3. PRESENTED BY:
1. SADIA ANJUM REG NO : 12103101
2. TANJILA TABASSUM REG NO : 12103078
3. MD. FAHIM SHAHRIAR REG NO : 12103096
4. BISNU DEB KAPASIA REG NO : 12103094
5. BADHAN SARKER REG NO : 12103114

4. TOPICS INCLUDED :
 OVULATION
 ANATOMY OF OVULATION
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
1) MENSTRUAL PHASE
2) FOLLICULAR PHASE
3) OVULATION PHASE
4) LUTEAL PHASE
 HORMONES RESPONSIBLE FOR OVULATION
 TEMPERATURE REGULATION

5. What Is Ovulation.???
 Ovulation is one part of the female menstrual
cycle whereby a mature ovarian follicle
discharges an egg (also known as an ovum,
oocyte, or female gamete). It is during this
process that the egg travels down the fallopian
tube where it may be met by a sperm and
become fertilized.
 Ovulation is the release of a single, mature egg
from a follicle that developed in the ovary. It
usually occurs regularly, around day 14 of a 28-
day menstrual cycle. Once released, the egg is
capable of being fertilized for 12 to 48 hours

6. The production system is a system that has many parts that
function simultaneously once puberty is reached. Our focus
today is the ovulation.
Ovulation is the event that defines the phases of the
menstrual cycle that deals with:
The
production
of the egg
Release of
egg
Place in
fallopian
tubes

7. The major parts of an
ovarian cycle are:
The primary oocyte,
The follicle cells,
The antrum,
The ovum,
 The corpus luteum,
The corpus ALBICANS

8. Primary oocytes
Developing follicle ovum
Mature follicle
Fluid filled cavity
Ruptured follicle
ovum
ovulation
Corpus luteum
corpus albicans

10. Phases of Menstrual Cycle
The day count for menstrual cycle begins on the first day of
menstruation when blood starts to come out of the vagina.
The average menstrual cycle time for women is 28 days, but
one’s menstrual cycle may last from 21 to 35 and still be
normal according to the American Society for Reproductive
Medicine. The entire duration of a menstrual cycle can be
divided into four main phases.

11. When cycles are
irregular, it is usually
because ovulation
occurred earlier or later
than usual.

13. 1
2
3
4
5
6
Menstrual
Phase:
Day one of the
menstrual phase is
day one of one’s
period and is the
first day of one’s
menstrual cycle.
The menstrual
blood (also
known as menses)
is shed from the
lining of uterus
known as the
endometrium.
Menstrual blood is
shed from the
uterus through the
cervix, vagina and
out through the
vaginal opening.
Blood loss of 10
ml to 80 ml is
considered
normal.
This fluid may be
bright red or even
brown. A period
usually lasts about
three to seven days
One may experience
abdominal cramps.
These cramps are
caused by the
contraction of the
uterine and the
abdominal muscles to
expel the menstrual
fluid.

15. During the first part of the menstrual cycle, a woman goes through the
follicular phase in which the egg (or ovum) matures.
The process by which certain reproductive hormones are
released and the egg develops is called folliculogenesis.
While the egg cell matures, its follicle secretes a
hormone called estrogen that stimulates the uterus to
develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue
called endometrium.
During the first part of a woman's cycle, hormones like
FSH, LH, and estrogen take center stage and perform a
complex reproductive dance.
FSH stimulates the development of the ovarian follicle and
estrogen helps build up the uterus for pregnancy.
Follicular Phase

16. During these stages, which constitute the first two weeks
of one’s cycle, her body prepares itself for ovulation.
Estrogen, FSH, and LH play key roles in reproductive
processes like follicular development, the building-up of
the endometrium, and the maturation of the egg.

18. Ovulation
Phase
At this point, the ovum
enters the fallopian tube
and is carried downward
toward the uterus (and, if
one is trying to become
pregnant, the awaiting
sperm) Ovulation takes place
when the egg is
released from the
follicle.
Due to the influence of
estrogens, cervical
fluids increase and
become more fertile
(thin, stretchy, like egg
white).A sudden increase of
the LH hormone acts
on the ovarian follicle,
breaking down the
surface of the follicle
where the egg is
housed.As LH rapidly increase, a
hole - or 'stigma' -
appears in the follicle
surface. takes place
when the egg is released
from the follicle.
As a woman nears
midcycle, she enters
the ovulatory phase.

