The document discusses language and politics in multilingual societies. It begins with the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, where God confuses human languages. It then discusses how the appropriateness of a language depends on factors like who one is talking to, where, why, and when. No language is inherently better or worse. Language is central to identity, as seen with Native Americans and expectations to speak English as citizens. The document outlines differences in dialects and negative attitudes toward them, as well as misconceptions that dialects are incorrect or low intellect. It concludes that all people should have equal linguistic rights and that every language/dialect is valid based on context of the communication.
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for most of their existence, from around 3 million years ago until around 10,000 BCE. Around 10,000 BCE, humans began farming and herding animals, leading to larger settled populations. This allowed for the rise of early civilizations along major river valleys between around 7000-3000 BCE, including in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. Writing was invented, social classes emerged, and these early civilizations grew in population and complexity.
Political language and discourse can influence people's perceptions of issues and concepts. Word choice and sentence structure shape how reality is depicted. Representations of events through language are not neutral and different linguistic patterns in texts can promote different ideological perspectives. Descriptions of civil disorder, immigration, or race in news reports use vocabulary and grammar that socially construct reality in particular ways rather than objectively reflecting it.
Relationship between Mesopotamia and Egyptfreealan
Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia both had polytheistic religions that influenced their social and political structures. In both societies, religion justified the king/pharaoh's absolute rule and priests played an important role. They also shared beliefs in an afterlife and built pyramid-shaped structures like ziggurats and pyramids. However, Mesopotamia was composed of independent city-states while Egypt was a unified kingdom ruled by a single divine pharaoh. Social hierarchies in both placed elites like nobles, priests and craftspeople above farmers and slaves.
The Sumer civilization thrived in ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. It was the first civilization to develop systems of writing, government, religion, economic classes, advanced architecture like ziggurats, science, arts, and literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians invented innovations like the wheel, plow, calendar, bronze metallurgy, silver currency, and the first written legal code. However, rivalry among Sumerian city-states led to decline, and the Akkadian Empire later conquered and unified the region under rulers like Sargon I.
The document discusses the impact of colonialism on African development. It notes that while colonialism brought some benefits like technology and institutions, it also disrupted existing institutions and political systems. While living standards increased under colonial rule from very low bases, growth was modest. After independence, many of the benefits proved ephemeral while the negatives endured, leaving Africa poorer than it may have been without colonialism. Colonialism's impacts are still debated by historians and economists today.
The document discusses language and politics in multilingual societies. It begins with the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, where God confuses human languages. It then discusses how the appropriateness of a language depends on factors like who one is talking to, where, why, and when. No language is inherently better or worse. Language is central to identity, as seen with Native Americans and expectations to speak English as citizens. The document outlines differences in dialects and negative attitudes toward them, as well as misconceptions that dialects are incorrect or low intellect. It concludes that all people should have equal linguistic rights and that every language/dialect is valid based on context of the communication.
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for most of their existence, from around 3 million years ago until around 10,000 BCE. Around 10,000 BCE, humans began farming and herding animals, leading to larger settled populations. This allowed for the rise of early civilizations along major river valleys between around 7000-3000 BCE, including in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. Writing was invented, social classes emerged, and these early civilizations grew in population and complexity.
Political language and discourse can influence people's perceptions of issues and concepts. Word choice and sentence structure shape how reality is depicted. Representations of events through language are not neutral and different linguistic patterns in texts can promote different ideological perspectives. Descriptions of civil disorder, immigration, or race in news reports use vocabulary and grammar that socially construct reality in particular ways rather than objectively reflecting it.
Relationship between Mesopotamia and Egyptfreealan
Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia both had polytheistic religions that influenced their social and political structures. In both societies, religion justified the king/pharaoh's absolute rule and priests played an important role. They also shared beliefs in an afterlife and built pyramid-shaped structures like ziggurats and pyramids. However, Mesopotamia was composed of independent city-states while Egypt was a unified kingdom ruled by a single divine pharaoh. Social hierarchies in both placed elites like nobles, priests and craftspeople above farmers and slaves.
The Sumer civilization thrived in ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. It was the first civilization to develop systems of writing, government, religion, economic classes, advanced architecture like ziggurats, science, arts, and literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians invented innovations like the wheel, plow, calendar, bronze metallurgy, silver currency, and the first written legal code. However, rivalry among Sumerian city-states led to decline, and the Akkadian Empire later conquered and unified the region under rulers like Sargon I.
