Online Journal of Health Ethics
Volume 1 | Issue 1 Article 5
Universal Healthcare in America
Sandra Carr Hayes
University of Mississippi Medical Center
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Hayes, S. C. (2004). Universal Healthcare in America. Online Journal of Health Ethics, 1(1).
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Universal Healthcare
1
Universal Healthcare in America
Sandra Carr Hayes
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Keywords:
Health care; Universal Healthcare; Healthcare Access; National Health; Health Costs
Abstract
Lack of health care insurance, once thought to be a problem of the poor, and has
now begun to affect a new population- the middle class. The major factors
contributing to this are increased deductibles and co-payments, cost shifting and
the introduction of managed care networks. The idea of a universal health plan has
been introduced several times over the last few decades. With the introduction of
Medicare and Medicaid came the promise of a more inclusive health care plan for
all Americans. However, Medicare and Medicaid remain largely unchanged from
what they were when they were first introduced in 1965. The U. S. was built on the
foundation of ‘unalienable rights’. Why then is the number of uninsured and
uninsured rising and projected to continue rising? This article seeks to explore
these questions.
Universal Healthcare
2
Universal Healthcare in America
Introduction
One in six Americans doesn’t have health insurance. Studies have shown that health
insurance and poverty are the strongest determinants of access to health services
(Guendelman, et. al, 1986). The uninsured are less likely to obtain medical attention
when they have a perceived "need for care". This is best illustrated in the case of
George and Tina. George and Tina were siblings who had been diagnosed with
diabetes in childhood. However, their disease went un.
Overview - Health Care IssuesHealth Care IssuesOpposing .docxgerardkortney
Overview - Health Care Issues
Health Care Issues
Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, 2015
In recent years, the availability and affordability of health insurance in the United States has become
the subject of much debate. The United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights lists medical
care among the basic human rights to which all people are entitled. In 2011, however, about 17
percent of Americans had no health insurance at all. For many people who are insured, the cost of
coverage is a financial hardship. This situation has led some people to call for the government to
provide health insurance for all citizens. Others, however, are skeptical of government’s ability to
efficiently manage health insurance and oppose any plans that involve government. The issue is made
more urgent by rapidly rising health care costs that threaten to overwhelm the country’s current
system of health insurance, and the national economy in general. Health care reform has become one
of the most important issues in contemporary American politics.
The Basics of Health Care
In most developed countries, health care systems involve government control or sponsorship. For
instance, in Great Britain, Scandinavia, and the countries of the former Soviet Union, the government
controls almost all aspects of health care, including access and delivery. For the most part, health
services in these countries are free to everyone; the systems are financed primarily by taxes. Other
countries, such as Germany and France, guarantee health insurance for almost all their citizens, but
the government plays a smaller role in managing health care. Both systems are financed at least in
part by taxes on wages.
The US government, by contrast, does not pay for most of its citizens’ health care. Generally,
Americans receive health care through employer-sponsored insurance, or they arrange to pay for
insurance on their own. Like all forms of insurance, health insurance operates by pooling the
resources of a group of people who face similar risks. This creates a common fund that members can
draw upon when needed. Each person in the group pays a certain amount, called a premium, every
month. These premiums are used to cover the medical expenses of group members who become sick
or injured.
Health Insurance in the United States
Today, most Americans receive health insurance through their place of work. Employers typically pay
for part of the premiums. Most employer-sponsored plans are administered through payroll
contributions. People who are self-employed and those whose employers do not provide health
insurance must purchase individual health insurance. Individual plans are generally more expensive
than group plans. Certain low-income individuals and families may be eligible for Medicaid, a form of
government-sponsored health insurance. In 1997, the US government introduced the Children’s
Health Insurance Program (CHIP) to assist the children of families who do not qualify f.
Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH
1
PUBLIC HEALTH
6
Public Health
Student’s name
University affiliation
Public Health
•
Briefly describe the public health problem and the policy that addresses the problem.
The public health problem of interest is limited accessibility of quality and affordable health care due to a rising cost of health care services. This is a major issue which has affected millions of Americans especially those who cannot afford to pay for their health care insurance or pay directly for health care services. The rising cost of health care services includes the rising prices of prescription charge, primary care, and specialized care which have limited the accessibility of quality health care. Some of the effects of rising health care cost include; i) rising insurance premiums, ii) limited access to specialized care such as breast cancer screening and maternal care for women, and iii) limited access to specialized care for different vulnerable groups such as persons who have chronic health conditions or those who are at a high risk of getting chronic illnesses.
To address this public health problem, the federal government introduced the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which famously known as Obama Care. This policy was signed by President Barack Obama in March 2010 with the goal of bringing key reforms in the health care sector to address the problem of health care cost, quality, and access. The primary objectives of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) were to; prevent the increase in the cost of prescription drugs and health care services, ensure that all citizens could have access to affordable health insurance coverage, promote patient protection, and deliver better services (Amadeo, 2019).
• Examine the nature and magnitude of the problem and the people who are affected.
Generally, the issue of increasing health care cost affected all Americans, especially those who could not afford health insurance coverage and the vulnerable population groups. Persons who could not afford health insurance could not access quality health care services since they were very expensive and they would not afford to cater for out-of-pocket payments. Vulnerable population groups included the aging population who are the most vulnerable group to be affected by chronic illnesses. The high cost of medication limited the ability of the affected group to access quality health care thus leading to a high mortality rate. The magnitude and nature of the high cost of health care can be analyzed as follows.
Rising insurance premiums
As of 2004, the cost of health care services had increased by 4 percent. Quality health care services and prescription drugs were getting expensive forcing the healthcare insurance providers to increase their premiums. Premiums were rapidly increasing between 2000 and 2010 at a rate of 8 percent for family premiums covered by employers (Amadeo, 2018). Due to this, hundreds of tho.
The document discusses Medicare spending in the United States. It reports that Medicare spending was reduced to 0.2% in 2013 compared to 1.8% between 2009-2012. This decrease may have resulted from the recession limiting spending, delivery system reforms to improve quality while reducing local costs, or a focus on patient-centered care. Statistical data from Medicare budget reports is cited to support the claims around reduced spending.
Health Care and Medicare Corporate Culture and the Three-Legged StoolLillian Rosenthal
This document discusses the history and current state of Medicare spending in the United States. It notes that while Medicare was originally intended to provide healthcare access for seniors, costs have risen significantly due to an aging population living longer and advancing medical technology. The document analyzes newly released data on payments made to individual physicians by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to determine if and how healthcare providers may respond to financial incentives.
PUH 5301, Public Health Concepts 1 Course Learning.docxShiraPrater50
PUH 5301, Public Health Concepts 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Assess current public health developments in the community.
2. Analyze key public health concepts and principles.
3. Discuss the different public health disciplines’ impact on population health.
4. Explain the role of government regarding public health practice and policy.
5. Evaluate the impact of social determinants of health on population health.
5.1 Identify ways to reduce medical costs in your community.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1 Unit VIII Reflection Paper
2 Unit VIII Reflection Paper
3 Unit VIII Reflection Paper
4
Unit Lesson
Chapter 26: Is the Medical Care System a Public Health Issue?
Unit VIII Reflection Paper
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 27: Why the U.S. Medical System Needs Reform
Unit VIII Reflection Paper
Reading Assignment
Chapter 26: Is the Medical Care System a Public Health Issue?
Chapter 27: Why the U.S. Medical System Needs Reform
Unit Lesson
Balancing Public Health and the Medical System
Medicine is a crucial part of public health in that individuals are taken care of as opposed to the community in
general. For example, public health officials could educate the community about immunizations and wellness
exams to avoid chronic diseases, but it is up to the individual to use that education and visit his or her
physician.
Medical care is expensive, and the costs have risen over time in the United States. More money is spent
every year on medical bills than public health preventive measures. There is always the debate of who is
superior in the health sector—medical care or public health measures (Schneider, 2017). The government, in
this situation, makes it a point of duty to set boundaries, discipline unethical behavior, and establish
standards. While public health is important, the government needs to safeguard individuals’ privacy as well as
religious and personal beliefs while healthcare providers are providing good care for their patients without
being biased or providing improper diagnoses.
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
The Healthcare System
PUH 5301, Public Health Concepts 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Certain types of medical care are necessary for the community’s overall health, including the prevention and
treatment of infectious diseases. Public health officials try to contain certain infectious diseases by providing
immunization programs and free medical treatments or testing for those without insurance.
Another way public health officials try to be responsible for medical care is through emergency services. In
the late 1960s, the federal government encouraged communities to provide emergency care through the
assistance of public health officials, particularly in the wake of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 where it was
necessary to get immediate care (Schneider, ...
Healthcare oligopoly is Affecting u.s. economy convertedRoyJMeidinger
The document provides an overview of rising healthcare costs and declining outcomes in the United States compared to other developed nations. It notes that while the US spends much more per capita on healthcare, it has lower life expectancy and rates of preventable deaths than peers. The high costs are driven by administrative waste, high prices, and lack of cost control. The document argues that healthcare costs are a major burden on the US economy and individuals, and that reforms are needed to reduce costs while improving access and outcomes for all Americans.
