Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) are commonly employed in biological cellular characterization techniques such as electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). Because of its simple production technique and low cost, interdigitated electrode sensor design is critical for practical impedance spectroscopy in the medical and pharmaceutical domains. The equivalent circuit of an IDE was modeled in this paper, it consisted of three primary components: double layer capacitance, Cdl, solution capacitance, CSol, and solution resistance, RSol. One of the challenging optimization challenges is the geometric optimization of the interdigital electrode structure of a sensor. We employ metaheuristic techniques to identify the best answer to problems of this kind. multi-objective optimization of the IDE using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) was achieved to maximize the sensitivity of the electrode and minimize the Cut-off frequency. The optimal geometrical parameters determined during optimization are used to build the electrical equivalent circuit. The amplitude and phase of the impedance versus frequency analysis were calculated using EC-LAB® software, and the corresponding conductivity was determined.
A Novel Approach for Measuring Electrical Impedance Tomography for Local Tiss...CSCJournals
This paper proposes a novel approach for measuring Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) of a living tissue in a human body. EIT is a non-invasive technique to measure two or three-dimensional impedance for medical diagnosis involving several diseases. To measure the impedance value electrodes are connected to the skin of the patient and an image of the conductivity or permittivity of living tissue is deduced from surface electrodes. The determination of local impedance parameters can be carried out using an equivalent circuit model. However, the estimation of inner tissue impedance distribution using impedance measurements on a global tissue from various directions is an inverse problem. Hence it is necessary to solve the inverse problem of calculating mathematical values for current and potential from conducting surfaces. This paper proposes a novel algorithm that can be successfully used for estimating parameters. The proposed novel hybrid model is a combination of an artificial intelligence based gradient free optimization technique and numerical integration. This ameliorates the achievement of spatial resolution of equivalent circuit model to the closest accuracy. We address the issue of initial parameter estimation and spatial resolution accuracy of an electrode structure by using an arrangement called “divided electrode” for measurement of bio-impedance in a cross section of a local tissue.
AN ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR THYROID GLAND WITH A TINY ELECT...ijbesjournal
Electrical impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique based on measuring of the
electrical conductivity and capacitance of abnormal and normal human tissues. The present work aims to
develop an EIT imaging system for imaging thyroid gland. Patients with thyroid nodules were eligible for
the study. The study was conducted on two groups of participants: control group consists of 20 normal
female cases and experimental consists of 20 goiter female patients. The thyroid nodule location, size, and
type measured by ultrasound. Thyroid gland conductivity and permittivity were recorded using EIT. The
impedance measurement is done through the applying of two probes: one probe to the neck region
(scanning probe) and the rest region (reference probe) with electrolytic gel for each probe, then the system
software proceeds to reconstruct the image and calculate the electrical impedance of the thyroid gland on
a personal computer which acts as an output display and storage for case information. The thyroid
scanning probe has 64 electrodes embedded on a small space (30 mm diameter and 50 mm height) inside
of the probe. Multifrequency impedance measurements are typically made by applying an electric current
to a target mass by using of the scanning probe and measuring the developed voltage. The present EIT
system provides real- time visualization of the spatial distribution of the electrical properties of the thyroid
tissue. Images obtained from the bioimpedance (BI) were compared to images obtained from the
ultrasound imaging, results showed great similarity between the two diagnostic images. Tumor tissue has
higher resistance and capacitance value than that of normal thyroid gland.
Design and Optimization of Inductively Coupled Spiral Square Coils for Bio-Im...IJECEIAES
Due to the development of biomedical microsystems technologies, the use of wireless power transfer systems in biomedical application has become very largely used for powering the implanted devices. The wireless power transfer by inductive resonance coupling link, is a technic for powering implantable medical devices (IMDs) between the external and implanted circuits. In this paper we describe the design of an inductive resonance coupling link using for powering small bio-implanted devices such as implantable bio-microsystem, peacemaker and cochlear implants. We present the reduced design and an optimization of small size obtained spiral coils of a 9.5 mm2 implantable device with an operating frequency of 13.56 MHz according to the industrial scientific-medical (ISM). The model of the inductive coupling link based on spiral square coils design is developed using the theoretical analysis and optimization geometry of an inductive link. For a mutual distance between the two coils at 10mm, the power transfer efficiency is about 79% with , coupling coefficient of 0.075 and a mutual inductance value of 2µH. In comparison with previous works, the results obtained in this work showed better performance such as the weak inter coils distance, the hight efficiency power transfer and geometry.
EIS is a powerful method of analyzing the complex electrical resistance of a system ( is sensitive
to surface phenomena and changes of bulk properties) It can be used to determine semi-quantitative parameters of electrochemical processes occurring
at electrode surfaces
Development of spiral square coils for magnetic labelling detection in microf...IJECEIAES
Due to the development of microfluidic systems biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) for magnetic labelling detection by magnetic microbeads circling in microfluidic channels, we used the magnetic field created by microcoils. The magnetic field associated with the electric current, but with negatively affects if its value increases too much. Handling bio-species in the microfluidic chip requires that the temperature maintained to keep the cells to prevent their destruction. In this paper we have described the spiral square coil design of different structures to produce an effective magnetic flux density. The simulation of the magnetic flux density is carried out with the help of the COMSOL software. We have presented an optimization of the geometric parameters of the microcoil for a better performance and a miniaturization of the structure with copper wire section S=25 µm2 and inter-wire space a=5 µm. We have also developed this microcoil by adding a ferromagnetic core to the inner center, the results obtained in this work shown that the magnetic flux density increases around 1.07 times in Bx and 1.45 times in Bz. This new approach in designing a microcoil allows to obtaining a fast trapping of the microbeads and a highly sensitive biological element detection and avoiding increase heat ratio in microfluidic systems.
Implementation of Radon Transformation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)ijistjournal
Radon Transformation is generally used to construct optical image (like CT image) from the projection data in biomedical imaging. In this paper, the concept of Radon Transformation is implemented to reconstruct Electrical Impedance Topographic Image (conductivity or resistivity distribution) of a circular subject. A parallel resistance model of a subject is proposed for Electrical Impedance Topography(EIT) or Magnetic Induction Tomography(MIT). A circular subject with embedded circular objects is segmented into equal width slices from different angles. For each angle, Conductance and Conductivity of each slice is calculated and stored in an array. A back projection method is used to generate a two-dimensional image from one-dimensional projections. As a back projection method, Inverse Radon Transformation is applied on the calculated conductance and conductivity to reconstruct two dimensional images. These images are compared to the target image. In the time of image reconstruction, different filters are used and these images are compared with each other and target image.