The document discusses the impact of colonialism on African development. It notes that while colonialism brought some benefits like technology and institutions, it also disrupted existing institutions and political systems. While living standards increased under colonial rule from very low bases, growth was modest. After independence, many of the benefits proved ephemeral while the negatives endured, leaving Africa poorer than it may have been without colonialism. Colonialism's impacts are still debated by historians and economists today.
Language and Knowledge: Against Modularity as a Viable Theory of Language an...Dominik Lukes
The document discusses criticisms of the generative approach to linguistics, arguing that it provides an overly restrictive view of language that does not account for many linguistic phenomena. It argues for alternative cognitive and construction grammar approaches that view language as framed within human conceptual systems and experience rather than as an autonomous computational module.
This document discusses how the textual component of discourse aids in creating the flow of information through a text. Specifically, it examines thematization and topic at the clause, clause complex, and paragraph levels to understand how meaning unfolds linearly in a discourse. As an example, it analyzes the thematic structure of 1 John 2:28-3:17 to demonstrate how this approach can be used in biblical exegesis. The key points are that discourse has a linear structure which constraints how meaning is conveyed, and that examining thematic elements at different ranks allows one to determine the topic of a discourse.
The document discusses the concept of language constantly changing over time through the influence of communities on one another. While writing aims to record speech, language is primarily spoken and individual speech within a community varies. However, members of a community also influence one another, resulting in general similarities in speech over time. The discovery of Sanskrit in the late 18th century showed it preserved older features than languages like Greek, Latin, and German. This contributed to recognizing relationships between languages allied to Sanskrit, like their shared words for concepts like father and brother. Grimm's law from 1822 systematically accounted for correspondences in consonants between early Germanic languages and others like Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. The Indo-European language family
African colonialism & scramble for africa ppabonica
The document discusses the motivations and justifications for European colonialism in Africa between the 1600s-1900s. Key reasons for colonial expansion included the need for natural resources to fuel Europe's industrialization, a sense of European superiority, the rise of nationalism, and missionary impulses to "civilize" Africa. At the 1884-85 Berlin Conference, European powers arbitrarily divided Africa among themselves without African input, sparking the "Scramble for Africa." This resulted in the exploitation of Africans and long-term problems by disregarding ethnic/cultural groups in boundaries.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE PRESENTATIONFarhan Rozain
The document discusses the contributions of the Ottoman Empire to the Muslim world over its 600 year rule. It established Istanbul as the administrative center of the Islamic world and introduced important religious and educational institutions. The Ottomans developed trade relations across the Mediterranean, Middle East, India, and Red Sea, making Istanbul a major trade hub. Overall, the Ottoman Empire had an immense positive impact on Muslim society, knowledge, and economy during this long period of rule.
Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in Canaan which covered most of the western, coastal part of the fertile Crescent. Several major Phoenician cities were built on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BCE to 300 BCE.
The document provides an overview of the basic elements of Islamic civilization, including moral traditions, learning and education, economic resources, science and arts, and political systems. It discusses how Islam formed a unique bridge between Eastern and Western civilizations, improving social conditions and the position of women. Key scientific advances in fields like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and optics are highlighted. The conclusion emphasizes that Muslims salvaged ancient sciences, developed them for centuries, and made practical applications that helped widespread prosperity.
Neurolinguistics
Shari R. Baum and Sheila E. Blumstein:
Elisabeth Ahlsén:
Brain
Right brain – left brain
Lobes of the brain
Parts of Brain
Language and Brain
Broca’s area
Wernicke's area
The document summarizes paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in linguistics. It discusses how paradigmatic relations describe substitutional relationships between linguistic units, while syntagmatic relations refer to the sequential order of units. The document also provides examples of these relations at different linguistic levels and notes that syntagmatic relations are generally stronger. It then discusses semantic fields and how words with related meanings form clusters.
Over 8,000 years ago in ancient Egypt, before the pyramids and pharaohs, people argued over rights to use water from the Nile River. Over time, a single leader emerged to monitor the distribution of water, a role which became more important and evolved into the position of pharaoh. Pharaohs ruled as divine kings and heads of state, overseeing religious rituals, military forces, construction projects, and ensuring adequate food supplies and law and order.
