This document discusses the root causes and real characteristics of conflicts, as well as the causal mechanisms and approaches to cross-border cooperation. It identifies several endogenous and exogenous root causes of conflicts, including territorial and ethnic issues, great power politics, weak institutions, and historical legacies. It also examines the role of external actors and endogenous social and economic factors in conflicts. The document recommends approaches like promoting international law standards, peace-oriented education and propaganda, grassroots dialogue, and civil society engagement to improve cross-border cooperation.