Implementation of Radon Transformation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (E...ijistjournal
Radon Transformation is generally used to construct optical image (like CT image) from the projection data in biomedical imaging. In this paper, the concept of Radon Transformation is implemented to reconstruct Electrical Impedance Topographic Image (conductivity or resistivity distribution) of a circular subject. A parallel resistance model of a subject is proposed for Electrical Impedance Topography(EIT) or Magnetic Induction Tomography(MIT). A circular subject with embedded circular objects is segmented into equal width slices from different angles. For each angle, Conductance and Conductivity of each slice is calculated and stored in an array. A back projection method is used to generate a two-dimensional image from one-dimensional projections. As a back projection method, Inverse Radon Transformation is applied on the calculated conductance and conductivity to reconstruct two dimensional images. These images are compared to the target image. In the time of image reconstruction, different filters are used and these images are compared with each other and target image.
A Novel Approach for Measuring Electrical Impedance Tomography for Local Tiss...CSCJournals
This paper proposes a novel approach for measuring Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) of a living tissue in a human body. EIT is a non-invasive technique to measure two or three-dimensional impedance for medical diagnosis involving several diseases. To measure the impedance value electrodes are connected to the skin of the patient and an image of the conductivity or permittivity of living tissue is deduced from surface electrodes. The determination of local impedance parameters can be carried out using an equivalent circuit model. However, the estimation of inner tissue impedance distribution using impedance measurements on a global tissue from various directions is an inverse problem. Hence it is necessary to solve the inverse problem of calculating mathematical values for current and potential from conducting surfaces. This paper proposes a novel algorithm that can be successfully used for estimating parameters. The proposed novel hybrid model is a combination of an artificial intelligence based gradient free optimization technique and numerical integration. This ameliorates the achievement of spatial resolution of equivalent circuit model to the closest accuracy. We address the issue of initial parameter estimation and spatial resolution accuracy of an electrode structure by using an arrangement called “divided electrode” for measurement of bio-impedance in a cross section of a local tissue.
AN ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR THYROID GLAND WITH A TINY ELECT...ijbesjournal
Electrical impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique based on measuring of the
electrical conductivity and capacitance of abnormal and normal human tissues. The present work aims to
develop an EIT imaging system for imaging thyroid gland. Patients with thyroid nodules were eligible for
the study. The study was conducted on two groups of participants: control group consists of 20 normal
female cases and experimental consists of 20 goiter female patients. The thyroid nodule location, size, and
type measured by ultrasound. Thyroid gland conductivity and permittivity were recorded using EIT. The
impedance measurement is done through the applying of two probes: one probe to the neck region
(scanning probe) and the rest region (reference probe) with electrolytic gel for each probe, then the system
software proceeds to reconstruct the image and calculate the electrical impedance of the thyroid gland on
a personal computer which acts as an output display and storage for case information. The thyroid
scanning probe has 64 electrodes embedded on a small space (30 mm diameter and 50 mm height) inside
of the probe. Multifrequency impedance measurements are typically made by applying an electric current
to a target mass by using of the scanning probe and measuring the developed voltage. The present EIT
system provides real- time visualization of the spatial distribution of the electrical properties of the thyroid
tissue. Images obtained from the bioimpedance (BI) were compared to images obtained from the
ultrasound imaging, results showed great similarity between the two diagnostic images. Tumor tissue has
higher resistance and capacitance value than that of normal thyroid gland.
Design and Optimization of Inductively Coupled Spiral Square Coils for Bio-Im...IJECEIAES
Due to the development of biomedical microsystems technologies, the use of wireless power transfer systems in biomedical application has become very largely used for powering the implanted devices. The wireless power transfer by inductive resonance coupling link, is a technic for powering implantable medical devices (IMDs) between the external and implanted circuits. In this paper we describe the design of an inductive resonance coupling link using for powering small bio-implanted devices such as implantable bio-microsystem, peacemaker and cochlear implants. We present the reduced design and an optimization of small size obtained spiral coils of a 9.5 mm2 implantable device with an operating frequency of 13.56 MHz according to the industrial scientific-medical (ISM). The model of the inductive coupling link based on spiral square coils design is developed using the theoretical analysis and optimization geometry of an inductive link. For a mutual distance between the two coils at 10mm, the power transfer efficiency is about 79% with , coupling coefficient of 0.075 and a mutual inductance value of 2µH. In comparison with previous works, the results obtained in this work showed better performance such as the weak inter coils distance, the hight efficiency power transfer and geometry.
EIS is a powerful method of analyzing the complex electrical resistance of a system ( is sensitive
to surface phenomena and changes of bulk properties) It can be used to determine semi-quantitative parameters of electrochemical processes occurring
at electrode surfaces
Development of spiral square coils for magnetic labelling detection in microf...IJECEIAES
Due to the development of microfluidic systems biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) for magnetic labelling detection by magnetic microbeads circling in microfluidic channels, we used the magnetic field created by microcoils. The magnetic field associated with the electric current, but with negatively affects if its value increases too much. Handling bio-species in the microfluidic chip requires that the temperature maintained to keep the cells to prevent their destruction. In this paper we have described the spiral square coil design of different structures to produce an effective magnetic flux density. The simulation of the magnetic flux density is carried out with the help of the COMSOL software. We have presented an optimization of the geometric parameters of the microcoil for a better performance and a miniaturization of the structure with copper wire section S=25 µm2 and inter-wire space a=5 µm. We have also developed this microcoil by adding a ferromagnetic core to the inner center, the results obtained in this work shown that the magnetic flux density increases around 1.07 times in Bx and 1.45 times in Bz. This new approach in designing a microcoil allows to obtaining a fast trapping of the microbeads and a highly sensitive biological element detection and avoiding increase heat ratio in microfluidic systems.