This document discusses language variation and the different types of language varieties. It defines varieties as forms of language that differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between regions, social classes, or functions. The key varieties discussed are standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, and lingua francas. Standard language is used widely for official purposes, while dialects vary regionally or among social groups. Registers differ based on social or occupational context. Pidgins emerge for communication between groups with no shared language, and creoles develop when pidgins are passed to children as a native language.
The document provides an overview of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum located in what is now Eritrea and Ethiopia. It flourished between 100-940 AD and grew to become a major trading empire, facilitating trade between Rome/Byzantium and India. Aksum adopted Christianity in the 4th century and left behind significant architectural remains including large obelisks and tombs. It minted its own currency and had foreign relations across the Red Sea region and beyond. The document also discusses Aksumite society, culture, and the legend of the Queen of Sheba's visit to King Solomon which Ethiopians believe founded their Solomonic dynasty.
Scramble for Africa & Berlin Conference aheathcock
The document discusses European imperialism in Africa from 1884-1914. Some key points:
1. European powers met in Berlin, Germany in 1884-1885 to divide up Africa among themselves, without any African representatives present. They agreed territories could be claimed if a power established effective occupation and economic development.
2. This led to the colonization of almost all of Africa and the elimination of independent African states, with the exception of Ethiopia. Colonial powers controlled politics and economies and exploited resources and labor.
3. The Berlin Conference had long lasting negative impacts on Africa, including arbitrary borders splitting ethnic groups, loss of self-governance, and economic dependency on Europe that continues to this day.
The Ancient Persian Empire, also known as the Achaemenid Empire, stretched from the Indus River Valley to Anatolia at its height. It was founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great and expanded under subsequent rulers like Darius I. The empire dominated its region through military strength and established an extensive trade network along the Royal Road. Zoroastrianism became the dominant religion during this time. The empire began to decline in the 5th century BCE following its defeat by Alexander the Great and the Macedonians.
The document summarizes key facts about the human brain and how language is processed. It discusses that the brain is divided into left and right hemispheres, with the left hemisphere controlling the right side of the body and being responsible for logical tasks like language, and the right hemisphere controlling the left side of the body and performing creative tasks. It also describes the four major lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - and their functions. Finally, it focuses on the two main language areas, Broca's area in the left frontal lobe which is involved in speech production, and Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe which is involved in speech comprehension.
The preeceding disscusion of language contact shows that multilingualism involves not only a division of labor but also a great deal of give and take between languages.
The Ottoman Empire originated from Turkish tribes migrating to Asia Minor between 1000-1200 AD. They converted to Islam and eventually replaced Arabic-speakers as rulers of Islamic kingdoms. By the 1200s, the Ottomans had risen to power in Asia Minor as local lords competed for control in the region between the declining Byzantine and Seljuk Empires. The Ottomans expanded their empire through military conquest, capturing Constantinople in 1453 and much of the Balkans. In its peak under Suleyman the Magnificent from 1520-1566, the Ottoman Empire spanned Europe, Asia Minor, and parts of Arabia.
English has become an international language due to British colonization between the 17th-19th centuries, spreading the language around the world. It is now spoken as a first or second language in many countries globally. English is used widely in business, science, technology and other domains. Some key writers like Shakespeare and Mark Twain helped popularize English through their influential literary works. However, British colonization had both positive impacts like spreading education and civilization, as well as negative impacts such as destroying native cultures and causing population declines among indigenous groups.
Colonialism began in Zimbabwe when Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company sought to exploit the country's reported mineral wealth in the late 1800s. King Lobengula objected to the colonists' presence but was deceived into allowing them to stay. The colonists seized control of the country, violently oppressed the local people, and seized their land and livestock. This led to an uprising against colonial rule in the 1890s and Zimbabwe eventually became a British protectorate. Independence was achieved in 1980 after a long guerilla war, but land ownership remained a major unresolved issue that continues to impact Zimbabwe.
Language and Knowledge: Against Modularity as a Viable Theory of Language an...Dominik Lukes
The document discusses criticisms of the generative approach to linguistics, arguing that it provides an overly restrictive view of language that does not account for many linguistic phenomena. It argues for alternative cognitive and construction grammar approaches that view language as framed within human conceptual systems and experience rather than as an autonomous computational module.