20. Luteal phase
At this juncture, the
ovum is on its way.
However, it's important
to note that an egg,
once released, can only
live for a short period of
time, typically less than
24 hours.
During the luteal phase,
either conception takes
place and the fertilized
egg (embryo) implants in
the uterus (pregnancy), or
conception does not occur
and the egg simply
disintegrates.
If pregnancy is achieved,
a hormonal signal is sent
to the corpus luteum to
continue producing
progesterone in order to
maintain the pregnancy.
If pregnancy is not
achieved, progesterone
levels will gradually fall
and a woman's body
will prepare itself for
menstruation.
The hormone that
causes the uterus to
retain its endometrium
gets used up by the
end of the menstrual
cycle. This causes the
menstrual phase of the
next cycle to begin.

21. Basal Body Temperature Regulation:
Once the egg leaves
the ovarian follicle,
the follicle itself
collapses and
becomes a corpus
luteum.
The corpus luteum's
job is to start
producing the
hormone
progesterone
•Progesterone acts to
heat up the body in
preparation for
pregnancy
Shortly after ovulation,
a woman's body
temperature increases,
generally by 0.5 to 1.0
degrees Fahrenheit
By BBT a woman can
learn when ovulation
has taken place.
This is instructive
because she can
record her ovulation
date and predict future
ovulation dates based
on previous monthly
cycle patterns

22. Common Signs of ovulation that occur in most women:
Change in basal
body
temperature
Change in
cervical
position
Change in
cervical
fluid

23. • Cervical fluid that
resemble egg white
is a sign that you are
near ovulation or are
ovulating.
• Every woman can
experience her own
type of cervical fluid,
and not all cervical
fluid looks the same.
• Ovulation usually
takes place on the
day a woman has
the most amount of
wet fluid
Change in cervical fluid.

24. The cervix goes
through many
changes as a woman
ovulates
A woman may notice the
clear signs of ovulation;
her cervix will be soft,
high, open and wet
Change in cervical position or firmness.

25. ovulation symptoms vary woman to
woman with some women experiencing
no symptoms at all.
Change in cervical fluid. Cervical fluid
that resembles “egg whites” is a sign
that you are near ovulation or are
ovulating. Every woman can experience
her own type of cervical fluid, and not
all cervical fluid looks the same.
Ovulation usually takes place on the
day a woman has the most amount of
wet fluid.
Change in basal body temperature. For
most women, you will see that prior to
ovulation, the basal body temperature
is rather consistent. As you get closer
to ovulation, you may have a slight
decline, but it will be followed by a
sharp increase after ovulation. The
increase in temperature is the sign that
ovulation has just occurred. Tracking
your basal body temperature
accurately over a few months can help
you predict when ovulation is going to
occur.

26. Light spotting
Slight cramping or
pain on one side of
the pelvis
Breast tenderness
Abdominal bloating
Heightened sense
of smell, taste or
vision
Secondary signs of ovulation

27. Importance of ovulation
 Ovulation is the process where one of the ovaries of a woman releases
one egg or more than one egg.
 This is the time when a woman is considered to be fertile. When the
woman is fertile the sperm and the egg meet and the woman becomes
pregnant.
 During ovulation the sperm has to fertilize the eggs in the fallopian tube
and if it is not fertilized at that time then the egg will get expelled once
the woman starts her period. This is the reason every women should know
in depth about her ovulation cycle.
 With the help of this ovulation calculator you can also come to know
about the exact month when you can conceive or become pregnant.

30. The GnRH will then
trigger the pituitary
gland to release the
follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH)
hypothalamus in the
brain producing
gonadotropin
releasing hormone
(GnRH)
Hormone responsible for
ovulation

32. Role of the Follicle:
 When the follicle develops,
it generates estrogen
 After about 10 days, the
estrogen levels reach high
numbers
 The estrogen levels peak
approximately 1 day before
ovulation (typically, this is
day 13 in a standard 28 day
cycle)
 This peak elicits a surge of
luteinizing hormone (LH)
from the pituitary gland.
 Once it arrives, it initiates the
growth of a follicle

33. Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone:
The LH Surge:

34. The Corpus Luteum:
•The cells of the corpus luteum then produce progesterone and estrogen
•Together, these two hormones stimulate the uterine lining to thicken with blood
•This is done to prepare the uterus walls for nurturing a fertilized egg
The Shrinking of the Corpus Luteum:
•The corpus luteum will begin to diminish
•This leaves the uterine lining with no hormonal support
•The lining will begin to shed off
•The female's monthly period begins

36. References:
• http://www.nsbri.org/Education/High_Act.html
• http://www.research.buffalo.edu/quarterly/vol1
0/num01/n1.shtml
• http://www.accessexcellence.com/AE/
• http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html
• www.wikipedia.com
• Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness by
Ross & Wilson
• Textbook of Medical Physiology by Guyton & Hall
• Human Physiology by C.C. Chatterjee