Implementation of Radon Transformation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)ijistjournal
Radon Transformation is generally used to construct optical image (like CT image) from the projection data in biomedical imaging. In this paper, the concept of Radon Transformation is implemented to reconstruct Electrical Impedance Topographic Image (conductivity or resistivity distribution) of a circular subject. A parallel resistance model of a subject is proposed for Electrical Impedance Topography(EIT) or Magnetic Induction Tomography(MIT). A circular subject with embedded circular objects is segmented into equal width slices from different angles. For each angle, Conductance and Conductivity of each slice is calculated and stored in an array. A back projection method is used to generate a two-dimensional image from one-dimensional projections. As a back projection method, Inverse Radon Transformation is applied on the calculated conductance and conductivity to reconstruct two dimensional images. These images are compared to the target image. In the time of image reconstruction, different filters are used and these images are compared with each other and target image.
Implementation of Radon Transformation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (E...ijistjournal
Radon Transformation is generally used to construct optical image (like CT image) from the projection data in biomedical imaging. In this paper, the concept of Radon Transformation is implemented to reconstruct Electrical Impedance Topographic Image (conductivity or resistivity distribution) of a circular subject. A parallel resistance model of a subject is proposed for Electrical Impedance Topography(EIT) or Magnetic Induction Tomography(MIT). A circular subject with embedded circular objects is segmented into equal width slices from different angles. For each angle, Conductance and Conductivity of each slice is calculated and stored in an array. A back projection method is used to generate a two-dimensional image from one-dimensional projections. As a back projection method, Inverse Radon Transformation is applied on the calculated conductance and conductivity to reconstruct two dimensional images. These images are compared to the target image. In the time of image reconstruction, different filters are used and these images are compared with each other and target image.
Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
Plasmonic wave assessment via optomechatronics system for biosensor applicationIJECEIAES
Transduction biosensor (mass-based, optical and electrochemical) involves analysis, recognition and amplification in the acquired sample. In this work, the plasmonic-based biosensor was employed without using tags. It is crucial to determine angles of Brewster (Ɵb) and critical (Ɵc) for generating plasmonic resonance (Ɵr). The objective is to verify a cost-effective plasmonic biosensor through Fresnel simulation and experimentation of a developed optomechatronics system. The borosilicate glass, Au and Air layers were simulated with the Winspall 3.02 simulator. The optomechatronics system consists of: 1-optics (650 nm laser, slit, polarizer, photodiode), 2-mechanical (bipolar stepper motors, gears, stages) and 3-electronics (PIC18F4550, liquid crystal display (LCD) and drivers). Later, the software performs angular interrogation by reading the reflected beam from a rotating prism at 0.1125. Experimentation to simulation accuracy indicates that percentage differences for Ɵr and Ɵc are 1% and 0.2%, respectively. In conclusion, excellence verification was successfully achieved between experimentation and simulation. It proved that the lowcost optomechatronics system is capable and reliable to be deployed for the biosensor application.
A new hybrid method for mutual coupling minimization of an antenna array IJECEIAES
In this paper, a simultaneous application of geometric modification on patch elements and electromagnetic band gap (EBG) electromagnetic bandgap structures (hybrid method) has been suggested for 3.5 GHz wireless communication applications, to minimize the mutual coupling between radiating elements of microstrip array antennas. The suggested EBG slotted structure is composed of a one square ring and three squares placed on Rogers RO3010 having 10.2 and h=1.27 mm which presents respectively its dielectric constant and thickness. In this approach, the patch elements are geometrically modified, while also employing EBG structures, formed by four EBG cells, placed between the array elements at a near distance. The modification of the geometry of the antenna and the introduction of EBG reduces the mutual coupling of an array antenna with approximately 33 dB on the one hand and improves the antenna gain by approximately 0.43 dB on the other hand. Initially, slots are introduced in the patch geometry and then four EBG unit cells are inserted between two patches, operating at 3.5 GHz. The antenna array design parameters were optimized.
A New Design of Capacitive Power Transfer Based on Hybrid Approach for Biomed...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the development of a new design method of capacitive power transfer (CPT) which is based on hybrid concept for Biomedical Implants. This method is able to improve various issues found in the widely used CPT system that is bipolar CPT method. Based on the ability of this purposed, the simulation of the CPT system has been designed to prove an amount of power transferred through a layer of tissue. The design used to validate the suggested model which to powering implanted device, and it was performed with 3cm square plates, which have a layer of beef with the 5mm thickness in between 2 coupling plate. Power signal was generated by Class E zero voltage switching. The Class E zero voltage switching has been designed to generating alternate current with the 1MHz frequency appropriate to the hybrid CPT system specification.
Parameters affecting the selectivity of an electrical insecticideIJECEIAES
Using an electrical approach in the field of agriculture can be considered as one of the solutions in order to control harmful flying insects. This technique is based on the use of a bio and selective electrical insecticide whose principle consists in attracting insects by the light then get them electrocuted by an electrical discharge. Moreover, There are several parameters that affect the selectivity of electrical insecticide such as: the light, the most efficient, the inter electrode distance, where the insect is exterminated, and the electric current that passes through the insect’s body. In this paper, a simulation study was carried out concerning the distribution of the electric field between two electrodes in presence of particle conductor while focusing on the different body sizes. On the other hand, an experimental study was conducted on live locusts to determine the effect of electrical current on insect’s body taking into account the voltage and frequency. Finally, the results are discussed and analyzed in this paper.
A nonlinearities inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation approach ap...IJECEIAES
Spatial interpolation of a surface electromyography (sEMG) signal from a set of signals recorded from a multi-electrode array is a challenge in biomedical signal processing. Consequently, it could be useful to increase the electrodes' density in detecting the skeletal muscles' motor units under detection's vacancy. This paper used two types of spatial interpolation methods for estimation: Inverse distance weighted (IDW) and Kriging. Furthermore, a new technique is proposed using a modified nonlinearity formula based on IDW. A set of EMG signals recorded from the noninvasive multi-electrode grid from different types of subjects, sex, age, and type of muscles have been studied when muscles are under regular tension activity. A goodness of fit measure (R2) is used to evaluate the proposed technique. The interpolated signals are compared with the actual signals; the Goodness of fit measure's value is almost 99%, with a processing time of 100msec. The resulting technique is shown to be of high accuracy and matching of spatial interpolated signals to actual signals compared with IDW and Kriging techniques.
