This document discusses various options related to export freight, including: 1. It outlines the key steps involved in transporting shipments via road, rail, sea and air freight. This includes procedures for container stuffing at ports, inland container depots, and factory stuffing. 2. It categorizes different types of shipments based on item size and describes how freight costs are determined based on shipment category, distance traveled, and additional fees. 3. It provides an overview of common incoterms and their implications for who is responsible for costs and risks of transportation and insurance.

1. 2012
OPTIONS ON EXPORT FREIGHT
HEMANSHI M. BHARMANI
HR SPECALIZATION
12/12/2012

2. OPTIONS ON EXPORT FREIGHT
Introduction:
Export Procedure:
How to Export –
1. Golden Rule: In order to be successful in exporting one must fully research
its markets. No one should ever try to tackle every market at once. Many
enthusiastic persons bitten by the export bug, fail because they bite off
more than they can chew. Overseas design and product requirements must
be carefully considered. Always sell as close to the market as possible. The
fewer intermediaries one has the better, because every intermediary needs
some percentage for his share in his business, which means less profit for
the exporter and higher prices for the customer. All goods for export must
be efficiently produced. They must be produced with due regard to the
needs of export markets. It is no use trying to sell windows which open
outwards in a country where, traditionally, windows open inwards.
2. Sell Experience: If a person cannot easily export his goods, may be he can
sell his experience. Alternatively, he can concentrate on supplying goods
and materials to exporters' who already have established an export trade.
He can concentrate on making what are termed 'own brand' products,
much demanded by buyers in overseas markets which have the
manufacturing know-how or facilities.

3. 3. Selling in Export: In today's competitive world, everyone has to be sold.
The customer always has a choice of suppliers. Selling is an honorable
profession, and you have to be an expert salesman.
4. On-Time Deliveries: Late deliveries are not always an exporters fault. Dock
strikes, go-slows, etc. occur almost everywhere in the world. If one enters
into export for the first time, he must ensure of fast and efficient delivery of
the promised consignment.
5. Communication: Communication internal and external must be
comprehensive and immediate. Good communication is vital in export.
When you are in doubt, pick up the phone or email for immediate
clarification.
6. Testing Product: The risk of failure in export markets can be minimized by
intelligent use of research. Before committing to a large-scale operation
overseas, try out on a small scale. Use a sample test, and any mistakes can
then be corrected without much harm having been done. While the test
campaign may appear to cost more initially, remember that some of the
cost will be repaid by sales, so that test marketing often turns out to be
cheaper.
7. Approach: If possible some indication of the attitudes towards the product
should be established, like any sales operation. Even if the product is
successful, to obtain reactions from the customer.
Preliminaries for Starting Export Business:
• Setting up an appropriate business organization.
• Choosing appropriate mode of operations
• Naming the Business
• Selecting the company
• Making effective business correspondence
• Selecting the markets
• Selecting prospective buyers

4. • Selecting channels of distribution
• Negotiating with prospective buyers
• Processing an export order
• Entering into export contract
• Export pricing and costing
• Understanding risks in international trade
Registration
Register with Export Promotion Council
Dispatching Samples
Appointing Agents
Specimen Copy of Agreement
Acquire an Export License
Acquire Export Credit Insurance
Arranging Finance
Rates of Interest
Understand Foreign Exchange Rates & Protect Against Their Adverse Movement
Forward Contracts
Procuring/Manufacturing Goods for Export & Their Inspection by Government
Authorities
Labeling, Packaging, Packing & Marking Goods
New Excise Procedure

5. Export Freight :
Freight (or Cargo) is goods or produce transported, generally for commercial gain,
by ship or aircraft, although the term is now extended to intermodal train, van or
truck. In modern times, containers are used in most long-haul cargo transport.
TRANSSPORTATION TYPES :
In the world of international trade, there are various forms of transportation that
you can turn to get your products from South Africa to wherever the product
needs to go. These transportation types are the following:
A. Sea freight
B. Air freight
C. Rail freight
D. Road freight
E. River freight
Sea freight and air freight are perhaps the two most common forms of
transportation for getting products from South Africa to distant markets in North
America, Europe, Asia and elsewhere.
Road haulage and rail freight are more common within the local market in order
to get products from inland cities such as Johannesburg, Pretoria and
Bloemfontein to the coast. Of course, road haulage and rail links are important
transportation alternatives for exports into Africa.