This document discusses how the textual component of discourse aids in creating the flow of information through a text. Specifically, it examines thematization and topic at the clause, clause complex, and paragraph levels to understand how meaning unfolds linearly in a discourse. As an example, it analyzes the thematic structure of 1 John 2:28-3:17 to demonstrate how this approach can be used in biblical exegesis. The key points are that discourse has a linear structure which constraints how meaning is conveyed, and that examining thematic elements at different ranks allows one to determine the topic of a discourse.
The document discusses the concept of language constantly changing over time through the influence of communities on one another. While writing aims to record speech, language is primarily spoken and individual speech within a community varies. However, members of a community also influence one another, resulting in general similarities in speech over time. The discovery of Sanskrit in the late 18th century showed it preserved older features than languages like Greek, Latin, and German. This contributed to recognizing relationships between languages allied to Sanskrit, like their shared words for concepts like father and brother. Grimm's law from 1822 systematically accounted for correspondences in consonants between early Germanic languages and others like Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. The Indo-European language family
African colonialism & scramble for africa ppabonica
The document discusses the motivations and justifications for European colonialism in Africa between the 1600s-1900s. Key reasons for colonial expansion included the need for natural resources to fuel Europe's industrialization, a sense of European superiority, the rise of nationalism, and missionary impulses to "civilize" Africa. At the 1884-85 Berlin Conference, European powers arbitrarily divided Africa among themselves without African input, sparking the "Scramble for Africa." This resulted in the exploitation of Africans and long-term problems by disregarding ethnic/cultural groups in boundaries.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE PRESENTATIONFarhan Rozain
The document discusses the contributions of the Ottoman Empire to the Muslim world over its 600 year rule. It established Istanbul as the administrative center of the Islamic world and introduced important religious and educational institutions. The Ottomans developed trade relations across the Mediterranean, Middle East, India, and Red Sea, making Istanbul a major trade hub. Overall, the Ottoman Empire had an immense positive impact on Muslim society, knowledge, and economy during this long period of rule.
Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in Canaan which covered most of the western, coastal part of the fertile Crescent. Several major Phoenician cities were built on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BCE to 300 BCE.
The document provides an overview of the basic elements of Islamic civilization, including moral traditions, learning and education, economic resources, science and arts, and political systems. It discusses how Islam formed a unique bridge between Eastern and Western civilizations, improving social conditions and the position of women. Key scientific advances in fields like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and optics are highlighted. The conclusion emphasizes that Muslims salvaged ancient sciences, developed them for centuries, and made practical applications that helped widespread prosperity.
Neurolinguistics
Shari R. Baum and Sheila E. Blumstein:
Elisabeth Ahlsén:
Brain
Right brain – left brain
Lobes of the brain
Parts of Brain
Language and Brain
Broca’s area
Wernicke's area
The document summarizes paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in linguistics. It discusses how paradigmatic relations describe substitutional relationships between linguistic units, while syntagmatic relations refer to the sequential order of units. The document also provides examples of these relations at different linguistic levels and notes that syntagmatic relations are generally stronger. It then discusses semantic fields and how words with related meanings form clusters.
Over 8,000 years ago in ancient Egypt, before the pyramids and pharaohs, people argued over rights to use water from the Nile River. Over time, a single leader emerged to monitor the distribution of water, a role which became more important and evolved into the position of pharaoh. Pharaohs ruled as divine kings and heads of state, overseeing religious rituals, military forces, construction projects, and ensuring adequate food supplies and law and order.
This document discusses language variation and the different types of language varieties. It defines varieties as forms of language that differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between regions, social classes, or functions. The key varieties discussed are standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, and lingua francas. Standard language is used widely for official purposes, while dialects vary regionally or among social groups. Registers differ based on social or occupational context. Pidgins emerge for communication between groups with no shared language, and creoles develop when pidgins are passed to children as a native language.
The document provides an overview of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum located in what is now Eritrea and Ethiopia. It flourished between 100-940 AD and grew to become a major trading empire, facilitating trade between Rome/Byzantium and India. Aksum adopted Christianity in the 4th century and left behind significant architectural remains including large obelisks and tombs. It minted its own currency and had foreign relations across the Red Sea region and beyond. The document also discusses Aksumite society, culture, and the legend of the Queen of Sheba's visit to King Solomon which Ethiopians believe founded their Solomonic dynasty.