The Differences between Single Diode Model and Double Diode Models of a Solar...ssuser793b4e
This research paper systematically reviewed and investigated single
diode model and double diode model of a solar photovoltaic systems in terms
of accuracy, differences under major unknown PV parameters, different
optimization and fabrication. This research paper reviewed the differences and
the similarities between the single diode model and double diode model. From
the review, it was clear that single diode model has less computation time and
number of unknown parameters compared to double diode model. The double
diode model on its own superiority is more accurate under solar shading
condition effect than single diode model but single diode model performs
better under high insolation levels. None of the two models is superior than
the other but the solar photovoltaic modelers/installers should bear the solar
irradiance of the environment before installation
Chracterization of LabVIEW based 16-electrode 2D EIT systeminventionjournals
Characterization of EIT system is crucial for validation and calibration. Parameters used for characterization are divided into two groups- first dealing with data quality (SNR, accuracy) and second dealing with image quality (CNR, RNG, reconstructed area).These parameters are useful while selecting a particular EIT system for any new application. Injected current directly affects the data and hence the quality of reconstructed image. Therefore we have studied effect of amplitude of injected current on the EIT data and reconstructed image experimentally. Guidelines are evolved for setting the EIT system to collect useful data for further characterization. We report a set of experiments carried out to characterize a Lab VIEW based 16- electrode 2D EIT system developed in our laboratory. SNR and accuracy for all 208 channels involved in the Sheffield measurement pattern has been calculated. Resolution of EIT system is an important parameter and it depends on both data and image quality and is a combined index for the performance. Uniformity of resolution over the object is also important to preserve shape characteristics of target. We have obtained the resolution of our system experimentally at the centre as well as near the electrodes. It is shown to follow the limits proposed by Seagar relating to the model used for reconstruction and by Isaacson relating to the noise in the measurement.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
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Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
Plasmonic wave assessment via optomechatronics system for biosensor applicationIJECEIAES
Transduction biosensor (mass-based, optical and electrochemical) involves analysis, recognition and amplification in the acquired sample. In this work, the plasmonic-based biosensor was employed without using tags. It is crucial to determine angles of Brewster (Ɵb) and critical (Ɵc) for generating plasmonic resonance (Ɵr). The objective is to verify a cost-effective plasmonic biosensor through Fresnel simulation and experimentation of a developed optomechatronics system. The borosilicate glass, Au and Air layers were simulated with the Winspall 3.02 simulator. The optomechatronics system consists of: 1-optics (650 nm laser, slit, polarizer, photodiode), 2-mechanical (bipolar stepper motors, gears, stages) and 3-electronics (PIC18F4550, liquid crystal display (LCD) and drivers). Later, the software performs angular interrogation by reading the reflected beam from a rotating prism at 0.1125. Experimentation to simulation accuracy indicates that percentage differences for Ɵr and Ɵc are 1% and 0.2%, respectively. In conclusion, excellence verification was successfully achieved between experimentation and simulation. It proved that the lowcost optomechatronics system is capable and reliable to be deployed for the biosensor application.
A new hybrid method for mutual coupling minimization of an antenna array IJECEIAES
In this paper, a simultaneous application of geometric modification on patch elements and electromagnetic band gap (EBG) electromagnetic bandgap structures (hybrid method) has been suggested for 3.5 GHz wireless communication applications, to minimize the mutual coupling between radiating elements of microstrip array antennas. The suggested EBG slotted structure is composed of a one square ring and three squares placed on Rogers RO3010 having 10.2 and h=1.27 mm which presents respectively its dielectric constant and thickness. In this approach, the patch elements are geometrically modified, while also employing EBG structures, formed by four EBG cells, placed between the array elements at a near distance. The modification of the geometry of the antenna and the introduction of EBG reduces the mutual coupling of an array antenna with approximately 33 dB on the one hand and improves the antenna gain by approximately 0.43 dB on the other hand. Initially, slots are introduced in the patch geometry and then four EBG unit cells are inserted between two patches, operating at 3.5 GHz. The antenna array design parameters were optimized.
A New Design of Capacitive Power Transfer Based on Hybrid Approach for Biomed...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the development of a new design method of capacitive power transfer (CPT) which is based on hybrid concept for Biomedical Implants. This method is able to improve various issues found in the widely used CPT system that is bipolar CPT method. Based on the ability of this purposed, the simulation of the CPT system has been designed to prove an amount of power transferred through a layer of tissue. The design used to validate the suggested model which to powering implanted device, and it was performed with 3cm square plates, which have a layer of beef with the 5mm thickness in between 2 coupling plate. Power signal was generated by Class E zero voltage switching. The Class E zero voltage switching has been designed to generating alternate current with the 1MHz frequency appropriate to the hybrid CPT system specification.
Parameters affecting the selectivity of an electrical insecticideIJECEIAES
Using an electrical approach in the field of agriculture can be considered as one of the solutions in order to control harmful flying insects. This technique is based on the use of a bio and selective electrical insecticide whose principle consists in attracting insects by the light then get them electrocuted by an electrical discharge. Moreover, There are several parameters that affect the selectivity of electrical insecticide such as: the light, the most efficient, the inter electrode distance, where the insect is exterminated, and the electric current that passes through the insect’s body. In this paper, a simulation study was carried out concerning the distribution of the electric field between two electrodes in presence of particle conductor while focusing on the different body sizes. On the other hand, an experimental study was conducted on live locusts to determine the effect of electrical current on insect’s body taking into account the voltage and frequency. Finally, the results are discussed and analyzed in this paper.
A nonlinearities inverse distance weighting spatial interpolation approach ap...IJECEIAES
Spatial interpolation of a surface electromyography (sEMG) signal from a set of signals recorded from a multi-electrode array is a challenge in biomedical signal processing. Consequently, it could be useful to increase the electrodes' density in detecting the skeletal muscles' motor units under detection's vacancy. This paper used two types of spatial interpolation methods for estimation: Inverse distance weighted (IDW) and Kriging. Furthermore, a new technique is proposed using a modified nonlinearity formula based on IDW. A set of EMG signals recorded from the noninvasive multi-electrode grid from different types of subjects, sex, age, and type of muscles have been studied when muscles are under regular tension activity. A goodness of fit measure (R2) is used to evaluate the proposed technique. The interpolated signals are compared with the actual signals; the Goodness of fit measure's value is almost 99%, with a processing time of 100msec. The resulting technique is shown to be of high accuracy and matching of spatial interpolated signals to actual signals compared with IDW and Kriging techniques.