6. Similarly, road and rail are also likely to be important forms of transportation
within the target market (say Australia) in order to get the goods from the
incoming port to the final destination (be it a warehouse or factory).
A. MARINE
Seaport terminals handle a wide range of maritime cargo.
1. Automobiles are handled at many ports and are usually carried on
specialized roll-on/roll-off ships.
2. Break bulk cargo is typically material stacked on pallets and lifted into and
out of the hold of a vessel by cranes on the dock or aboard the ship itself.
The volume of break bulk cargo has declined dramatically worldwide as
containerization has grown. One way to secure break bulk and freight in
intermodal containers is by using Dunnage Bags.
3. Bulk cargo, such as salt, oil, tallow, and scrap metal, is usually defined as
commodities that are neither on pallets nor in containers. Bulk cargoes are
not handled as individual pieces, the way heavy-lift and project cargoes are.
Alumina, grain, gypsum, logs and wood chips, for instance, are bulk
cargoes.
4. Neo-bulk cargo comprises individual units that are counted as they are
loaded and unloaded, in contrast to bulk cargo that is not counted, but that
are not containerized.
5. Containers are the largest and fastest growing cargo category at most ports
worldwide. Containerized cargo includes everything from auto parts,
machinery and manufacturing components to shoes and toys to frozen
meat and seafood.
6. Project cargo and the heavy lift cargo include items like manufacturing
equipment, air conditioners, factory components, generators, wind
turbines, military equipment, and almost any other oversized or overweight
cargo which is too big or too heavy to fit into a container.
B. AIR

7. Air cargo, commonly known as air freight, is collected by firms from
shippers and delivered to customers. Aircraft were first used for carrying
mail as cargo in 1911. Eventually manufacturers started designing aircraft
for other types of freight as well.
There are many commercial aircraft suitable for carrying cargo such as the
Boeing 747 and the bigger An-124, which was purposely built for easy
conversion into a cargo aircraft. Such large aircraft employ quick-loading
containers known as Unit Load Devices (ULDs), much like containerized
cargo ships. The ULDs are located in front section of the aircraft.
Most nations own and utilize large numbers of cargo aircraft such as the C-
17 Globemaster III for airlift logistic needs.
C. TRAIN
Trains are capable of transporting large numbers of containers that come
from shipping ports. Trains are also used for the transportation of steel,
wood and coal. They are used because they can carry a large amount and
generally have a direct route to the destination. Under the right
circumstances, freight transport by rail is more economic and energy
efficient than by road, especially when carried in bulk or over long
distances.
The main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility. For this reason,
rail has lost much of the freight business to road transport. Rail freight is
often subject to transshipment costs, since it must be transferred from one
mode of transportation to another. Practices such as containerization aim
at minimizing these costs.
Many governments are currently trying to encourage shippers to use trains
more often because of the environmental benefits.

8. D. ROAD
Many firms, like Parcelforce, FedEx and R+L Carriers transport all types of
cargo by road. Delivering everything from letters to houses to cargo
containers, these firms offer fast, sometimes same-day, delivery.
A good example of road cargo is food, as supermarkets require deliveries
every day to keep their shelves stocked with goods. Retailers of all kinds
rely upon delivery trucks, be they full size semi trucks or smaller delivery
vans.
SHIPMENT CATEGORISE:
Freight is usually organized into various shipment categories before it is
transported. An item's category is determined by:
 the type of item being carried. For example, a kettle could fit into the
category 'household goods'.
 how large the shipment is, in terms of both item size and quantity.
 how long the item for delivery will be in transit.
Shipments are typically categorized as household goods, express, parcel, and
freight shipments:
 Household goods (HHG) include furniture, art and similar items.
 Very small business or personal items like envelopes are considered
overnight express or express letter shipments. These shipments are rarely
over a few kilograms or pounds and almost always travel in the carrier’s
own packaging. Express shipments almost always travel some distance by
air. An envelope may go coast to coast in the United States overnight or it
may take several days, depending on the service options and prices chosen
by the shipper.
 Larger items like small boxes are considered parcels or ground shipments.
These shipments are rarely over 50 kg (110 lb), with no single piece of the

9. shipment weighing more than about 70 kg (154 lb). Parcel shipments are
always boxed, sometimes in the shipper’s packaging and sometimes in
carrier-provided packaging. Service levels are again variable but most
ground shipments will move about 800 to 1,100 kilometres (497 to 684 mi)
per day. Depending on the origin of the package, it can travel from coast to
coast in the United States in about four days. Parcel shipments rarely travel
by air and typically move via road and rail. Parcels represent the majority of
business-to-consumer (B2C) shipments.
 Beyond HHG, express, and parcel shipments, movements are termed
freight shipments.
Shipping costs
Often, an LTL shipper may realize savings by utilizing a freight broker, online
marketplace or other intermediary, instead of contracting directly with a trucking
company. Brokers can shop the marketplace and obtain lower rates than most
smaller shippers can obtain directly. In the LTL marketplace, intermediaries
typically receive 50% to 80% discounts from published rates, where a small
shipper may only be offered a 5% to 30% discount by the carrier. Intermediaries
are licensed by the DOT and have requirements to provide proof of insurance.
Truckload (TL) carriers usually charge a rate per kilometre or mile. The rate varies
depending on the distance, geographic location of the delivery, items being
shipped, equipment type required, and service times required. TL shipments
usually receive a variety of surcharges very similar to those described for LTL
shipments above. In the TL market, there are thousands more small carriers than
in the LTL market. Therefore, the use of transportation intermediaries or brokers
is extremely common.
Another cost-saving method is facilitating pickups or deliveries at the carrier’s
terminals. By doing this, shippers avoid any accessorial fees that might normally
be charged for liftgate, residential pickup/delivery, inside pickup/delivery, or
notifications/appointments. Carriers or intermediaries can provide shippers with