Scramble for Africa & Berlin Conference aheathcock
The document discusses European imperialism in Africa from 1884-1914. Some key points:
1. European powers met in Berlin, Germany in 1884-1885 to divide up Africa among themselves, without any African representatives present. They agreed territories could be claimed if a power established effective occupation and economic development.
2. This led to the colonization of almost all of Africa and the elimination of independent African states, with the exception of Ethiopia. Colonial powers controlled politics and economies and exploited resources and labor.
3. The Berlin Conference had long lasting negative impacts on Africa, including arbitrary borders splitting ethnic groups, loss of self-governance, and economic dependency on Europe that continues to this day.
The Ancient Persian Empire, also known as the Achaemenid Empire, stretched from the Indus River Valley to Anatolia at its height. It was founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great and expanded under subsequent rulers like Darius I. The empire dominated its region through military strength and established an extensive trade network along the Royal Road. Zoroastrianism became the dominant religion during this time. The empire began to decline in the 5th century BCE following its defeat by Alexander the Great and the Macedonians.
The document summarizes key facts about the human brain and how language is processed. It discusses that the brain is divided into left and right hemispheres, with the left hemisphere controlling the right side of the body and being responsible for logical tasks like language, and the right hemisphere controlling the left side of the body and performing creative tasks. It also describes the four major lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - and their functions. Finally, it focuses on the two main language areas, Broca's area in the left frontal lobe which is involved in speech production, and Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe which is involved in speech comprehension.
The preeceding disscusion of language contact shows that multilingualism involves not only a division of labor but also a great deal of give and take between languages.
The Ottoman Empire originated from Turkish tribes migrating to Asia Minor between 1000-1200 AD. They converted to Islam and eventually replaced Arabic-speakers as rulers of Islamic kingdoms. By the 1200s, the Ottomans had risen to power in Asia Minor as local lords competed for control in the region between the declining Byzantine and Seljuk Empires. The Ottomans expanded their empire through military conquest, capturing Constantinople in 1453 and much of the Balkans. In its peak under Suleyman the Magnificent from 1520-1566, the Ottoman Empire spanned Europe, Asia Minor, and parts of Arabia.
English has become an international language due to British colonization between the 17th-19th centuries, spreading the language around the world. It is now spoken as a first or second language in many countries globally. English is used widely in business, science, technology and other domains. Some key writers like Shakespeare and Mark Twain helped popularize English through their influential literary works. However, British colonization had both positive impacts like spreading education and civilization, as well as negative impacts such as destroying native cultures and causing population declines among indigenous groups.
Colonialism began in Zimbabwe when Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company sought to exploit the country's reported mineral wealth in the late 1800s. King Lobengula objected to the colonists' presence but was deceived into allowing them to stay. The colonists seized control of the country, violently oppressed the local people, and seized their land and livestock. This led to an uprising against colonial rule in the 1890s and Zimbabwe eventually became a British protectorate. Independence was achieved in 1980 after a long guerilla war, but land ownership remained a major unresolved issue that continues to impact Zimbabwe.
Решения для бизнеса: криптографические продукты и онлайн сервисыЦифровые технологии
Презентация Чеснокова Сергея Евгеньевича, руководителя проектов ООО «Цифровые технологии». IV Всероссийская конференция по информационной безопасности в сфере электронной торговли «Электронная Россия: торги, документооборот, электронная подпись» Марий Эл, г. Йошкар-Ола, 01-02 ноября 2012 г.
Разработка приложений - это процесс создания программного обеспечения, которое предназначено для работы на различных платформах, таких как мобильные устройства (мобильные приложения) или веб-браузеры (веб-приложения). Разработка приложений включает в себя работу разработчиков, которые занимаются программированием и созданием пользовательского интерфейса (UI) и пользовательского опыта (UX).
При разработке мобильных приложений необходимо учитывать особенности платформ, таких как iOS, Android или Windows Phone, и использовать соответствующие инструменты и языки программирования, например, Java, Swift, Kotlin или React Native. Веб-приложения, с другой стороны, разрабатываются с использованием веб-технологий, включая HTML, CSS и JavaScript, а также фреймворков и библиотек, таких как Angular, React или Node.js.