The Differences between Single Diode Model and Double Diode Models of a Solar...ssuser793b4e
This research paper systematically reviewed and investigated single
diode model and double diode model of a solar photovoltaic systems in terms
of accuracy, differences under major unknown PV parameters, different
optimization and fabrication. This research paper reviewed the differences and
the similarities between the single diode model and double diode model. From
the review, it was clear that single diode model has less computation time and
number of unknown parameters compared to double diode model. The double
diode model on its own superiority is more accurate under solar shading
condition effect than single diode model but single diode model performs
better under high insolation levels. None of the two models is superior than
the other but the solar photovoltaic modelers/installers should bear the solar
irradiance of the environment before installation
Chracterization of LabVIEW based 16-electrode 2D EIT systeminventionjournals
Characterization of EIT system is crucial for validation and calibration. Parameters used for characterization are divided into two groups- first dealing with data quality (SNR, accuracy) and second dealing with image quality (CNR, RNG, reconstructed area).These parameters are useful while selecting a particular EIT system for any new application. Injected current directly affects the data and hence the quality of reconstructed image. Therefore we have studied effect of amplitude of injected current on the EIT data and reconstructed image experimentally. Guidelines are evolved for setting the EIT system to collect useful data for further characterization. We report a set of experiments carried out to characterize a Lab VIEW based 16- electrode 2D EIT system developed in our laboratory. SNR and accuracy for all 208 channels involved in the Sheffield measurement pattern has been calculated. Resolution of EIT system is an important parameter and it depends on both data and image quality and is a combined index for the performance. Uniformity of resolution over the object is also important to preserve shape characteristics of target. We have obtained the resolution of our system experimentally at the centre as well as near the electrodes. It is shown to follow the limits proposed by Seagar relating to the model used for reconstruction and by Isaacson relating to the noise in the measurement.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Optimal interdigitated electrode sensor design for biosensors using multi-objective particle-swarm optimization
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2023, pp. 2608∼2617
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2608-2617 ❒ 2608
Optimal interdigitated electrode sensor design for
biosensors using multi-objective particle-swarm
optimization
Issa Sabiri1
, Hamid Bouyghf2
, Abdelhadi Raihani1
1EEIS Laboratory, ENSET Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
2LSIB Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
Article Info
Article history:
Received Jul 5, 2022
Revised Aug 22, 2022
Accepted Sep 2, 2022
Keywords:
Impedance spectroscopy
Interdigitated electrodes
Optimization
Particle swarm optimization
algorithm
Sensitivity
ABSTRACT
Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) are commonly employed in biological cellular
characterization techniques such as electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing
(ECIS). Because of its simple production technique and low cost, interdigitated
electrode sensor design is critical for practical impedance spectroscopy in the
medical and pharmaceutical domains. The equivalent circuit of an IDE was
modeled in this paper, it consisted of three primary components: double layer
capacitance, Cdl, solution capacitance, CSol, and solution resistance, RSol. One
of the challenging optimization challenges is the geometric optimization of the
interdigital electrode structure of a sensor. We employ metaheuristic techniques
to identify the best answer to problems of this kind. multi-objective optimization
of the IDE using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) was
achieved to maximize the sensitivity of the electrode and minimize the Cut-off
frequency. The optimal geometrical parameters determined during optimization
are used to build the electrical equivalent circuit. The amplitude and phase of the
impedance versus frequency analysis were calculated using EC-LAB® software,
and the corresponding conductivity was determined.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Issa Sabiri
EEIS Laboratory, ENSET Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca
Casablanca, Morocco
Email: issa.sabiri@etu.fstm.ac.ma
1. INTRODUCTION
Giaever and Keese created the key impedance-based technology known as electrical cell-substrate
impedance sensing (ECIS) in 1984 for the in-vitro, real-time evaluation of biological cellular activities [1].
Traditional round gold electrodes were employed to research cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion,
and barrier activities in the early stages of biosensor development [2]–[6]. Non-ionizing radiation interactions
with biological matter are progressing in diagnostic and therapeutic issues. The electromagnetic properties
of the propagation medium must be determined in order to make progress [7]. Another application aspect
that requires the values of electrical characteristics such as conductivity and permittivity of biological tissues
is public health problems related to electromagnetic fields (dosimetry, biological impacts). These biological
tissue values at the frequencies of interest are unknown [8].
The electrode design has a significant impact on biosensor accuracy and sensitivity. Cell-based biosen-
sors offer a wide range of applications, including clinical diagnostics, drug discovery, and electrophysiology
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
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[9]. Impedimetric and conductometric approaches can be used to measure morphological changes in cells,
which are impacted by the electrode geometry [10]–[11]. Microelectrodes have several advantages over con-
ventional macroscopic electrodes, including cost, high current densities during measurement, and the ability
to integrate them into other instrumental devices to create portable measurement systems, or even biochips or
lab-on-chips.
Microelectrodes, on the other hand, have a substantially larger resistance than macroelectrodes due
to contact phenomena. The interaction between ions and molecules at the border between the electrolyte’s
surface and the measuring electrodes causes an interface capacitance, or double layer, which manifests these
phenomena. This capacitance is inversely proportional to the surface area of the electrodes. As a result, the
double layer capacitance acts as a limitation, increasing measurement inaccuracy.
