Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) makes it easy to set up, operate, and scale a relational database in the cloud. In this session we'll look at open commercial databases supported by Amazon RDS. Speakers: Roger Dahlstrom - Solutions Architect, AWS Peter Dachnowicz - Sr. Technical Account Manager, AWS

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Oracle and SQL Server on AWS
Joyjeet Banerjee
Enterprise Solutions Architect

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License Included (LI)
• License included in instance
price
– 12.1.02 SE2
– 11.2.0.4 SE1
– 11.2.0.4 SE
Bring your own license (BYOL)
• Use existing licenses/agreements
• Manage your own licenses and
support
– 12.1.02 EE
– 12.1.0.2 SE2
– 11.2.0.4 EE
– 11.2.0.4 SE1
– 11.2.0.4 SE
Oracle Versions on RDS

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• Easy to Administer
• Scalable and fast
• Available and durable
• Secure
• Inexpensive
• Oracle licensing
• Managed infrastructure
• Available in minutes
• Manage parameters and options
across instances
• Web console, CLI, SDK, AWS
CloudFormation templates
AMAZON RDS for COMMERCIAL DATABASES

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RECENT NEW ORACLE RDS FEATURES
• Deprecation of 11.2.0.2, 11.2.0.3, 12.1.0.1
• Huge pages
• Snapshot upgrade
• R4 instance class
• Start/stop
• Flexible Reserved Instances
• Storage—up to 16 TB, faster scaling

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RECENT NEW/UPDATED OPTIONS
• Spatial (requires EE + Spatial and Graph Option license)
• Locator
• Multimedia
• Oracle Application Express—now supports 5.0.4, 5.1.2 (4.1.1, 4.2.6)
• Oracle SQLTXPLAIN (SQLT)
• Oracle Enterprise Manager Agent—now supports OMS 13cR1, 13cR2

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HUGE PAGES
• Improved memory and CPU utilization
• Enable via RDS Parameter Group
1. Disable Automatic Memory Management
2. Enable Automatic Shared Memory Management
3. Set use_large_pages to “ONLY”
• RDS automation takes care of kernel parameters
• Will be enabled by default on future instance classes (>100 GiB)
• Improved memory utilization
• Improved CPU utilization

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ADMINISTERING RDS ORACLE
On-Premises Amazon RDS
ALTER SYSTEM…; RDS Parameter Groups
Install features RDS Option Groups
ALTER DATABASE…;
GRANT…;
exec rdsadmin.rdsadmin_util…;
grant…;
Backups/RMAN RDS Snapshots
OEM, tools OEM, tools

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ENCRYPTION AT REST
Oracle Transparent Data
Encryption (TDE)
Oracle TDE with Hardware
Security Module
(TDE_HSM)
RDS Storage Encryption
EE + ASO EE + ASO All editions/engines
• RDS manages wallet and
keys
• RDS manages wallet
• Customer manages HSM
device
• EBS volume encryption
• Completely transparent
to host/database
• Customer manages keys
with Amazon KMS

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ENCRYPTION IN TRANSIT
SSL Option Native Network Encryption (NNE)
All Oracle editions (no longer requires ASO as of 11.2)
• RDS manages wallets, certificates
• Customer imports RDS root certificates
into client wallets
• Separate TCPS listener port
• RDS manages sqlnet.ora
• Choose algorithms and level
(requested/required/allowed)

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DATABASE SECURITY
RDS Manages Customer Manages
• Physical infrastructure controls
• Host access
• Operating System version/patches
• HOW database patches are applied
• Database users and privileges
• Access to data (Virtual Private
Database, Oracle Label Security)
• Database Audit
• Network controls (VPC Security
Groups, Network ACL)
• WHEN database patches are
applied

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AUDITING
AWS API Auditing (AWS CloudTrail) Database Auditing (AUDIT_TRAIL)
• Audit user API calls (e.g. Create-,
Modify-, DeleteDBInstance)
• Integrates with AWS CloudWatch Logs
and Events
• Stored in Amazon S3
• Audit in-database operations
(AUDIT/NOAUDIT)
• Retention managed by customer
• Stored on RDS instance (DB, OS, XML)
• DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT
• Location
• Retention

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• Consider RDS first
• Focus on:
– Business value tasks
– High-level tuning tasks
– Schema optimization
• No in-house database expertise
• Need control over:
– DB instance & OS
– Backups, Replication
– Clustering
– sysadmin role
• Use features, size or performance
options not available in Amazon RDS
• S Q L S E R V E R o n A M A Z O N E C 2• A M A Z O N R D S S Q L S E R V E R
WHICH SQL SERVER OPTION IS RIGHT FOR YOU?