Разработка приложений также включает этапы прототипирования, тестирования, агилной разработки и интеграции с другими системами и сервисами. Кроме того, важными аспектами являются безопасность приложений, облачные услуги для хранения данных, маркетинг и монетизация приложений, а также поддержка и обновления после выпуска.
Все эти аспекты вместе образуют разработку приложений и позволяют создавать инновационные и удобные программные решения для пользователей.
4. Открытое (свободное) программное обеспечение это программное
обеспечение с открытым исходным кодом, пользователи которого имеют
права (свободы) на его неограниченную установку, запуск, свободное
использование, изучение, распространение и изменение, а также
распространение копий и результатов изменения.
5. Программа свободна, если у ее пользователей есть четыре свободы:
Свобода 0 Использовать программу как вам угодно в любых целях
Свобода 1 Изучать работу программы и модифицировать программу
Свобода 2 Распространять копии, чтобы помочь своему ближнему
Свобода 3 Передавать копии своих измененных версий другим. Этим вы
можете дать всему сообществу возможность получать выгоду от ваших
изменений
7. Изначально создание программного обеспечения для компьютеров было в первую очередь
академическим занятием. Исходный код программы был обязательно доступен всему научному
сообществу, поскольку любой научный результат должен быть верифицируем.
С середины 1970-х в большинстве американских университетов для академических разработок
использовались компьютеры архитектуры PDP-10, что позволяло сотрудникам разных
университетов использовать разработки друг друга на своих машинах.
К началу 1980-х PDP-10 устарели. Однако ни для одной из новых архитектур уже не было
программного обеспечения, разработанного исключительно в академической среде и по её
правилам. Университеты должны были покупать новые компьютеры с новым программным
обеспечением и выполнять условия лицензии, ограничивающей их права на разработку и
распространение ПО.
Ричард Столлман создаёт некоммерческую организацию «Фонд
свободного программного обеспечения». Своей основной целью Фонд
ставит сохранение программного обеспечения, процесс разработки
которого всегда будет гарантированно открытым, а исходные тексты всегда
доступны.
8. 1978 г. – создание службой охраны рыбных ресурсов и диких животных
США ГИС MOSS, которая сочетала в себе возможность работы как с
растровыми, так и с векторными данными.
1982 г. - появление GRASS, как закрытого проекта армии США.
1983 г. - библиотека PROJ4, предназначенная для манипуляций с
картографическими проекциями, и набор инструментов для работы с
различными ГИС форматами.
1995 г. - появление MapServer, как проекта американского аспиранта
Стива Лайма, в последствии был поддержаного NASA.
1998 г. – возникновение набора инструментов для работы с векторными
данными GDAL/OGR играющие ключевую роль в современных открытых
геоинформационных системах.
Начало XXI века - SAGA GIS (2001) , gvSIG (2003), QGIS (2002), ILWIS (в 2007
сменил лицензию на GNU GPL).
9. Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo, www.osgeo.org)
•Содействие разработке проектов открытых геопространственных технологий и баз
данных
•Выпуск журнала, создание и распространение учебных материалов
•Международные конференции (FOSS4G), посвященные открытому ПО ГИС.
•Ежегодная премия за наибольший вклад в развитие открытых ГИС.
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC, www.opengeospatial.org)
•Разработка стандартов взаимодействия и обмена данными между различными ГИС-
платформами.
•Членами OGC являются в том числе и разработчики коммерческих ГИС-платформ и баз
данных.
10. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
• Catalogue Service (CAT, CSW, CS-W, CS/W)
• City Geography Markup Language (CityGML)
• Geography Markup Language (GML)
• Keyhole Markup Language (KML)
• Location Services (OpenLS)
• Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD)
• Web Coverage Service (WCS)
• Web Feature Service (WFS, WFS-T, WFS-G, WFS-V)
• Web Map Service (WMS, WMS-T, WMS-C)
• Web Processing Service (WPS)
12. Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS)
•Модульная система, более чем 300 модулей для работы с растровыми и
векторными данными
• Отсутствие удобного
пользовательского
графического
интерфейса.
• До версии 6.3 не
работал на Windows.