In all engineering fields, particularly in electronics used in biomedical circuits, reliable, efficient, and
robust optimization strategies are highly desired [12]. In this paper, we emphasize the application of a bio-
inspired technique, specifically particle swarm optimization. The optimization of IDEs or sensor shape is criti-
cal since it can enhance the bioimpedance measurement range, allowing for the most accurate cellular electrical
depiction. Several methods for optimizing interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) for bioimpedance spectroscopy have
already been investigated. Ibrahim et al. [13] used analytical modeling and simulation to investigate the re-
lationship between design factors and IDE frequency behavior in order to optimize configuration for a square
area cross section. Zhang et al. [14] used mathematical models to investigate the effect of electrode size on
ECIS sensitivity. Ngo et al. [15] used a modeling and experimental technique to optimize geometrical parame-
ters for biological media characterisation by reducing polarization impact and Mansor and Nordin [1] examine
the distribution of electric fields on various sensor geometries. Some research, such as the optimization of
IDEs for HS578T cancer cells [11], are more application specific. However, there hasn’t been much research
into employing metaheuristics algorithms to improve the IDE’s sensitivity and cut-off frequency (FLow). For
cellular research, the shape of the sensor can be changed to get more sensitive and accurate results.
This research shows the similar circuit model of IDEs that are optimized for blood abnormalities.The
ECIS technique is used to optimize the IDEs’ design to increase sensitivity to changes in blood cells. The ECIS
approach enables accurate electrical representation of a cell’s biological response. Using the multi-objective
optimization approach based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the IDE’s shape will be
adjusted so that the IDE’s sensitivity is maximized and the cut-off frequency of the interfacial impedance
is minimized. The corresponding circuit model is analytically modeled in section 2. Section 3 looks into
multi-objective optimization using PSO and the methodology to introduce the objective function from two dif-
ferent perspectives: sensitivity and cut-off frequency. The optimization results and conclusion are presented in
section 4.
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1. Biosensors with interdigitated electrodes
Single-plane electrodes are used in biosensors with interdigitated electrodes, which are manufactured
via traditional metal deposition [16]. Sensors with interdigital electrodes have been designed to identify de-
oxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences using impedance spectroscopy and blood analysis, and have been im-
proved to improve the frequency band. An interdigital sensor, as illustrated in Figure 1, is made up of two
comb-shaped metal electrodes, each with a width W, a length L of electrodes, and a spacing S between two
consecutive electrodes.
An interdigital electrode sensor works on the same concept as a parallel plate capacitor. The sensor
is deposited on a substrate, and a voltage is used to create an electric field between the two electrodes. An
electromagnetic field is created and travels through the sensor when a biological component is placed on it
[10]. The geometry of the object under research and the biological fluid’s dielectric characteristics affect the
capacitance and conductance between the two electrodes. Depending on the use, the difference in the electric
fields is used to describe how the biological environment affects the organism. Based on the equivalent circuit,
the total impedance can be represented as (1).
Z = 2.Zdl + ZRsol//ZCsol =
2
jwCdl
+
RSol
(1 + jwCSol.RSol)
(1)
The impedance modulus Rsol or resistance of the electrolyte solution mimics the conductive effects of the
Optimal interdigitated electrode sensor design for biosensors using ... (Issa Sabiri)
3. 2610 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
medium under the influence of an electric field. This is the measurement’s most delicate component. To
mathematically explain the effect of the IDE geometry on each component of the equivalent circuit model,
Olthuis et al. [17] created a new parameter called the cell constant, KCell. The proportionality factor between
the electrolyte’s resistivity/permittivity and the actual measurement is KCell, which only exists at the electrode-
electrolyte interface. It is fully dependent on the sensor’s geometry, as illustrated in (2)-(5).
Rsol =
KCell
σSol
(2)
With:
KCell =
2
(N − 1)L
∗
Γ(k)
Γ
√
1 − k)
(3)
Γ(K) =
Z 1
0
1
p
(1 − t)(1 − kt)
(4)
K = cos (
π
2
∗
W
W + S
) (5)
The dielectric component of the material under test is represented by Ccell. It depicts the two electrodes’ direct
capacitive interaction. The dielectric permittivity is proportional to the capacitance.
CCell =
ϵ0ϵrSol
KCell
(6)
The impedances that describe the interface effects produced at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces are made
possible by the double-layer capacitance Cdl. Both the electrolyte solution and the material used to form the
electrodes have an impact on the impedances. The simple capacitive coupling between the two electrodes is
what is meant by the capacitance that mimics the dielectric portion of the medium under test. The dielectric
permittivity and this capacitance are connected by (7).
Cdl = 0, 5 ∗ A ∗ C(dl,Surface) = 0, 5 ∗ W ∗ L ∗ N ∗ C(dl,Surface) (7)
The overall electrode surface area is A. When a factor of 0.5 is applied, a single capacitance Cdl is produced by
dividing in half the two interface capacitances produced by interface effects at the entire electrode surface. In
the case of interdigitated electrodes, this surface equals the electrode length times their width times the number
of electrodes. The characteristic double layer called Stern’s capacity, C0 = 0.047F/m2
, for electrolytes with a
very high ionic concentration is thought to be the same as the characteristic double layer capacity, Cdl, surface.
Figure 1. Similar circuit model of IDEs in a liquid environment
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4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 2611
2.2. The IDE’s sensitivity
Bouyghf et al. [12] and Mansor et al. [1] have shown that two cut-off frequencies separate the
dominance of components, namely FLow and FHigh. The ZSol will be quite high at frequencies between FLow
and FHigh, and the CSol will behave practically as an open circuit, allowing current to flow through the Cdl
and RSol branches. Cdl prevails at lower frequencies below FLow, about a few kHz. FLow frequencies ranging
from 0 to hundreds of kHz are dominated by RSol.
With increasing frequency, the impedance reduces until it reaches FLow. The double-layer capacity,
however, does not intervene in the overall impedance above the cutoff frequency FLow. Because only the
resistance RSol (or modulus of total impedance) affects impedances less than FHigh, and because CCell is
not yet informative, this is the case. In this frequency band, which is limited by FLow and FHigh, the total
impedance is the same no matter what frequency it is.
The observed impedance is based on the total impedance fields and represents an accurate measure-
ment of the biological sample within this range (for example, the conductivity, which can be estimated from
the RSol value). We might draw the conclusion that the sensitivity of the frequency measurement needs to be
improved. The dominant impedance spectra of the RSol module’s need a wider frequency range. By reducing
the low cut-off frequency FLow as much as is practical, increasing the frequency range (also referred to as
the useful frequency range) prevents the interface phenomenon represented by the double layer capacitance.