10. the address and phone number for the closest shipping terminal to the origin
and/or destination.
Shipping experts optimize their service and costs by sampling rates from several
carriers, brokers and online marketplaces. When obtaining rates from different
providers, shippers may find quite a wide range in the pricing offered. If a shipper
uses a broker, freight forwarder or other transportation intermediary, it is
common for the shipper to receive a copy of the carrier's Federal Operating
Authority. Freight brokers and intermediaries are also required by Federal Law to
be licensed by the Federal Highway Administration. Experienced shippers avoid
unlicensed brokers and forwarders because if brokers are working outside the law
by not having a Federal Operating License, the shipper has no protection in the
event of a problem. Also, shippers normally ask for a copy of the broker's
insurance certificate and any specific insurance that applies to the shipment.
A) Following are the steps involved in the movement of shipment by road and
stuffing of shipment in container is done at CFS, port:
1. Transfer of cargo into truck
2. Storage of cargo in truck
3. Road (truck) journey
4. Breaking out of cargo from truck
5. Transfer of cargo from truck to storage point/shed/yard in CFS
6. Unpacking for customs examination
7. Repacking for customs examination
8. Consolidation of cargo according to destination
9. Stuffing of cargo in the container
10. Locking and sealing of container
11. Loading of container on truck

11. 12. Transportation of loaded container to container yard in port
13. Unloading of container in container yard in port
14. Stacking of container tin container yard in port
15. Loading of container on truck to move container alongside ship
16. Truck journey from container yard to alongside ship, i.e., Quay
17. Loading of container from truck to cellular hold of ship
18. Sea voyage
B) Following are the steps involved in the movement of factory stuffed FCL
shipment container:
1. Central excise clearance
2. Transfer of cargo into container in presence of Central Excise Inspector
3. Stowage of cargo in container
4. Central excise sealing
5. Loading of container on truck
6. Road journey
7. Unloading of container from truck and storage/stacking of container in
buffer yard in CFS.
8. Customs clearance/sealing of container
9. Loading of container on truck
10. Transportation of loaded container to container yard in port
11. Unloading of container in Container Yard in Port
12. Stacking of container in Container Yard in Port

12. 13. Loading of container on truck to move container alongside ship
14. Truck journey from Container Yard to alongside ship i.e., Quay.
15. Loading of container from truck to cellular hold of ship
16. Sea voyage
Factory stuffing serves certain advantages over CFS stuffing. It reduces multiple
handlings of packages/cases, etc., thus reducing labour cost and material handling
equipment hiring cost. Further, it also reduces risk related to loss or damage due
to theft, mishandling.
C) Following are the steps involved in the movement of shipment by road and rail
and stuffing done at ICD:
1. Transfer of cargo into truck
2. Stowage of cargo in truck
3. Road journey
4. Breaking out of cargo from truck
5. Transfer of cargo from truck to shed/place of examination in ICD
6. Unpacking for customs examination
7. Repacking after Customs examination
8. Consolidation (in case of LCL)
9. Stuffing of cargo in container
10. Locking and sealing of container
11. Loading of container on flatbed wagon
12. Rail journey

13. 13. Unloading of container from flat bed wagon and storage of container in
container yard in port.
14. Loading of container on truck to move container alongside ship.
15. Truck journey from container yard to quay.
16. Loading of container from truck to cellular hold of ship
17. Sea voyage
INCOTERMS 2012
INCOTERMS are a set of three-letter standard trade terms most commonly used
in international contracts for the sale of goods. It is essential that you are aware
of your terms of trade prior to shipment.
 EXW – EX WORKS (… named place of delivery)
The Seller’s only responsibility is to make the goods available at the Seller’s
premises. The Buyer bears full costs and risks of moving the goods from there to
destination.
 FCA – FREE CARRIER (… named place of delivery)
The Seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier selected by the
Buyer. The Seller loads the goods if the carrier pickup is at the Seller’s premises.
From that point, the Buyer bears the costs and risks of moving the goods to
destination.
 CPT – CARRIAGE PAID TO (… named place of destination)
The Seller pays for moving the goods to destination. From the time the goods are
transferred to the first carrier, the Buyer bears the risks of loss or damage.
 CIP – CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO (… named place of destination)
The Seller pays for moving the goods to destination. From the time the goods are
transferred to the first carrier, the

14. Buyer bears the risks of loss or damage. The Seller, however, purchases the cargo
insurance.
 DAT – DELIVERED AT TERMINAL (… named terminal at port or place of
destination)
The Seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of
transport, are placed at the Buyer’s disposal at a named terminal at the named
port or place of destination. “Terminal” includes any place, whether covered or
not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal.
The Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at
the terminal at the named port or place of destination.
 DAP – DELIVERED AT PLACE (… named place of destination)
The Seller delivers when the goods are placed at the Buyer’s disposal on the
arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the names place of destination.
The Seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place.
 DDP – DELIVERED DUTY PAID (… named place)
The Seller delivers the goods -cleared for import – to the Buyer at destination. The
Seller bears all costs and risks of moving the goods to destination, including the
payment of Customs duties and taxes.