Schenkeveld Advocaten N.V. aanvaardt
hiervoor geen aansprakelijkheid.
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