Overview - Health Care IssuesHealth Care IssuesOpposing .docxgerardkortney
Overview - Health Care Issues
Health Care Issues
Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, 2015
In recent years, the availability and affordability of health insurance in the United States has become
the subject of much debate. The United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights lists medical
care among the basic human rights to which all people are entitled. In 2011, however, about 17
percent of Americans had no health insurance at all. For many people who are insured, the cost of
coverage is a financial hardship. This situation has led some people to call for the government to
provide health insurance for all citizens. Others, however, are skeptical of government’s ability to
efficiently manage health insurance and oppose any plans that involve government. The issue is made
more urgent by rapidly rising health care costs that threaten to overwhelm the country’s current
system of health insurance, and the national economy in general. Health care reform has become one
of the most important issues in contemporary American politics.
The Basics of Health Care
In most developed countries, health care systems involve government control or sponsorship. For
instance, in Great Britain, Scandinavia, and the countries of the former Soviet Union, the government
controls almost all aspects of health care, including access and delivery. For the most part, health
services in these countries are free to everyone; the systems are financed primarily by taxes. Other
countries, such as Germany and France, guarantee health insurance for almost all their citizens, but
the government plays a smaller role in managing health care. Both systems are financed at least in
part by taxes on wages.
The US government, by contrast, does not pay for most of its citizens’ health care. Generally,
Americans receive health care through employer-sponsored insurance, or they arrange to pay for
insurance on their own. Like all forms of insurance, health insurance operates by pooling the
resources of a group of people who face similar risks. This creates a common fund that members can
draw upon when needed. Each person in the group pays a certain amount, called a premium, every
month. These premiums are used to cover the medical expenses of group members who become sick
or injured.
Health Insurance in the United States
Today, most Americans receive health insurance through their place of work. Employers typically pay
for part of the premiums. Most employer-sponsored plans are administered through payroll
contributions. People who are self-employed and those whose employers do not provide health
insurance must purchase individual health insurance. Individual plans are generally more expensive
than group plans. Certain low-income individuals and families may be eligible for Medicaid, a form of
government-sponsored health insurance. In 1997, the US government introduced the Children’s
Health Insurance Program (CHIP) to assist the children of families who do not qualify f.
Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH
1
PUBLIC HEALTH
6
Public Health
Student’s name
University affiliation
Public Health
•
Briefly describe the public health problem and the policy that addresses the problem.
The public health problem of interest is limited accessibility of quality and affordable health care due to a rising cost of health care services. This is a major issue which has affected millions of Americans especially those who cannot afford to pay for their health care insurance or pay directly for health care services. The rising cost of health care services includes the rising prices of prescription charge, primary care, and specialized care which have limited the accessibility of quality health care. Some of the effects of rising health care cost include; i) rising insurance premiums, ii) limited access to specialized care such as breast cancer screening and maternal care for women, and iii) limited access to specialized care for different vulnerable groups such as persons who have chronic health conditions or those who are at a high risk of getting chronic illnesses.
To address this public health problem, the federal government introduced the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which famously known as Obama Care. This policy was signed by President Barack Obama in March 2010 with the goal of bringing key reforms in the health care sector to address the problem of health care cost, quality, and access. The primary objectives of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) were to; prevent the increase in the cost of prescription drugs and health care services, ensure that all citizens could have access to affordable health insurance coverage, promote patient protection, and deliver better services (Amadeo, 2019).
• Examine the nature and magnitude of the problem and the people who are affected.
Generally, the issue of increasing health care cost affected all Americans, especially those who could not afford health insurance coverage and the vulnerable population groups. Persons who could not afford health insurance could not access quality health care services since they were very expensive and they would not afford to cater for out-of-pocket payments. Vulnerable population groups included the aging population who are the most vulnerable group to be affected by chronic illnesses. The high cost of medication limited the ability of the affected group to access quality health care thus leading to a high mortality rate. The magnitude and nature of the high cost of health care can be analyzed as follows.
Rising insurance premiums
As of 2004, the cost of health care services had increased by 4 percent. Quality health care services and prescription drugs were getting expensive forcing the healthcare insurance providers to increase their premiums. Premiums were rapidly increasing between 2000 and 2010 at a rate of 8 percent for family premiums covered by employers (Amadeo, 2018). Due to this, hundreds of tho.
The document discusses Medicare spending in the United States. It reports that Medicare spending was reduced to 0.2% in 2013 compared to 1.8% between 2009-2012. This decrease may have resulted from the recession limiting spending, delivery system reforms to improve quality while reducing local costs, or a focus on patient-centered care. Statistical data from Medicare budget reports is cited to support the claims around reduced spending.
Health Care and Medicare Corporate Culture and the Three-Legged StoolLillian Rosenthal
This document discusses the history and current state of Medicare spending in the United States. It notes that while Medicare was originally intended to provide healthcare access for seniors, costs have risen significantly due to an aging population living longer and advancing medical technology. The document analyzes newly released data on payments made to individual physicians by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to determine if and how healthcare providers may respond to financial incentives.
PUH 5301, Public Health Concepts 1 Course Learning.docxShiraPrater50
PUH 5301, Public Health Concepts 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Assess current public health developments in the community.
2. Analyze key public health concepts and principles.
3. Discuss the different public health disciplines’ impact on population health.
4. Explain the role of government regarding public health practice and policy.
5. Evaluate the impact of social determinants of health on population health.
5.1 Identify ways to reduce medical costs in your community.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1 Unit VIII Reflection Paper
2 Unit VIII Reflection Paper
3 Unit VIII Reflection Paper
4
Unit Lesson
Chapter 26: Is the Medical Care System a Public Health Issue?
Unit VIII Reflection Paper
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 27: Why the U.S. Medical System Needs Reform
Unit VIII Reflection Paper
Reading Assignment
Chapter 26: Is the Medical Care System a Public Health Issue?
Chapter 27: Why the U.S. Medical System Needs Reform
Unit Lesson
Balancing Public Health and the Medical System
Medicine is a crucial part of public health in that individuals are taken care of as opposed to the community in
general. For example, public health officials could educate the community about immunizations and wellness
exams to avoid chronic diseases, but it is up to the individual to use that education and visit his or her
physician.
Medical care is expensive, and the costs have risen over time in the United States. More money is spent
every year on medical bills than public health preventive measures. There is always the debate of who is
superior in the health sector—medical care or public health measures (Schneider, 2017). The government, in
this situation, makes it a point of duty to set boundaries, discipline unethical behavior, and establish
standards. While public health is important, the government needs to safeguard individuals’ privacy as well as
religious and personal beliefs while healthcare providers are providing good care for their patients without
being biased or providing improper diagnoses.
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
The Healthcare System
PUH 5301, Public Health Concepts 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Certain types of medical care are necessary for the community’s overall health, including the prevention and
treatment of infectious diseases. Public health officials try to contain certain infectious diseases by providing
immunization programs and free medical treatments or testing for those without insurance.
Another way public health officials try to be responsible for medical care is through emergency services. In
the late 1960s, the federal government encouraged communities to provide emergency care through the
assistance of public health officials, particularly in the wake of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 where it was
necessary to get immediate care (Schneider, ...
Healthcare oligopoly is Affecting u.s. economy convertedRoyJMeidinger
The document provides an overview of rising healthcare costs and declining outcomes in the United States compared to other developed nations. It notes that while the US spends much more per capita on healthcare, it has lower life expectancy and rates of preventable deaths than peers. The high costs are driven by administrative waste, high prices, and lack of cost control. The document argues that healthcare costs are a major burden on the US economy and individuals, and that reforms are needed to reduce costs while improving access and outcomes for all Americans.
CHAPTER 1History of the U.S. Healthcare SystemLEARNING OBJECTI.docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 1
History of the U.S. Healthcare System
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
■ Describe five milestones of medicine and medical education and their importance to health care.
■ Discuss five milestones of the hospital system and their importance to health care.
■ Identify five milestones of public health and their importance to health care.
■ Describe five milestones of health insurance and their importance to health care.
■ Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
■ Explain the concept of the iron triangle as it applies to health care.
DID YOU KNOW THAT?
■ When the practice of medicine first began, tradesmen such as barbers practiced medicine. They often used the same razor to cut hair as to perform surgery.
■ In 2014, the United States spent 17.5% of the gross domestic product on healthcare spending, which is the highest in the world.
■ As a result of the Affordable Care Act, the number of uninsured is projected to decline to 23 million by 2023.
■ The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services predicts national health expenditures will account for over 19% of the U.S. gross domestic product.
■ The United States is the only major country that does not have universal healthcare coverage.
■ In 2002, the Joint Commission issued hospital standards requiring them to inform their patients if their results were not consistent with typical care results.
▶ Introduction
It is important as a healthcare consumer to understand the history of the U.S. healthcare delivery system, how it operates today, who participates in the system, what legal and ethical issues arise as a result of the system, and what problems continue to plague the healthcare system. We are all consumers of health care. Yet, in many instances, we are ignorant of what we are actually purchasing. If we were going to spend $1,000 on an appliance or a flat-screen television, many of us would research the product to determine if what we are purchasing is the best product for us. This same concept should be applied to purchasing healthcare services.
Increasing healthcare consumer awareness will protect you in both the personal and professional aspects of your life. You may decide to pursue a career in health care either as a provider or as an administrator. You may also decide to manage a business where you will have the responsibility of providing health care to your employees. And last, from a personal standpoint, you should have the knowledge from a consumer point of view so you can make informed decisions about what matters most—your health. The federal government agrees with this philosophy.