13. •Работа с растровыми, векторными данными и
геобазами данных.
•Функции по работе с растровыми данными
построены на основе алгоритмов проекта SAGA.
•Существует русскоязычная пользовательская
документация.
•Нет документации для разработчиков.
•Зависимость от более чем 100 C++ и Java
библиотек.
Generalitat Valenciana, Sistema d'Informació
Geogràfica (gvSIG)
14. •В основном работа с растровыми
данными
•Модульная система, более 310
модулей
•Качественная документация
разработчика
•Отличная пользовательская
документация
System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA)
15. • Изначально разрабатывалась как простой
графический интерфейс для GRASS.
• Работает на Windows, Mac OS X, Linux.
• Поддерживает векторные и растровые
данные, а также геобазы данных и данные,
предоставляемые различными
картографическими веб-серверами.
• Функциональность увеличивается за счет
модулей расширения на C++,Python.
• Развитое и активное сообщество.
• Качественная документация и большое
количество обучающих материалов на
разных языках.
QGIS (Quantum GIS)
23. Мифы об открытом програмном обеспечении
ПО с открытым исходным кодом содержит много ошибок
•Компания Coverity в 2013 году опубликовала отчёт с результатами изучения 450
млн строк кода, охватывающих 118 наиболее активно разрабатываемых открытых
проектов и 256 проприетарных продуктов.
•В среднем уровень дефектов в открытом и закрытом коде оказался примерно на
одном уровне - 0.69 против 0.68 ошибок на 1000 строк кода
ПО с открытым исходным кодом это бесплатно
Нужно учитывать весь цикл. Установка, освоение, обслуживание. Множество
проектов предоставляющих платные услуги на основе свободного ПО.
Нет технической поддержки
ПО активно поддерживаются сообществом разработчиков, также существуют
компании, которые на коммерческой основе могут обеспечить поддержку.
24. Мифы об открытом програмном обеспечении
ПО с открытым исходным это не серьезно
Google, IBM, Oracle, Sun, HP….
Нет обучающих материалов
25. Цена
Цена лицензии, как правило отсутствует. Однако следует учитывать сопутствующие траты. Например,
внедрение открытой ГИС QGIS в правительстве кантона Солотурн (Швейцария). Экономия на лицензиях
составила около 150-200 тыс. долларов. Потрачено на доработку около 30 000 тыс.
Большая свобода от разработчика
В условии открытости, пользователю открытых ГИС гарантирована возможность внесения необходимых ему
изменений самостоятельно.
Инновации
Быстрый темп разработки, привлечение разработчиков со всего мира и высокая модульность стимулируют
инновационный характер открытого ПО. Быстрый рост функциональности может влиять на надежность и
удобство пользования приложением, но это может быть скомпенсировано дополнительным тестированием
широким сообществом пользователей.
Сообщество
Опыт обширного и, как правило, дружелюбного сообщества открыт для изучения. Огромная база
расширений. Зачастую возможность прямого общения с разработчиками.
Преимущества открытых ГИС
26. Открытые данные - это информация, которую кто угодно может свободно
использовать и распространять. Допустимы лишь требования указывать источник
данных и распространять их на тех же условиях, что и исходные.
•Доступность и читаемость: данные должны быть доступны целиком не дороже
разумной стоимости их воспроизведения; желательно через интернет. Формат
данных должен быть удобным для чтения и изменения.
•Повторное использование и распространение: данные должны предоставляться на
условиях, которые разрешают их повторное использование и распространение, в том
числе - в комбинации с другими наборами данных.
•Всеобщее участие: каждый должен иметь возможность использовать и
распространять данные. Не должно быть дискриминации областей применения,
людей или групп. Например, ограничение «только для некоммерческого
использования», которое запрещает «коммерческое» применение, или ограничение
возможных областей применения (к примеру, только в образовании), недопустимы.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. Leaflet - открытая Java библиотека для создания
интерактивных веб карт, разработанная Владимиром
Агафонкиным
Фото — Ольга Закревская
35. Спасибо за внимание!
Роман Сизо
sizo.roman@gmail.com
https://ua.linkedin.com/in/romansizo
https://www.facebook.com/sizo.roman
ФБ группа “Природоохоронні ГІС“
https://www.facebook.com/groups/EnviroGIS/