In square structure of IDEs with an LxL dimension, (8) and (9) determine the sensitivity (Sen) and cut-off
frequency FLow respectively.
Sen =
∆Z
∆σ
=
(|Z2| − |Z1|)
(σ2 − σ1)
(8)
FLow =
σsol
πKCellCdl
(9)
3. METHOD
3.1. Multi-objective optimization
The following is a mathematical formulation of the general multi-objective optimization problem:
minimize
H(⃗
x) = [h1(⃗
x), h2(⃗
x), ...fk(⃗
x)]T
subject to: (
⃗
f(⃗
x) ≤ 0
⃗
g(⃗
x) = 0
⃗
x ∈ Rn
,⃗
h(⃗
x) ∈ Rk
, ⃗
f(⃗
x) ∈ Rm
and ⃗
g(⃗
x) ∈ Rq
.
X = ⃗
x | fm(⃗
x) ≤ 0 , m = 1, 2, 3...m, gq
⃗
(x) = 0, q = 1, 2, 3...q, S = H(⃗
x) | ⃗
x ∈ X
Here ⃗
x ∈ Rn
is the vector of design variables and n is the number of decision variables. k ≥ 2 is the number
of objective functions, and H(⃗
x) ∈ Rk
is their vector in which hi(⃗
x) : Rn
→ R1
. In addition, m and ⃗
f(⃗
x)
stand for the quantity and direction of inequality restrictions, respectively. The number of equality constraints
and their vector, respectively, are q and ⃗
g(⃗
x). The feasible decision and criteria spaces, respectively, are X and
S.
Machairas et al. [18] proposed one of the most prominent approaches for presenting multi-objective
solutions. If there is no other possible option that improves one goal without worsening at least one other,
it is called a Pareto or non-dominated solution. For solving multi-objective optimization problems, there are
two main types of decision-making techniques. The second searches simultaneously for all non-dominated
solutions, as opposed to the first, which solves a single objective problem for each Pareto-optimal solution
[19]–[21].
The most popular multi-criteria decision-making approach in decision theory is the weighted sum
method (WSM) [22]. By summing standardized objective functions scaled by their weighting coefficients, ki,
the weighted sum technique can reduce the multi-objective task of reducing a vector of criteria functions into
such a scalar problem. In [23] shows the formula for the weighted sum method as (10):
Optimal interdigitated electrode sensor design for biosensors using ... (Issa Sabiri)
5. 2612 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
Hws(x) =
k
X
i=1
λi
hi(x) − hi(x)min
hi(x)max − hi(x)min
(10)
where Hws(x) is the overall objective function, k is the number of objective functions hi(x) and λi ∈ [0, 1]
when
Pk
i=1 λi = 1. In addition, hi(x)min
and hi(x)max
are the minimum and maximum values of the
objective functions, respectively, as they are optimized independently.
3.2. Multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO)
The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was created in 1995 by Eberhart and Kennedy [24].
This stochastic optimization method is population-based. In order to determine the best solution, the PSO
method first generates a set of random particles. At the conclusion of each generation, the two best values
are applied to each particle. The first option has so far had the best results. Another is the highest value that
any population particle has ever attained. This is the world’s best value. The best value is a local best when
a particle uses the population as its topological neighbors. Once you know the two best values for a particle’s
speed and location, you can change them [25]. The position of xi(t) is calculated by adding its velocity, vi(t)
to the current position, i.e:
xi(t) = xi(t − 1) + vi(t). (11)
where the velocity vector is expressed as (12).
vi(t) = wvi(t − 1) + C1r1[Pbest − xi(t)] + C2r2[Gbest − xi(t)] (12)
The inertia weight w is used to influence the effect of the particle’s previous velocity on the current velocity.
C1 is the cognitive learning factor, which shows how interested a particle is in its own success. C2 is the social
learning factor, which shows how interested a particle is in the success of its neighbors. Positive constants,
C1 and C2, are commonly used [21]. Furthermore, r1 and r2 ∈ [0, 1] are two independent random number
sequences used to avoid entrapment on local minimums and to allow a tiny number of particles to diverge in
a more thorough search of the search space [26]; the personal and global best positions are Pbest and Gbest.
Figure 2 shows the particle swarm optimization algorithm’s velocity and position updates. To turn a PSO
algorithm into a MOPSO, it is common to create an external repository to store the non-dominated solutions
and use a leader selection method to pick a global leader for the particles from a group of equally good solutions
based on some criteria. When the external repository fills up, an archiving method is required to prune it and
keep it at a predetermined size, removing non-dominant solutions based on some criterion. Due to the large
number of non-dominated populations, this criterion has a big effect on the quality of the solutions found by
the search, especially when there are many goals.
Figure 2. The updating process of the particle velocity
3.3. Formalization
The optimization problem can be incisively described as following maximize the sensibility (Sen)
subject to minimize FLow where:
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6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 2613
Smin ≤ S ≤ Smax
Wmin ≤ W ≤ Wmax
Nmin ≤ N ≤ Nmax
Sen is given by (8) and Smin,max, Wmin,max, Nmin,max is the minimum and maximum of each parameter
appropriate to the IDEs. This makes it easier for the algorithm to find the best design parameters for the best
performance.
To resolve multiobjective problems, we proposed the algorithm given in Figure 3. The parameter
settings have been fine-tuned to provide the best possible result. As mentioned already, our IDE is optimized
in order to improve the sensitivity, have reduced solution resistance, and have a low cut-off frequency. The
MOPSO algorithm was utilized in this method because of its good reputation when it comes to optimizing
multiple objective functions. The optimization was done considering the electrolytic medium with a change of
∆σ =+
− 0.110−6
S. Global parameters and data used are shown in Table 1.
Figure 3. Flowchart for the intended simulation-based method to optimization
Table 1. Parameters and technical data
Parameter Designation
nPop Population Size (=100)
nRep Repository Size (=10)
MaxIt Maximum Iterations (=1000)
alpha Grid Inflation Parameter (0.1)
nGrid Number of Grids per each Dimension (=100)
beta Leader Selection Pressure Parameter (=2)
gamma Repository Member Selection Pressure (=4)
∆σ Electrolytic medium change (=0.1 10−6 S)
Wlb- Wub Lower and Upper Bounds (1-100µm)
Slb − Sub Lower and Upper Bounds (1-100µm)
Nlb − Nub Lower and Upper Bounds (2-100)
L X L Square length of the IDE (6×6 mm)
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7. 2614 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
This section was focused on discussion of the multi-objective particle swarm optimization results for
the proposed application of our objective functions. We used MATLAB software to find the optimum result for
each parameter. The equivalent circuit model was implemented using EC-LAB® tools to validate the theory.