As the U.S. population’s life expectancy continues to lengthen—increasing the “graying” of the population—the United States will be confronted with more chronic health issues because, as we age, more chronic health conditions develop. The U.S. healthcare system is one of the most expensive systems in the world. According to 2014 statistics, the ...
Running Head THE NEED FOR APPROACHES TO IMPROVE CAUSE ADMINISTRA.docxaryan532920
Running Head: THE NEED FOR APPROACHES TO IMPROVE CAUSE ADMINISTRATION AND REPAYMENT IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
1
THE NEED FOR APPROACHES TO IMPROVE CAUSE ADMINISTRATION AND REPAYMENT IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
10
Title: The Need for Approaches to Improve Case Administration and Repayment in the Healthcare System
Abstract
The medical care system of the United States of America for the past years has been considered to be the most expensive in the world. The government of the United States has to spend huge amounts of money for medical care in relation to the gross domestic product and these sums are systematically increasing. Now many scholars came to the conclusion that it is the government programs, which held the responsibility for the growth of uncontrolled spending on medical care, with which such growth is a threat to the financial stability of the United States. The issue is worth-discussing, thus, the given work is devoted to the overview of the structure and the main issues of the US healthcare system to find the effective solution.
Unlike other developed countries the medical care system in the United States of America demands more and more funds while its quality remains the same. 1/3 of the US citizens are still uninsured and there is no future hope for improving the situation. People suffer from rapidly growing prices of medical services and slow growth of salaries inclement. Furthermore, the department of insurance loses its integrity and honesty; since they use such an opportunity to fraud money as well as not paying the workers. The risk of becoming bankrupt is very high in medical care system because of unplanned budget. The insurance programs, financed by the state, are also becoming more expensive, and the government is forced to pay more and more money, which later brings about increase in state financial expenditure that immensely contribute to the poor economy. Employees do not have the free will to change their job due to the high cost of insurance and the monopolization (Stone, et al., 2008,p.2-57). This paper will provide evidences by giving the most effective solution to control this problem and also encouraging people make decisive market decisions by finding new approaches.
There are many ways of handling this subject issue of “The Need for Approaches to Improve Case Administration and Repayment in the Healthcare System,” but this research paper primarily will focus on the five articles that represent scholarly articles concerning the subject issue on this topic. The five scholarly articles are: Nolin, (2015) in his study about “Jail overcrowding a perennial issue for many counties; (Stone, P., Hughes, R., & Dailey, M. 2008)about “Creating a safe and high-quality health care environment: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2014). New HHS Data Shows Major Strides Made in Patient Safety, Leading to Improved Care and Savings; Unit ...
This document discusses universal health care in the United States and its potential effects on society. It first defines universal health care as a system that provides health insurance to all citizens. It then compares the systems in other countries like Canada, Great Britain, and Germany. In the US, over 45 million people are uninsured despite health care being declared a basic right. The document outlines several potential effects of universal health care on employment, government spending, households, and the economy. Both pros and cons are discussed. In conclusion, it states that most cannot afford treatment without insurance and increasing costs may raise the uninsured population.
According to this idea that gender is socially constructed, answer.docxronak56
According to this idea that gender is socially constructed, answer the following questions:
1. What does it mean to be a man in the U.S.? What does it mean to be a woman?
2. From what institutions do we learn these gender roles?
3. How do these clips demonstrate the ways in which gender is socially constructed in the U.S.? Do the concepts discussed in the clips resonate with you? Why or why not?
In Persepolis, the main character Marji struggles to define her identity as an Iranian woman in a changing society.
· What roles are depicted for women in Iranian society in the film? How do they change over time?
· How does Persepolis demonstrate the ways in which gender and identity are influenced in many ways, by different processes across cultures? How are gender roles in Iran similar, or different to gender in the U.S.?
· What are some of the stereotypes that exist about Muslim women and how does Abu-Lughod in “Do Muslim Women Need Saving” and Persepolis complicate these stereotypes?
Answer the following questions 2 full pages
Running head: MAJOR HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. 1
Major Health Care Problems in the U.S.
Jane Doe
ID: 1212121
MAJOR HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. 2
Major Health Care Problems in the US
Problem statement: High and continuously rising cost of health care has been and still is one of
the biggest challenges affecting the Health Care system in United States.
Methods of Examining the Problem
Both qualitative and quantitative research methods should be used to fully understand the
issue of high cost of care in the US. Quantitative methods like surveys and experimentations will
aid in estimating the prevalence, magnitude and frequency of the problem in different regions.
On the other hand, qualitative methods like case studies and observation will help describe the
extent and complexity of the issue. The two approaches need to work in complementation to
obtain a clear understanding of this menace.
Surveys, as a quantitative research method, is one of the most effective in the social
research and present a more viable method of examining the cost of health in the country. They
involve asking of questions in the form of questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires are
written questions to which the response can be open ended or multiple-choice format. This
would be used to gain information about cost within determinants that are of
disagree/neutral/agree nature. An example is if patients are contented with the cost of services
they get or they deem the cost of cover worthy. Interviews, the researcher discussing issues with
the respondents, are to be used to gain more details on already known aspects of the system. This
may include gathering information to inform policies, administration and use of technology to
minimize the cost of care.
Since health cost in the US is not a new challenge and there have been studies about it,
qualitative methods like .
Medical costs are once again rising rapidly, forcing health care .pdfAroraRajinder1
Medical costs are once again rising rapidly, forcing health care back into political prominence.
This issue direct affects you as a student, family member, employer, and/or employee. The
problem of medical costs is so pervasive that it underlies three quite different policy crises. First
is the increasingly rapid unraveling of employer-based health insurance. Second is the plight of
Medicaid. Third is the long-term problem of the federal government’s solvency which is largely
a problem of health care costs.
Write an eight page paper addressing each of these issues. Be sure to choose a position (of
which there are many) and substantiate that position with facts and economic data. Some of the
issues which need to be answered are:
Is health care spending a problem?
Is employer-based insurance unraveling?
Medicare and Medicaid
The inefficiencies of the health care.
Single-payer and beyond.
How much health care should we have?
Can we fix health care?
Solution
1. Is health care spending a problem?
In 1960 the United States spent only 5.2 percent of GDP on health care. By 2004 that number
had risen to 16 percent. At this point America spends more on health care than it does on food.
But what’s wrong with that?
The starting point for any discussion of rising health care costs has to be the realization that these
rising costs are, in an important sense, a sign of progress. Here’s how the Congressional Budget
Office puts it, in the latest edition of its annual publication The Long-Term Budget Outlook:
Growth in health care spending has outstripped economic growth regardless of the source of its
funding. The major factor associated with that growth has been the development and increasing
use of new medical technology. In the health care field, unlike in many sectors of the economy,
technological advances have generally raised costs rather than lowered them.
Notice the three points in that quote. First, health care spending is rising rapidly “regardless of
the source of its funding.” Translation: although much health care is paid for by the government,
this isn’t a simple case of runaway government spending, because private spending is rising at a
comparably fast clip. “Comparing common benefits,” says the Kaiser Family Foundation,
changes in Medicare spending in the last three decades has largely tracked the growth rate in
private health insurance premiums. Typically, Medicare increases have been lower than those of
private health insurance.
Second, “new medical technology” is the major factor in rising spending: we spend more on
medicine because there’s more that medicine can do. Third, in medical care, technological
advances have generally raised costs rather than lowered them although new technology surely
produces cost savings in medicine, as elsewhere, the additional spending that takes place as a
result of the expansion of medical possibilities outweighs those savings.
So far, this sounds like a happy story. We’ve found new ways to help people, an.
Assessing U.S. and International Experience with Health Reform and Implications for the Future by W. David Helms, Ph.D, President and CEO, Academy Health
MMS State of the State Conference: Susan Dentzer - Rationalizing Health Spend...Frank Fortin
The document discusses challenges facing Massachusetts and the US in controlling rising healthcare costs. It notes that current spending growth rates threaten Massachusetts' reforms and the nation's fiscal health. Several key drivers of higher spending are identified, including new medical technologies, chronic diseases like obesity, and low productivity growth in the healthcare sector. Solutions proposed include reducing unnecessary variations in supply-sensitive care, payment reforms like bundled payments that incentivize quality over quantity, and policies to improve prevention and management of chronic conditions.
The document summarizes issues with the current US healthcare system including high costs, large number of uninsured, restricted access to care, and high administrative costs. It presents single-payer healthcare as an alternative that could provide universal comprehensive coverage for all Americans through tax funding, reduce costs, improve access and choice, while maintaining physician autonomy and quality of care. Medical students would have lower debt under such a system.
While the health care reform bill is a step in the right direction, medicare for all or single payer is what is really needed to control costs and insure all.
Based on your course reading assignments and your pending research p.docxcherishwinsland
Based on your course reading assignments and your pending research problem, what type of study do you believe you are conducting, and please explain why?
Extra materials:
Descriptive
research
is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way. More simply put, descriptive analysis is all about describing people who take part in the survey.
There are three ways a researcher can go about doing a descriptive research project, and they are:
Observational, defined as a method of viewing and recording the participants
Case study, defined as an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals
Survey, defined as a brief interview or discussion with an individual about a specific topic
Mixed
methods
research
(Extracted from the article below) is the use of quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study or series of studies. It is a new methodology that is increasingly used by health researchers, especially within health services research. There is a growing literature on the theory, design, and critical appraisal of mixed methods research. However, few papers summarize this methodological approach for health practitioners who wish to conduct or critically engage with mixed methods studies.