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• AWS Managed Service
• Managed deployment, patching, Multi-AZ
automatic HA, backups and point in time
restore
• Auditable centralized engine parameter
tuning
• No direct instance or file system access
• Some features are restricted
• Self-Managed Solution
• Always on Availability Groups for HA
• Maintenance Plans for backups
• Administrator access to instance and DBs
• Custom monitoring agents
• Run SSRS, SSIS, SSAS on instance
• Hybrid Architectures
• legacy versions (self-install)
• S Q L S E R V E R o n A M A Z O N E C 2• A M A Z O N R D S S Q L S E R V E R
THE DIFFERENCES

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• Storage I/O contention is one of
the main causes for poor SQL
Server performance
• Use EBS Optimized EC2 Instances
• Match storage technology with I/O
pattern of workload components
• Match instance type to IOPS and
throughput needs of workload
• Create a single volume for data and
logs
SQL Server
Example Volume Layout
C:
Boot on General Purpose SSD EBS Volume
D:
Data and logs on Provisioned IOPS EBS Volume
K:
Backups on Magnetic ST1 or SC1 EBS Volumes
Z:
Tempdb on instance storage (if available)
SQL SERVER on EC2 STORAGE OPTIMIZATION

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EBS OPTIMIZATION & VOLUMES
• Plan for EC2 Instance EBS Optimized Throughput and IOPS capacity
• Plan for EBS Volume Throughput and IOPS capacity
• Stripe EBS PIOPS volumes for more than 32,000 IOPS or 500MB/s

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EBS OPTIMIZATION AND VOLUMES
• Plan for EC2 Instance EBS Optimized Throughput and IOPS capacity
• Plan for EBS Volume Throughput and IOPS capacity
• Stripe EBS PIOPS volumes for more than 32,000 IOPS or 500MB/s
r4 family
r4.large
2 vCPUs/15.25 GiB RAM
Max EBS bandwidth: 425 Mbps
Max IOPS (16KB): 3,000
Expected throughput: 53 MB/s
… or ~1250 IOPS @ 44KB IO size
r4.16xlarge
64 vCPUs/488 GiB RAM
Max EBS bandwidth: 14k Mbps
Max IOPS (16KB): 75,000
Expected throughput: 1,750 MB/s
… or ~40,700 IOPS @ 44KB IO size
1TB GP2 Volume
Max. IOPS (16KB): 3,000
Max. throughput: 160 MB/s
3 x 1TB PIOPS (25k IOPS each)
Expected IOPS (16KB): 75k
Max. throughput: 1,500 MB/s

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SQL SERVER on EC2 TEMPDB OPTIMIZATION
• Consider:
• Using multiple tempdb files (1:1 mapping with CPUs, up to 8)
• Striping multiple instance storage disks together for higher I/O
• Changing SQL Server service startup to Automatic (Delayed Start) to
allow instance storage to provision
• Scripting/automating configuration on instance boot
• Striping solution by consulting partner IFM Ltd.
• http://www.ifm.net.nz/cookbooks/amazon-sql-tempdb/index.html

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SQL SERVER HA AND DR ON AMAZON EC2
• Use multiple Availability Zones
• Instance-level and AZ-level failure tolerance
• Synchronous replication
• Options
• Enterprise Edition: Always On Availability Groups
• Standard Edition:
• Basic Always On Availability Groups (2016+)
• Failover cluster instances using partner block-level replication solution

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ALWAYS ON AVAILABILITY GROUPS (AG)

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MULTI-REGION ALWAYS ON AG

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FAILOVER CLUSTER INSTANCES ON EC2
SIOS DataKeeper
Cluster Edition

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RDS STORAGE PERFORMANCE PLANNING
Scalable Storage
• Maximum storage: 16TB
• Maximum IOPS: 32,000
• Amazon RDS storage throughput
depends on DB instance class (see equivalent
EC2 EBS Optimized instance type)
Monitoring I/O efficiency:
• CloudWatch Metric Average Queue Depth
- I/O requests waiting to be serviced

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RDS FOR SQL SERVER HIGH AVAILABILITY
Amazon RDS for SQL Server Multi-AZ
• Principal and secondary DB nodes in
different Availability Zones (AZ)
• Witness in a 3rd AZ
• Leverages SQL Server DB mirroring
• Automatic failover (typically, 1-2 minute)
• Consider mirroring impact on change heavy
workloads

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• Centralized management of DB
engine parameters
• Ability to consistently apply
configurations to DB instances
• Auditability of configuration
• Sensible defaults work for most use
cases
• Ability to create custom parameter
groups
• Used for enabling additional features
• Ability to create custom option
groups
• Supported options:
• Transparent Data Encryption
(TDE) in Enterprise Edition only
• S3 Backup & Restore
• O P T I O N G R O U P S• P A R A M E T E R G R O U P S
CENTRALIZED DB ENGINE CONFIGURATION

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RDS FOR SQL SERVER DATA MOVEMENT
.BAK File Import and Export
Leverages SQL Server’s native backup functionality
AWS Database Migration Service
Now supports Change Data Capture from RDS SQL
Server DB instances
AWS Marketplace
Third-party data import and export tools
and solutions
1
3
4
Database Publishing Wizard, Import/Export,
Bulk Copy
Use bcp; export to T-SQL files & load using sqlcmd
2

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RDS FOR SQL SERVER SUPPORTED VERSIONS
Only License Included (LI) for new clusters
• SQL Server 2017 RTM CU3 14.00.3015.40
• SQL Server 2016 SP1 CU7 13.00.4466.4
• SQL Server 2014 SP2 CU10 12.00.5571.0
• SQL Server 2012 SP4 GDR 11.00.7462.6
• SQL Server 2008 R2 SP3 GDR 10.50.6560.0

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SQL SERVER 2017
• Available for EC2 and RDS (including Multi-AZ)
• SQL Server 2017 Linux supported on Amazon EC2, RHEL license-included
• Cluster & cluster-less Availability Groups (WSFC, Pacemaker, None)
• Cross database transactions supported by Always On AG
• Automatic plan correction
• Graph database capabilities
• Linux:
• System DBs fixed to /var/opt/mssql/data
• One SQL Server instance per server (default instance only)

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