4.1. Optimization result
After fixing each parameter and technical data on the MATLAB software, the number of iterations
was set to 1,000 and the function tolerance was set to 10−4
. The best outcomes are depicted in Figure 4 and
summarized in Table 2. The best-picked selected solution responds to our goals and criteria, according to Preto
Front analysis. L must adhere to the linear equality that fellow: N.(W + S) ≈ 6 mm, with a maximum
sensitivity of 437.75 Ohm.m/S and a minimum cut-off frequency of 35.53 Khz.
Figure 4. Pareto front
Table 2. Parameters and technical data
Wopt(µm) Sopt(µm) Nopt N.(S + W)(mm) Sensitivity (Ohm.µm/S) FLow(Khz)
98.04 65.01 45.30 9 7.40 237.19 43.45
76.52 93.17 28.35 4.81 48.74 28.15
92.91 99.00 67.35 12.92 106.53 38.09
96.00 58.82 40.33 6.24 332.72 470.93
18.08 11.00 54.11 1.57 165.68 140.34
71.77 40.08 99.00 11.07 48.10 97.88
84.97 16.58 29.25 2.97 576 194.93
cyan99.13 78.32 33.48 5.94 437.75 35.53
75.63 11.86 64.47 5.64 116.34 312.06
4.2. Electrical simulation using equivalent circuit
The optimal geometrical parameters determined during optimization are used to build the electrical
equivalent circuit. The amplitude and phase of the impedance versus frequency analysis were calculated using
EC-LAB® software, and the corresponding conductivity was determined. The corresponding circuit compo-
nents are summarized in Table 3.
The total electrical impedance Zjw can be trigonometrically expressed as in (13).
Zjw = |Zjw|eiθ
(13)
The resistance Rsol will be presiding from the cut-off frequency FLow then the total impedance can be simpli-
fied as (14).
FLow =
RSol
(1 + jwCSolRSol)
(14)
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8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 2615
The conductivity can be expressed as showing in (15).
σSol =
kCell
|Zjw|
cos(θ) (15)
Table 3. Equivalent circuit components
RSol (Ω) CSol (pF) Cdl (µF)
11.82 41.73 0.76
The characteristics of the designed biosensors is essential for the effective use of impedance spec-
troscopy in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. The technical features of the designed IDE at the acquisition
frequency Fmdl simulated under its equivalent circuit. As shown in Figure 5, Figure 6, and Table 4.
Figure 5. Impedance vs. frequency analysis using EC-LAB® software
Figure 6. Phase vs. frequency analysis using EC-LAB® software
Optimal interdigitated electrode sensor design for biosensors using ... (Issa Sabiri)
9. 2616 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
Table 4. Characteristics of the IDE
W(µm) S(µm) N L (mm) KCell(µm−1) Sen(Ω.µm/S) Fmidl(MHz) σmeasured(S/µm)
99.13 78.32 34 6 10.41 437.75 0.36 0.24 10−6
5. CONCLUSION
This study presents a physical model of an IDE that uses the MOPSO algorithm and Pareto Front
analysis to detect DNA sequences utilizing impedance spectroscopy and blood analysis. The simulation results
demonstrate the benefit of improving the sensor’s components. Finally, utilizing the best results, we built the
electrical equivalent circuit components and analyzed their impedance responses with the EC-LAB® program.
Theoretical and simulation results support the concept of having a maximum sensitivity and a low cut-off
frequency. However, factors such as electrical field distribution, fabrication process capabilities, working area
limitation, and relevance to the intended application limit the ideal configuration’s selection.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Issa Sabiri was born in Msemrir, Morocco on April 18, 1995. In 2016 he had got his
license degree in Bio Medical Instrumentation and Maintenance, at the Institute of Health Sciences
Settat-Morocco (ISSS) at the University Hassan I Settat-Morocco, then he had got a Master’s degree
in biomedical engineering from FST Settat in 2018. He is currently a Ph.D. student in Laboratory of
electrical engineering and intelligent systems (EEIS), ENSET Mohammedia, Hassan II University of
Casablanca, Morocco. His works studies and interests are focused on development, design and opti-
mization of electronic systems for biomedical engineering and health sciences. He can be contacted
at email: issa.sabiri@etu.fstm.ac.ma.
Hamid Bouyghf was born in Errachidia, Morocco in 1982. He received the B.S. and
M.S. degrees in electrical engineering and telecom from the University of Science and Technology,
Fez, Morocco, in 2007 and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering and telecom from Faculty of
Science and Technic - Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco, in 2019. From
2015 to 2019, he was a Research Assistant with the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Since 2019,
he has been an Assistant Professor with the electrical Engineering Department, FST Mohammedia,
Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco. He is the author of more articles in optimization of
ICs area. His research interests include electronic applied to biomedical domain and analog ICs
design, electromagnetic field, low power design, and BLE applications. He can be contacted at
email: hamid.bouyghf@fstm.ac.ma.
Abdelhadi Raihani was appointed as a professor in Electronics Engineering at Hassan II
University of Casablanca, ENSET Institute, Mohammedia Morocco since 1991. He received the B.S.
degree in Applied Electronics in 1991 from the ENSET Institute. He has his DEA diploma in Infor-
mation Processing from Ben M’sik University of Casablanca in 1994. He received the Ph.D. in Par-
allel Architectures Application and Image Processing from the Ain Chock University of Casablanca
in 1998. His current research interests are in the medical image processing areas, electrical engineer-
ing fields, particularly in renewable energy, energy management systems, power and energy systems
control. He supervised several Ph.D. and Engineers students in these topics. He can be contacted at
email: raihani@enset-media.ac.ma.
Optimal interdigitated electrode sensor design for biosensors using ... (Issa Sabiri)