Article: Using Mixed Methods in Health Research
Meta-Analysis
Meta
-
analysis
is a statistical technique for combining data from multiple studies on a particular topic. A Meta-analysis is an analytical tool for estimating the mean and variance of underlying population effects from a collection of empirical studies addressing ostensibly the same research question. Meta‐analysis has become an increasingly popular and valuable tool in psychological research, and significant review articles typically employ these methods.
Article: Meta-Analysis in Medical Research
Epidemiology
According to the Centers for Disease Control,
Epidemiology
is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations. In epidemiology, the patient is the community and individuals are viewed collectively. By definition, epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global).
Article: Epidemiology is a Science of High Importance
Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Study, an epidemiologic study that follows a population forward over time, evaluating the effects of one or more variables on a process. If individuals are followed, it is termed a longitudinal cohort study. If classes—e.g., age classes—are studied, it is a longitudinal cross-sectional study. Longitudinal studies are the converse (opposite) of horizontal (parallel) studies.
Article Longitudinal Studies
.
Based on yesterday Assignment (Green Machine)1. Provide a Com.docxcherishwinsland
The document provides instructions for an assignment to analyze competitors in the green machine industry. Students are asked to assess the overall industry strategy, describe each major competitor's current marketing positioning and strategy, and identify the main sources of competitive advantage for each key rival firm.
Based on what youve learned from the material on incidental teachin.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you've learned from the material on incidental teaching, in a two page (minimum) double spaced paper, describe in detail how you would implement an incidentaI teaching model in a preschool classroom with 10 children. Include: methods of target behavior identification, methods of reinforcement, and expected outcomes as a result of IT implementation.
.
Based on what you have learned related to cybercrime and technol.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you have learned related to cybercrime and technology, write 2 pages outlining your opinion of what might happen in the future with the emergence of artificial intelligence and/or autonomous vehicles (any kind) and other emerging technologies.
What kind of crimes do you think might be possible?
How might our legal system have to change in order to keep up?
Do we need stricter laws or better technology? or both?
.
Based on what you have learned in this class, write a letter to a fu.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you have learned in this class, write a letter to a future employer that explains how religion, language, philosophy, material culture, non-material culture, and/or interaction with the environment have shaped the origins and evolution of world civilizations. Please provide at least two concrete examples.
pick on and write about it. 3 pages
.
Based on what you have learned about using unified communication.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you have learned about using unified communication platforms in a collaborative environment,
create
a 5-slide presentation to a department head or the CEO of a company to convince the audience that this would benefit their business.
Remember to use this format:
Introduction
State the business problem
The current set up
What is Unified Communication Platforms
State how Unified Communication Platforms will help the business
Cite at least two apps that are part of Unified Communication Platforms that is recommended by you
Cost of moving to Unified Communication Platform
Conclusion
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
Based on what you have learned about using cloud-based office pr.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you have learned about using cloud-based office productivity software,
create
a 5-slide presentation to the department head or CEO to convince him or her that using a cloud-based office productivity suite would benefit the company.
Include
the following in your presentation:
The stated business problem
The current set up
The benefits of moving to the cloud:
The benefits of collaboration
The difference moving to the cloud will be over current practice
Cost of moving to the cloud
Be sure that you also
include
an Introduction and Conclusion slide, along with graphics, Speaker Notes, and a properly formatted APA Reference slide.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
Based on week 13 reading assignment wh,describe an IT or simil.docxcherishwinsland
Based on week 13 reading assignment wh,
describe an IT or similar business project you have done or are currently doing. In your discussion, provide information on the following:
1. What is that project? Provide complete description.
2. What was the scope, deliverable, and results of the project?
3. What constraints did you experience and how did you handle them?
4. If you had to do the same project again, what changes will you recommend?
Week 13 reading assignment attached
.
Based on the video, how do we make ourselves vulnerable or not so vu.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the video, how do we make ourselves vulnerable or not so vulnerable with decision-making. Sometimes do we try to make the uncertain, certain, by making a decision without the facts and taking into consideration everyone's perspective of the decision at hand? Do we pretend that the other perspective doesn't even exist when we are making decisions?
https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability/up-next
.
Based on the video (specifically Section 1 Understanding the Comm.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the video (specifically Section 1:
Understanding the Communications Plan
) think of a presentation or proposal you have given or observed, or may be giving in the future, and complete a Stakeholder Register (
Stakeholder Register example
). Requirements include a brief synopsis of the presentation or proposal (1 page maximum) and a completed register. You may use whatever format for the register (word document, spreadsheet, etc.) that is convenient
.
Based on the texts by Kafka and Eliot, (writing on one or the other .docxcherishwinsland
Based on the texts by Kafka and Eliot, (writing on one or the other or both), discuss how the writers seem critical of modern culture, as they portray modern man as a self-conscious functionary who fears an acute loss of spirituality and identity, as well as the ability to achieve authenticity and happiness, overcome by the dehumanizing forces of industrialization and capitalism in post-WWI Europe.
- at least 700 words.
- MLA style
.
Based on the texts by Kafka and Eliot, (writing on one or the ot.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the texts by Kafka and Eliot, (writing on one or the other or both), discuss how the writers seem critical of modern culture, as they portray modern man as a self-conscious functionary who fears an acute loss of spirituality and identity, as well as the ability to achieve authenticity and happiness, overcome by the dehumanizing forces of industrialization and capitalism in post-WWI Europe.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Online Journal of Health EthicsVolume 1 Issue 1 Article .docx
CHAPTER 1History of the U.S. Healthcare SystemLEARNING OBJECTI.docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 1
History of the U.S. Healthcare System
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
■ Describe five milestones of medicine and medical education and their importance to health care.
■ Discuss five milestones of the hospital system and their importance to health care.
■ Identify five milestones of public health and their importance to health care.
■ Describe five milestones of health insurance and their importance to health care.
■ Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
■ Explain the concept of the iron triangle as it applies to health care.
DID YOU KNOW THAT?
■ When the practice of medicine first began, tradesmen such as barbers practiced medicine. They often used the same razor to cut hair as to perform surgery.
■ In 2014, the United States spent 17.5% of the gross domestic product on healthcare spending, which is the highest in the world.
■ As a result of the Affordable Care Act, the number of uninsured is projected to decline to 23 million by 2023.
■ The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services predicts national health expenditures will account for over 19% of the U.S. gross domestic product.
■ The United States is the only major country that does not have universal healthcare coverage.
■ In 2002, the Joint Commission issued hospital standards requiring them to inform their patients if their results were not consistent with typical care results.
▶ Introduction
It is important as a healthcare consumer to understand the history of the U.S. healthcare delivery system, how it operates today, who participates in the system, what legal and ethical issues arise as a result of the system, and what problems continue to plague the healthcare system. We are all consumers of health care. Yet, in many instances, we are ignorant of what we are actually purchasing. If we were going to spend $1,000 on an appliance or a flat-screen television, many of us would research the product to determine if what we are purchasing is the best product for us. This same concept should be applied to purchasing healthcare services.
Increasing healthcare consumer awareness will protect you in both the personal and professional aspects of your life. You may decide to pursue a career in health care either as a provider or as an administrator. You may also decide to manage a business where you will have the responsibility of providing health care to your employees. And last, from a personal standpoint, you should have the knowledge from a consumer point of view so you can make informed decisions about what matters most—your health. The federal government agrees with this philosophy.
As the U.S. population’s life expectancy continues to lengthen—increasing the “graying” of the population—the United States will be confronted with more chronic health issues because, as we age, more chronic health conditions develop. The U.S. healthcare system is one of the most expensive systems in the world. According to 2014 statistics, the ...
Running Head THE NEED FOR APPROACHES TO IMPROVE CAUSE ADMINISTRA.docxaryan532920
Running Head: THE NEED FOR APPROACHES TO IMPROVE CAUSE ADMINISTRATION AND REPAYMENT IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
1
THE NEED FOR APPROACHES TO IMPROVE CAUSE ADMINISTRATION AND REPAYMENT IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
10
Title: The Need for Approaches to Improve Case Administration and Repayment in the Healthcare System
Abstract
The medical care system of the United States of America for the past years has been considered to be the most expensive in the world. The government of the United States has to spend huge amounts of money for medical care in relation to the gross domestic product and these sums are systematically increasing. Now many scholars came to the conclusion that it is the government programs, which held the responsibility for the growth of uncontrolled spending on medical care, with which such growth is a threat to the financial stability of the United States. The issue is worth-discussing, thus, the given work is devoted to the overview of the structure and the main issues of the US healthcare system to find the effective solution.
Unlike other developed countries the medical care system in the United States of America demands more and more funds while its quality remains the same. 1/3 of the US citizens are still uninsured and there is no future hope for improving the situation. People suffer from rapidly growing prices of medical services and slow growth of salaries inclement. Furthermore, the department of insurance loses its integrity and honesty; since they use such an opportunity to fraud money as well as not paying the workers. The risk of becoming bankrupt is very high in medical care system because of unplanned budget. The insurance programs, financed by the state, are also becoming more expensive, and the government is forced to pay more and more money, which later brings about increase in state financial expenditure that immensely contribute to the poor economy. Employees do not have the free will to change their job due to the high cost of insurance and the monopolization (Stone, et al., 2008,p.2-57). This paper will provide evidences by giving the most effective solution to control this problem and also encouraging people make decisive market decisions by finding new approaches.
