The document discusses Oracle, a relational database management system. It describes Oracle's universal server, workgroup server, and personal versions. It also outlines Oracle's product line, including SQL, SQL*Plus, PL/SQL, and tools for development, manufacturing, financial, and customer relationship management applications. Client-server architecture with Oracle is reviewed, including two-tier and three-tier approaches connected via SQL*Net networking software.

1. Oracle
 The Oracle Relational Database
Management System (RDBMS) is an
industry leading database system
designed for data storage and retrieval.
Oracle is responsible for accurately storing
data and efficiently retrieving that data in
response to user queries.

2. Oracle Configurations
 Oracle Universal Server : is a program installed
on Server’s hard disk drive. It can support a
large number of users.
 Oracle Workgroup Server : is a cost-effective
and low maintenance solution for supporting
small group of users.
 Personal Oracle : is a windows based version of
Oracle database engine that offers the same
functionality that exist in Oracle Universal or
Workgroup Server but can’t function as a
database server that support multiple Users.

3. Oracle Product Line
 Structured Query Language: It has 9 commands
Create, Drop, Alter, Insert, Update, delete,
Grant, revoke, Select
 SQL*PLUS : It is an extension to SQL.
 PL SQL : It is a programming language native to
Oracle.
 EXP: This is used to take Oracle Database
Backup.
 IMP : It is used to restore backup.
 SQL*Loader : Converts files from other RDBMS
to Oracle

4. Oracle Product Line(Cntd)
 Developer 2000 : is a family of tools that support development of
client/server applications. Developer 2000 includes :
 Oracle Forms
 Oracle Reports
 Oracle Graphics
 Power Objects : Power Objects user interface is closer to Visual
Basic. It also provide object oriented features.
 Designer 2000 : Designer/2000 is an integrated CASE tool that
supports a wide range of tasks in the area of strategy, analysis,
design and code generation. It helps users design the Systems
Development Life Cycle and then generate full functioning forms
and reports

5.  Database Designer : is an entity-relationship
diagramming tool that generates an Oracle database
from a model.
 Precompilers such as Pro*C : are software development
tools that enable you to enable SQL statements in a
program written in a 3GL such as C, Fortran or COBOL
 Oracle Manufacturing : Software for manufacturing
process
 Oracle Financials : Accounting Software
 Oracle HRMS : HRD software
 Oracle Applications : It includes Oracle manufacturing,
Oracle financials and Oracle HRMS
 Oracle CRM : Software used in call centres, E-sales,E-
marketing

6. Oracle Engine
 The Oracle kernel product (Workgroup or
Enterprise Server) when loaded from the hard
disk drive into computer’s memory is called the
Oracle Engine or Oracle Server.
 Oracle engine can compile and execute SQL
sentences issued by a user. If the SQL sentence
fails for any reason, Oracle Engine returns an
appropriate error message to the user

7. Oracle Engine

8. Client-Server Computing
 Client/Server computing architecture
consist of one or more computers,
designated as the client machines, running
an application program which
communicates with a remote computer,
designated as server machine, which
services requests from the client machine.

9. Client-Server Computing

10. Client/Server 2-Tier Architecture
 Two-tier client/server architectures have 2
essential components
 A Client PC and
 A Database Server
 A two-tier architecture is a client/server
computing architecture that consist of
client machines communicating directly
with a database server.

11. Client/Server 2-Tier Architecture

12. 3-Tier Client/Server Architecture
 3-Tier client-server architectures have 3 essential
components:
 A Client PC
 An Application Server
 A Database Server
 A 3-tier architecture is a client/server computing
architecture consisting of client machines communicating
with an application server. The application server may
contain an Oracle database in which stored program
units, written in PL/SQL are invoked by client application
program. These stored program units communicate with
the database server, which resides on a separate
machine.

13. 3-Tier Client/Server Architecture

14. SQL *NET
SQL*Net (or Net8) is Oracle's networking software
that allows remote data-access between
programs and the Oracle Database, or among
multiple Oracle Database. Applications and
databases can be distributed physically to
different machines and continue to communicate
as if they were local.

15. Oracle & Client-Server Technology
 Client/Server programming is a form of
distributed application processing. It has 3
distinct components.
 Oracle Server’s : primary job is to manage data
optimally, among multiple users that concurrently
request for the same data. Access to the data is
always via Oracle server.
 Oracle Client tool : is that part of system that
provide an interface to the user so that the data
retrieved from the Server can be manipulated.

16.  Network and communication Software : is the
vehicle that transport data between Oracle Client
Tools And Oracle Server. The name of this
software is SQL*Net

17. Operating System requirements for
Oracle server software
 Novell Netware
 SCO-Unix
 Windows NT
Operating System requirements for
Oracle client software
Windows 95
Windows NT

18. SQL
 SQL (Structured Query Language) is a Database
Computer Language designed for the retrieval
and management of data in Relational Data
Base Management System (RDBMS).
 SQL was developed by IBM in 1970s for use in
System R and is an ISO and ANSI standard.
 SQL encompasses DML for Insert, Update,
Delete and DDL for creating and modifying
tables.

19. Features of SQL
 SQL can be used by a range of users,
including those with little or no
programming experience
 It is a non procedural language
 It reduces the amount of time required for
creating and maintaining system
 It is an English-like Language.

20. Components of SQL
 DDL (Data Definition Language)- It is a set of
SQL commands used to create, modify and
delete database Structures but not data. E.g
CREATE, ALTER, DROP
 DML (Data Manipulation Language)- It is the
area of SQL that allows changing data within the
database. E.g. INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
 DCL (Data Control Language)-It is the
component of SQL statement that control access
to data and to the database. E.g. COMMIT,
SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK, GRANT/REVOKE

21.  DQL (Data Query Language)- It allows
getting the data out of the database and
perform operations with it.
E.g. : SELECT statement

22. Oracle Data Types
Data Type Description
CHAR(size) Used to store character string values of fixed length.
The size in bracket determines max no of characters
the cell can hold. The max size is 255 Characters
VARCHAR/
VARCHAR2
Used to store variable length alphanumeric data. The
max this datatype can hold is 4000 Characters
Date Used to represent Date and Time. The standard format
is dd-mon-yy and for time 12:00:00
Number(P,
S)
Used to store numbers up to 38 digits of precision.
Range of values is 1.0E-130 to 9.9E125
LONG This datatype is used to store variable length character
strings containing upto 2GB LONG data
RAW/LONG
RAW
Used to store binary data such as digitized images. Raw
have max length 2000 bytes and LONG Raw can have
max length 2GB.