There are many ways of handling this subject issue of “The Need for Approaches to Improve Case Administration and Repayment in the Healthcare System,” but this research paper primarily will focus on the five articles that represent scholarly articles concerning the subject issue on this topic. The five scholarly articles are: Nolin, (2015) in his study about “Jail overcrowding a perennial issue for many counties; (Stone, P., Hughes, R., & Dailey, M. 2008)about “Creating a safe and high-quality health care environment: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2014). New HHS Data Shows Major Strides Made in Patient Safety, Leading to Improved Care and Savings; Unit ...
This document discusses universal health care in the United States and its potential effects on society. It first defines universal health care as a system that provides health insurance to all citizens. It then compares the systems in other countries like Canada, Great Britain, and Germany. In the US, over 45 million people are uninsured despite health care being declared a basic right. The document outlines several potential effects of universal health care on employment, government spending, households, and the economy. Both pros and cons are discussed. In conclusion, it states that most cannot afford treatment without insurance and increasing costs may raise the uninsured population.
According to this idea that gender is socially constructed, answer.docxronak56
According to this idea that gender is socially constructed, answer the following questions:
1. What does it mean to be a man in the U.S.? What does it mean to be a woman?
2. From what institutions do we learn these gender roles?
3. How do these clips demonstrate the ways in which gender is socially constructed in the U.S.? Do the concepts discussed in the clips resonate with you? Why or why not?
In Persepolis, the main character Marji struggles to define her identity as an Iranian woman in a changing society.
· What roles are depicted for women in Iranian society in the film? How do they change over time?
· How does Persepolis demonstrate the ways in which gender and identity are influenced in many ways, by different processes across cultures? How are gender roles in Iran similar, or different to gender in the U.S.?
· What are some of the stereotypes that exist about Muslim women and how does Abu-Lughod in “Do Muslim Women Need Saving” and Persepolis complicate these stereotypes?
Answer the following questions 2 full pages
Running head: MAJOR HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. 1
Major Health Care Problems in the U.S.
Jane Doe
ID: 1212121
MAJOR HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. 2
Major Health Care Problems in the US
Problem statement: High and continuously rising cost of health care has been and still is one of
the biggest challenges affecting the Health Care system in United States.
Methods of Examining the Problem
Both qualitative and quantitative research methods should be used to fully understand the
issue of high cost of care in the US. Quantitative methods like surveys and experimentations will
aid in estimating the prevalence, magnitude and frequency of the problem in different regions.
On the other hand, qualitative methods like case studies and observation will help describe the
extent and complexity of the issue. The two approaches need to work in complementation to
obtain a clear understanding of this menace.
Surveys, as a quantitative research method, is one of the most effective in the social
research and present a more viable method of examining the cost of health in the country. They
involve asking of questions in the form of questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires are
written questions to which the response can be open ended or multiple-choice format. This
would be used to gain information about cost within determinants that are of
disagree/neutral/agree nature. An example is if patients are contented with the cost of services
they get or they deem the cost of cover worthy. Interviews, the researcher discussing issues with
the respondents, are to be used to gain more details on already known aspects of the system. This
may include gathering information to inform policies, administration and use of technology to
minimize the cost of care.
Since health cost in the US is not a new challenge and there have been studies about it,
qualitative methods like .
Medical costs are once again rising rapidly, forcing health care .pdfAroraRajinder1
Medical costs are once again rising rapidly, forcing health care back into political prominence.
This issue direct affects you as a student, family member, employer, and/or employee. The
problem of medical costs is so pervasive that it underlies three quite different policy crises. First
is the increasingly rapid unraveling of employer-based health insurance. Second is the plight of
Medicaid. Third is the long-term problem of the federal government’s solvency which is largely
a problem of health care costs.
Write an eight page paper addressing each of these issues. Be sure to choose a position (of
which there are many) and substantiate that position with facts and economic data. Some of the
issues which need to be answered are:
Is health care spending a problem?
Is employer-based insurance unraveling?
Medicare and Medicaid
The inefficiencies of the health care.
Single-payer and beyond.
How much health care should we have?
Can we fix health care?
Solution
1. Is health care spending a problem?
In 1960 the United States spent only 5.2 percent of GDP on health care. By 2004 that number
had risen to 16 percent. At this point America spends more on health care than it does on food.
But what’s wrong with that?
The starting point for any discussion of rising health care costs has to be the realization that these
rising costs are, in an important sense, a sign of progress. Here’s how the Congressional Budget
Office puts it, in the latest edition of its annual publication The Long-Term Budget Outlook:
Growth in health care spending has outstripped economic growth regardless of the source of its
funding. The major factor associated with that growth has been the development and increasing
use of new medical technology. In the health care field, unlike in many sectors of the economy,
technological advances have generally raised costs rather than lowered them.
Notice the three points in that quote. First, health care spending is rising rapidly “regardless of
the source of its funding.” Translation: although much health care is paid for by the government,
this isn’t a simple case of runaway government spending, because private spending is rising at a
comparably fast clip. “Comparing common benefits,” says the Kaiser Family Foundation,
changes in Medicare spending in the last three decades has largely tracked the growth rate in
private health insurance premiums. Typically, Medicare increases have been lower than those of
private health insurance.
Second, “new medical technology” is the major factor in rising spending: we spend more on
medicine because there’s more that medicine can do. Third, in medical care, technological
advances have generally raised costs rather than lowered them although new technology surely
produces cost savings in medicine, as elsewhere, the additional spending that takes place as a
result of the expansion of medical possibilities outweighs those savings.
So far, this sounds like a happy story. We’ve found new ways to help people, an.
Assessing U.S. and International Experience with Health Reform and Implications for the Future by W. David Helms, Ph.D, President and CEO, Academy Health
MMS State of the State Conference: Susan Dentzer - Rationalizing Health Spend...Frank Fortin
The document discusses challenges facing Massachusetts and the US in controlling rising healthcare costs. It notes that current spending growth rates threaten Massachusetts' reforms and the nation's fiscal health. Several key drivers of higher spending are identified, including new medical technologies, chronic diseases like obesity, and low productivity growth in the healthcare sector. Solutions proposed include reducing unnecessary variations in supply-sensitive care, payment reforms like bundled payments that incentivize quality over quantity, and policies to improve prevention and management of chronic conditions.
The document summarizes issues with the current US healthcare system including high costs, large number of uninsured, restricted access to care, and high administrative costs. It presents single-payer healthcare as an alternative that could provide universal comprehensive coverage for all Americans through tax funding, reduce costs, improve access and choice, while maintaining physician autonomy and quality of care. Medical students would have lower debt under such a system.
While the health care reform bill is a step in the right direction, medicare for all or single payer is what is really needed to control costs and insure all.
Similar to Online Journal of Health EthicsVolume 1 Issue 1 Article .docx (10)
Based on your course reading assignments and your pending research p.docxcherishwinsland
Based on your course reading assignments and your pending research problem, what type of study do you believe you are conducting, and please explain why?
Extra materials:
Descriptive
research
is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way. More simply put, descriptive analysis is all about describing people who take part in the survey.
There are three ways a researcher can go about doing a descriptive research project, and they are:
Observational, defined as a method of viewing and recording the participants
Case study, defined as an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals
Survey, defined as a brief interview or discussion with an individual about a specific topic
Mixed
methods
research
(Extracted from the article below) is the use of quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study or series of studies. It is a new methodology that is increasingly used by health researchers, especially within health services research. There is a growing literature on the theory, design, and critical appraisal of mixed methods research. However, few papers summarize this methodological approach for health practitioners who wish to conduct or critically engage with mixed methods studies.
Article: Using Mixed Methods in Health Research
Meta-Analysis
Meta
-
analysis
is a statistical technique for combining data from multiple studies on a particular topic. A Meta-analysis is an analytical tool for estimating the mean and variance of underlying population effects from a collection of empirical studies addressing ostensibly the same research question. Meta‐analysis has become an increasingly popular and valuable tool in psychological research, and significant review articles typically employ these methods.
Article: Meta-Analysis in Medical Research
Epidemiology
According to the Centers for Disease Control,
Epidemiology
is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations. In epidemiology, the patient is the community and individuals are viewed collectively. By definition, epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global).
Article: Epidemiology is a Science of High Importance
Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Study, an epidemiologic study that follows a population forward over time, evaluating the effects of one or more variables on a process. If individuals are followed, it is termed a longitudinal cohort study. If classes—e.g., age classes—are studied, it is a longitudinal cross-sectional study. Longitudinal studies are the converse (opposite) of horizontal (parallel) studies.
Article Longitudinal Studies
.
Based on yesterday Assignment (Green Machine)1. Provide a Com.docxcherishwinsland
The document provides instructions for an assignment to analyze competitors in the green machine industry. Students are asked to assess the overall industry strategy, describe each major competitor's current marketing positioning and strategy, and identify the main sources of competitive advantage for each key rival firm.
Based on what youve learned from the material on incidental teachin.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you've learned from the material on incidental teaching, in a two page (minimum) double spaced paper, describe in detail how you would implement an incidentaI teaching model in a preschool classroom with 10 children. Include: methods of target behavior identification, methods of reinforcement, and expected outcomes as a result of IT implementation.
.
Based on what you have learned related to cybercrime and technol.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you have learned related to cybercrime and technology, write 2 pages outlining your opinion of what might happen in the future with the emergence of artificial intelligence and/or autonomous vehicles (any kind) and other emerging technologies.
What kind of crimes do you think might be possible?
How might our legal system have to change in order to keep up?
Do we need stricter laws or better technology? or both?
.
Based on what you have learned in this class, write a letter to a fu.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you have learned in this class, write a letter to a future employer that explains how religion, language, philosophy, material culture, non-material culture, and/or interaction with the environment have shaped the origins and evolution of world civilizations. Please provide at least two concrete examples.
pick on and write about it. 3 pages
.
Based on what you have learned about using unified communication.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you have learned about using unified communication platforms in a collaborative environment,
create
a 5-slide presentation to a department head or the CEO of a company to convince the audience that this would benefit their business.
Remember to use this format:
Introduction
State the business problem
The current set up
What is Unified Communication Platforms
State how Unified Communication Platforms will help the business
Cite at least two apps that are part of Unified Communication Platforms that is recommended by you
Cost of moving to Unified Communication Platform
Conclusion
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
Based on what you have learned about using cloud-based office pr.docxcherishwinsland
Based on what you have learned about using cloud-based office productivity software,
create
a 5-slide presentation to the department head or CEO to convince him or her that using a cloud-based office productivity suite would benefit the company.
Include
the following in your presentation:
The stated business problem
The current set up
The benefits of moving to the cloud:
The benefits of collaboration
The difference moving to the cloud will be over current practice
Cost of moving to the cloud
Be sure that you also
include
an Introduction and Conclusion slide, along with graphics, Speaker Notes, and a properly formatted APA Reference slide.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
Based on week 13 reading assignment wh,describe an IT or simil.docxcherishwinsland
Based on week 13 reading assignment wh,
describe an IT or similar business project you have done or are currently doing. In your discussion, provide information on the following:
1. What is that project? Provide complete description.
2. What was the scope, deliverable, and results of the project?
3. What constraints did you experience and how did you handle them?
4. If you had to do the same project again, what changes will you recommend?
Week 13 reading assignment attached
.
Based on the video, how do we make ourselves vulnerable or not so vu.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the video, how do we make ourselves vulnerable or not so vulnerable with decision-making. Sometimes do we try to make the uncertain, certain, by making a decision without the facts and taking into consideration everyone's perspective of the decision at hand? Do we pretend that the other perspective doesn't even exist when we are making decisions?
https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability/up-next
.
Based on the video (specifically Section 1 Understanding the Comm.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the video (specifically Section 1:
Understanding the Communications Plan
) think of a presentation or proposal you have given or observed, or may be giving in the future, and complete a Stakeholder Register (
Stakeholder Register example
). Requirements include a brief synopsis of the presentation or proposal (1 page maximum) and a completed register. You may use whatever format for the register (word document, spreadsheet, etc.) that is convenient
.
Based on the texts by Kafka and Eliot, (writing on one or the other .docxcherishwinsland
Based on the texts by Kafka and Eliot, (writing on one or the other or both), discuss how the writers seem critical of modern culture, as they portray modern man as a self-conscious functionary who fears an acute loss of spirituality and identity, as well as the ability to achieve authenticity and happiness, overcome by the dehumanizing forces of industrialization and capitalism in post-WWI Europe.
- at least 700 words.
- MLA style
.
Based on the texts by Kafka and Eliot, (writing on one or the ot.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the texts by Kafka and Eliot, (writing on one or the other or both), discuss how the writers seem critical of modern culture, as they portray modern man as a self-conscious functionary who fears an acute loss of spirituality and identity, as well as the ability to achieve authenticity and happiness, overcome by the dehumanizing forces of industrialization and capitalism in post-WWI Europe.
.
Based on the techniques discussed for hiding data on a computer, w.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the techniques discussed for hiding data on a computer, which method would you use for the following:
Hiding information from a young family member who uses the same computer
Hiding information from a colleague who is a network administrator
Hiding information from an intelligence agency, such as the CIA
data hiding techniques
: -
1.hide in the properties
2.rename/change extension
3.steganography
4.hash
5.encryption
6.bit shifting
.
Based on the readings, there are specific components that encompass .docxcherishwinsland
Based on the readings, there are specific components that encompass SW-PBIS. Please describe any additional components that you think should also be included in the SW-PBIS plan. State why you think this(these) component(s) should be included.
An initial posting of roughly 150 words is due by January 12th.
.
Based on the readings titled ‘Lost Trust’, ‘Chinese Port Cities’ a.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the readings titled ‘Lost Trust’, ‘Chinese Port Cities’ and ‘Emerging Urban Form of Accra’, identify and describe emerging URBAN spatial patterns in the United States, Shanghai (China) and Accra (Ghana) under globalization.
Instructions. This is a 3-2-paragraph essay and should fit onto one page, 1.5 spacing and 1-inch margins (About 400 words).
Your second paragraph should identify and describe the emerging spatial patterns for the core (USA). This paragraph should be about 100 words.
Your second third paragraph should identify and describe the spatial patterns for the semi-periphery (China). This paragraph should be about 100 words.
Your fourth paragraph should make spatial patterns for the periphery (Ghana). This paragraph should be about 100 words.
Your first paragraph should be a very, very brief introduction (no more than 2 sentences or about 50 words) and the fifth should be a very brief conclusion (no more than two sentences or about 50 words). These make up the 2 in the 3-2- paragraph essay.
By putting these five paragraphs together, you would have written an essay about emerging geographies of urbanization under globalization in the core, semi-periphery and periphery focusing on spatial patterns ONLY.
Rubic_Print_FormatCourse CodeClass CodeAssignment TitleTotal PointsHCA-807HCA-807-O500Contrast of Health Care Structures200.0CriteriaPercentageUnsatisfactory (0.00%)Less Than Satisfactory (73.00%)Satisfactory (82.00%)Good (91.00%)Excellent (100.00%)CommentsPoints EarnedContent70.0%Contrast of Public and Private Structures20.0%A contrast of public and private structures is either missing or not evident to the reader.A contrast of public and private structures is present, but incomplete or inaccurate.A contrast of public and private structures is presented, but is cursory and lacking in depth. The research used for support is outdated.A contrast of public and private structures is thoroughly presented and includes a discussion of all necessary elements. The contrast is moderately well supported though some sources of support are outdated.A contrast of public and private structures is thoroughly presented with rich detail and includes a discussion of all necessary elements. The contrast is well supported with current and/or seminal research.Analysis of Current Viability and Future Sustainability of Each Structure20.0%An analysis of current viability and future sustainability of each structure is either missing or not evident to the reader.An analysis of current viability and future sustainability of each structure is present, but incomplete or inaccurate.An analysis of current viability and future sustainability of each structure is present, but cursory. The research used for support is outdated.An analysis of current viability and future sustainability of each structure is present and thorough. The analysis is moderately well supported though some sources of support are outdated.An analysis of current viability and .
Based on the readings this week, answer the two following questions .docxcherishwinsland
Based on the readings this week, answer the two following questions in 150 words per question:
1. In this weeks' readings the Puerto Rican and Jamaican voice (specifically DJ Kool Herc losing his accent) were omitted from hip hop/rap culture while the Chicano voice was avidly expressed. In your opinion, what factors contributed to this binary of resistance and conformity? In other words, why do you think Chicanos held on to their language and slang, where other ethnic groups did not?
2. In hip hop/rap culture, how important is a name in the quest for identity formation? Use examples from the texts.
.
Based on the readings for the week, discuss your opinion on the need.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the readings for the week, discuss your opinion on the need for variance analysis in either a service provider setting (retail or restaurant), or manufacturing setting.
VanZante, N. (2007, April). Helping students see the "big picture" of variance analysis. Management Accounting Quarterly, 8(3), 39-40, 42-47. Retrieved March 17, 2010, from ProQuest Database.
.
Based on the reading assignment, your experience, and personal r.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the reading assignment, your experience, and personal research, please answer the following questions:
Thoroughly explain what is recovering, data, and validation as it relates to cell phone forensics?
What is evidence contamination as it relates to digital forensics?
List and describe at least two forms of contamination and how they can be avoided
What is the Faraday method?
List and explain three of the strategies associated with Faraday Methods
.
Based on the reading assignment (and in your own words), why are MNE.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the reading assignment (and in your own words), why are MNEs better able to exploit global opportunities (versus purely domestic competitors)?
Your response should be at least
200 words
in length. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
[removed] [removed] [removed] [removed]
Moffett, M. H., Stonehill, A. I., & Eiteman, D. K. (2012).
Fundamentals of multinational finance
. (IV ed., pp. 14-14). New York: Pearson.
In-text citation
(Moffett, Stonehill & Eiteman, 2012)
No Wiki, no dictionary.com, please cite all work.
.
Based on the primary documents from chapter 23 of AmericanYawp, plea.docxcherishwinsland
Based on the primary documents from chapter 23 of AmericanYawp, please answer the following questions in a thoughtful, well-written essay of approximately 750 words:
1: What is Herbert Hoover’s fear about the New Deal? What does he mean when he warns that a new deal “would destroy the very foundations of our American system”?2: What was Huey Long’s plan? Would Hoover have approved of it? Why or why not?3: What was FDR’s plan, as outlined in his re-nomination speech? Would Long and Hoover have approved or disapproved of this plan? Why or why not?
Papers should be double-spaced with normal fonts and margins and include an introduction and conclusion
.
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Online Journal of Health EthicsVolume 1 Issue 1 Article .docx
1. Online Journal of Health Ethics
Volume 1 | Issue 1 Article 5
Universal Healthcare in America
Sandra Carr Hayes
University of Mississippi Medical Center
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Recommended Citation
Hayes, S. C. (2004). Universal Healthcare in America. Online
Journal of Health Ethics, 1(1).
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3. Health care; Universal Healthcare; Healthcare Access; National
Health; Health Costs
Abstract
Lack of health care insurance, once thought to be a problem of
the poor, and has
now begun to affect a new population- the middle class. The
major factors
contributing to this are increased deductibles and co-payments,
cost shifting and
the introduction of managed care networks. The idea of a
universal health plan has
been introduced several times over the last few decades. With
the introduction of
Medicare and Medicaid came the promise of a more inclusive
health care plan for
all Americans. However, Medicare and Medicaid remain largely
unchanged from
what they were when they were first introduced in 1965. The U.
S. was built on the
foundation of ‘unalienable rights’. Why then is the number of
4. uninsured and
uninsured rising and projected to continue rising? This article
seeks to explore
these questions.
Universal Healthcare
2
Universal Healthcare in America
Introduction
One in six Americans doesn’t have health insurance. Studies
have shown that health
insurance and poverty are the strongest determinants of access
to health services
(Guendelman, et. al, 1986). The uninsured are less likely to
obtain medical attention
when they have a perceived "need for care". This is best
illustrated in the case of
George and Tina. George and Tina were siblings who had been
diagnosed with
diabetes in childhood. However, their disease went untreated
because their family rarely
5. had health insurance. When they became teenagers they worked
for employers who
didn’t offer health insurance. Because of this, they went without
insulin, syringes, and
glucometer sticks. George’s blood sugar levels averaged around
200 mg/dl and he went
blind at the age of 20. His condition left him depressed and
housebound and he was
unable to see or work. When he was finally able to collect
Medicaid at age 20, it was too
late. George died at the age of 21 of multiple organ failure
because of uncontrolled
diabetes. His sister Tina’s baby lived for five months and never
left the hospital. The
child died from complications of gestational diabetes. One year
later Tina had a heart
attack due to complications of diabetes. She died at the age of
25 despite bypass
surgery. George and Tina’s story places a grim spotlight on the
plight of many
uninsured Americans today (Bell, 2000).
History of Health Care in the U. S.
A strong economy and an alliance between insurance providers
characterized the
6. period between 1945 and 1970. The largest health insurance
provider was Blue Cross
and Blue Shield. Blue Cross was formed by the American
Hospital Association. Blue
Shield was primarily controlled by state medical societies
affiliated with the American
Medical Association. As a result, physicians had a strong
influence on the insurance
industry. Thus, physicians and hospital staff created most of the
early reimbursement
policies. Because there was no system of checks and balances,
health care costs
increased dramatically. However, the economy was healthy and
there were resources
available for health insurance. By the end of World War II, the
U. S. was an economic
superpower. There was no public outcry at rising health care
costs because employers
paid the bills. Employers didn’t protest because profits were
high and health insurance
was tax deductible (www.amsa.org/hp/crises.cfm).
By the 1970s the U. S. had fallen from economic dominance and
Americans began to
7. become more aware of rising health care costs. Inflation and
underemployment
prevailed. Americas share of world industrial production
dropped from 60% in 1950 to
30% in 1980 (www.amsa.org/hp/crises.cfm). Although
businesses were concerned
about health care costs, the concern was not enough to cause
substantial change in
health care policy.
Universal Healthcare
3
With the 1980s came marked increases in health insurance
premiums and a further
declining economy. Costs of health care plans jumped from
18.7% to 20.4% by 1989.
From 1976 to 1988, the percentage of the payroll used for
health care premiums
doubled from 5% to 9.7% (www.amsa.org/hp/crises.cfm).
Companies began to raise
premiums as a way to offset the increasing cost of health care.
The 1990s brought in managed care and trends leading toward
8. the complete
domination of health care by managed care organizations. These
managed care
organizations (MCOs) and health maintenance organizations
(HMOs) experienced
enormous growth. A few MCOs controlled almost all of the
patient population. The way
it happened is very simple. Managed care organizations
contracted with specific
hospitals. Those hospitals fortunate enough to obtain the
contracts disbursed the
majority of patient care. Hospitals without contracts found
themselves without patients.
Physicians found themselves either joining these organizations
or going out of business.
MCOs also exercised the right to take contracts away from
hospitals that spent too
much money and in doing so kept costs at a minimum. During
the process of
suppressing costs, conflicts began to arise between the insurers
and the physicians
about how much money should be allocated and consequently
which tests and how
many tests should be performed. These conflicts caused
9. physicians to base treatment
decisions on both financial and clinical reasoning
(www.amsa.org/hp/crises.cfm).
Rising Health Care Costs
The economic status of the U. S. is directly proportional to
health care delivery (Lee and
Estes, 2001). Between 1945 and 1970 the economy was booming
and health care costs
increased unchecked and with very little protest. However, as
the economy changed,
businesses began to look for ways to become more cost
effective and save more
money. The attention then turned to rising health care costs.
Rises in health care costs
can be broken down into four groups: (1) population growth; (2)
general inflation; (3)
medical price inflation above general inflation; and (4)
increases in the number and
intensity of services. (Lee and Estes, 2001). In order to control
costs, many employers
participate in managed care plans that limit employee choice
and reduce or eliminate
employee benefits.
10. Managed care is one of the most important tools used to control
rising costs. These
plans exercise strict controls on the use of medical services, as
well as financial
incentives for physicians and hospitals. These incentives are
designed to reduce both
services and costs (Lee and Estes, 2001). Between 1984 and
1993 the number of
employees enrolled in health maintenance organizations
increased from 5% to 50%. In
1998 almost 85% of employees with health insurance coverage
were in some form of
managed care plan (Lee and Estes, 2001). Traditionally,
providers used a fee-for-
service system to charge insurers by the number of services or
tests performed.
Insurers paid providers a flat rate for each type of service
provided or test performed.
However, if the employee was excessively sick or the physician
ran too many tests,
Universal Healthcare
4
11. insurers were at risk. To alleviate the financial burden, insurers
began to use managed
care organizations, shift the costs to employees and increase
deductibles and co-
insurance payments. MCOs control costs by paying physicians a
set amount of money
to take care of patients. If the costs exceed the budget, hospitals
and physicians then
incur the risk.
Another strategy utilized by employers to reduce health care
costs is cost shifting. In the
mid-1980s large corporations that provided comprehensive
insurance usually paid the
entire cost. Over the last decade, cost shifting has become
common practice. By 1990,
employee health care coverage declined to 30% in the case of
preferred provider
networks as a direct result of cost shifting (Lee and Estes,
2001). Cost shifting can be
done in a number of ways. Employers can cap employees total
benefit contribution. This
forces employees to trade off health insurance against pension
and other fringe
12. benefits. The number of employers providing full cost coverage
for employee retirement
declined from 27% in 1990 to 8% in 1995 (Lee and Estes,
2001). Another tactic is to
require employees to pay premium costs and increase
deductibles. Some employers
cover employees only. Others cap services such as prescription
drugs and emergency
outpatient psychiatric benefits.
Medicare and Medicaid
In 1939 Senator Robert Wagner introduced the National Health
Act of 1939. A major
component of the Act was to include a national compulsory
health insurance for almost
all employees and their dependents. Costs were to be covered by
employer and
employee contributions. However, no final action was taken on
the bill and it died in
Committee (www.medicaid.com/about/history/ssachr.asp). In
his 1944 State of the
Union Address, President Roosevelt outlined an economic bill
of rights that included the
"right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve
and enjoy good health"
13. (www.medicaid.com/about/history/ssachr.asp). However, he
made no specific
recommendations.
In 1945, President Truman proposed a comprehensive medical
insurance plan for all
people through the Social Security System and introduced a
revised Wagner- Murray-
Dingell Bill. This bill called for national health insurance that
would be subsidized by a
federal payroll tax. President Truman also called for a
committee to be formed to
determine the Nations immediate and long-term health needs.
He called this committee
the Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation. In 1960, the
Social Security
Amendments of 1960 were enacted. This law provided increased
federal grants to
states for medical care programs for the elderly. It also
contained as part of its package
the Kerr-Mills component, which offered assistance for elderly
people who were not on
public assistance but could not pay for medical services. After a
decade of debate,
14. President Johnson signed the Social Security Amendments of
1965, which provided
insurance for the elderly
(www.medicaid.com/about/history/ssachr.asp).
Universal Healthcare
5
While Medicare and Medicaid were both introduced on the same
bill, the two programs
are entirely different. Medicare was implemented after years of
planning and debate.
Medicaid occurred as an afterthought. Medicare is a
universalistic program. This means
that all elderly are beneficiaries and are automatically entitled
to benefits once they
reach the age of 65. Medicaid only represents about 67% of
poor people in America.
The few who do receive benefits must meet state set eligibility
rules and must be able to
successfully complete the enrollment process. The federal
government controls
15. Medicare. Its eligibility requirements benefit package, policies
concerning payments to
providers and decisions about how payment for services will be
administered are
determined in Washington, D.C. Medicaid runs on general
revenues supplied by both
federal and state governments. (Brown and Sparer, 2003).
Universal Health Care as a
Solution
The U. S. is the only industrialized country that does not have a
universal health care
plan. Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom each have
universal health care
plans. When compared to these countries, the U. S. receives
poor patient satisfaction
ratings. A recent World Health Organization (WHO) Survey
placed the U. S. 37th overall
16. in health system performance. This is surprising since the U. S.
spends 13.7% of its
gross domestic product on health, which is more than any of the
other 191 WHO
nations (Landers, 2000). In order to measure each country’s
overall performance, 3
criteria were used: (1) provision of good health; (2)
responsiveness to expectations of
the population; and (3) ability of each individual to fairly
contribute toward their care
(www.ama-assn.org/sci-pubs/amnews/pick_00).
The problem is that while we have the very best in health care,
not all citizens are
covered. In 1999, President Clinton unveiled his proposal to
strengthen and modernize
Medicare. His proposal was designed to: (1) make Medicare
17. more competitive and
efficient; (2) modernize and reform Medicare’s benefit package;
and (3) make a long
term financing commitment to Medicare designed to extend the
Medicare Trust fund
until 2027 (www.seniorhealth.about.com/library/news).
Clintons health care plan proposed to utilize market oriented
purchasing and quality
improvement tools in order to control costs and improve health
care. The initiative also
provided for a Competitive Defined Benefit (CDB) which would
enable true price
competition among Medicare managed care plans. Clintons plan
also proposed to
establish a voluntary Medicare "Part D" drug benefit that would
be affordable and
18. available to all beneficiaries
(www.seniorhealth.about.com/library/news).
These were just a few of the benefits proposed in the 1999
initiative package. In short,
Clintons plan proposed to reduce Medicare spending by 72
billion dollars over 10 years.
It added an optional prescription drug benefit. In addition, it
extended the life of the
Medicare trust fund for a quarter of a century until 2027.
Although it presented solutions
to the problems of rising health care costs, insurance premiums
and accessibility to
health insurance, Clintons plan called for changes that were too
much too fast for the
Universal Healthcare
19. 6
comfort of conservatives. As a result, the plan was doomed to
fail before it was
introduced.
Though many reasons have been offered to explain why the U.
S. does not have a
universal health care plan. The simplest explanation seems to be
that the political
environment in the U. S. is not ready for a universal health care
plan. Other countries
view health care as right rather than a privilege to be enjoyed
by those who can afford it.
Unfortunately, there is no indication that the sentiment has yet
registered in the U. S.
For now the closest the U. S. has gotten to a universal health
care plan are
20. incrementally based programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
Critics cite demographic
and technological trends as proof that these programs are highly
uncontrollable in terms
of the federal budget and reducing the deficit. Still others
complain that Medicare is an
"out of control entitlement that consumes too much of the
federal government budget
and obstructs deficit reduction" (Marmor, TR 2000). To these
critics, Medicare and
Medicaid are always on the verge of bankruptcy. However, in
1989 by changing its
methods for paying hospitals and physicians, Medicare
produced higher savings than
the private sector. This is important because Medicare covers an
older and sicker
21. subset of the population that requires more specialized and
technologically intensive
services. In addition, it is interesting to note that these
"universal" programs have
weathered the same storms as private for profit programs and in
some instances have
fared far better. Between 1970 and 1988 private health
insurance increased per capita
spending 11% annually. Medicare’s growth rate was 10.2%
(Sparer and Brown, 2003).
Because of cost cutting, cost shifting and increased deductibles
and co-payments,
employees are facing increases in health care costs. Today
rising health care costs is
one of the greatest threats facing our society. In the past, the
lack of insurance has
primarily affected the poor. However this issue is now
22. becoming a major concern to the
middle class. It was important enough to become one of the
major issues debated
during the 1992 presidential election.
The U. S. has a history of providing funding for health care in
increments. Programs
exist for Native Americans, migratory workers, other
categorically defined poor people,
veterans of military service, the permanently disabled, people
with end stage renal
disease, and all elderly people. Programs designed for these
groups now compose
approximately 42% of the nation’s total annual spending for
health care. (Davies et al.,
1990). Because this issue has become an increasingly important
problem, many
23. governmental laws and policies have been established and
introduced which attempt to
distribute access to health care more equally and cost
effectively. Over the last century,
numerous attempts have been made to introduce a universal
health insurance program.
The Social Security Amendments of 1965, introduced during
Johnsons Administration,
were believed to be the beginning a universalistic health policy
which would include all
Americans. This proved to be false hope. Medicare and
Medicaid have changed very
little since their inception in 1965.
Universal Healthcare
24. 7
Conclusion
Lack of insurance has been associated with lower use of the
health care system
(Mayberry, et al., 2002). The primary source of care for the
uninsured is the emergency
room. It is also the most expensive. The emergency room can’t
help those with chronic
diseases. More often than not, the uninsured are unable to return
for follow-up
treatment. The uninsured are also less likely to receive
preventive care, are diagnosed
at more advanced disease stages, and once diagnosed, tend to
receive less therapeutic
care. (Bell, 2000). This is not just a problem that affects the
25. poor. Seventy-five percent
of the uninsured have full-time jobs or live in a family where
one person works full-time.
When parents are uninsured, their children are uninsured. An
uninsured child is 30%
less likely to receive treatment when injured. (Kaiser Report,
2000).
Physicians often compromise their best medical judgment when
dealing with patients
who don’t have insurance. Examples include giving medical
advice over the phone as
opposed to office visits to avoid billing for office visits and
changing medications to offer
free samples of whatever medications are available that day.
Some physicians report
instances in which patients ration medicine that they are
prescribed so that the
26. medication will last longer. Some physicians even exaggerate
patient symptoms so that
the patient can be admitted into the hospital. Others simply
don’t bill patients that they
know can’t pay (Bell, 2000).
The values and beliefs that prevail in society influence systems
responsible for financing
and delivering health care. Policy decisions are made based on
those values and
beliefs. In creating health care laws and policies there are often
debates concerning
distributive justice versus "crises rationing" (Lee and Estes,
2001). Those in favor of
distributive justice feel that each individual should receive
health care according to his
or her needs. Those who support the theory of "crises rationing"
27. argue that there are
limited resources and those resources should be rationed out in
ways that will provide
the most benefit to the most people. In 1932, the Committee on
the Costs of Medical
Care wrote, "the quality of medical care is an index of a
civilization". (Committee on the
Cost of Medical Care, 1932). In creating policies concerning
health care, we must
reexamine both our values and policies and evaluate all of the
issues and decide what
measures can be taken to benefit the most people. Today, all of
the industrialized
nations except the United States have developed a system to
ensure that all of their
citizens are adequately covered. It is ironic that the U. S.
deprives its citizens of
28. universal health care coverage yet it is still regarded as a model
of democracy and a
champion of human rights. A survey was conducted in 1990 to
measure the level of
public satisfaction against ten other industrialized nations. The
U. S. placed last while
Canada ranked first. West Germany placed third and the United
Kingdom placed eighth
(www.ama-assn.org/sci-pubs/amnews/pick_00). This is
incredible since the U. S.
spends a far greater percentage of its gross domestic product on
health care than any
other country. Senator Bill Bradley put it best during his 1999
bid for Presidency when
he said, "It is not right that kings and dictators can come to
America and get the best
29. Universal Healthcare
8
medical care in the world while Americans two blocks away
can’t afford health care.
Health care is not a luxury." (www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS)
31. Unnecessary Sickness, Death and Humiliation. The New
Physician. Retrieved
September 25, 2004, from
http://www.amsa.org/tnp/uninsured.cfm
Brown, L. & Sparer, M. (2003). Poor Programs Progress: The
Unanticipated Politics of
Medicaid Policy [Electronic Version]. Health Affairs, 22, 31-
44.
Bradley unveils $65 billion plan for universal health care.
(1999, September 28).
Retrieved April 11, 2003, from
http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/
stories/1999/09/28/president.2000/bradley.health/
Committee on the Cost of Medical Care. Medical Care for the
American People.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1932: XIX. [Final
Report].
Davies, Nicholas, et al. (1990) "Access to Health Care in
America: A Moral and Medical
Imperative." Annals of Internal Medicine. 112(9), 637-638.
32. Guendelman, S. and Schwalbe, J. Medical Care Utilization by
Hispanic Children: How
Does It Differ From Black and White Peers? Med. Care, 24,
925-937.
History of Medicare and Medicaid. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7,
2003, from
http://www.medicaid.com/about/history/ssachr.asp
The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured (2000,
May). Retrieved
September 25, 2004, from
http://www.kff.org/uninsured/20020510-index.cfm.
Lee, P. R. and Estes, C. L. (2001). The Nation’s Health.
Sudbury, Massachusetts:
Jones and Bartlett
Marmor, T. R. (2000). The Politics of Medicare (2nd ed.) New
York: Aldine de Guyter,
pp. 96, 127.
Mayberry, R. M., Mili, F., and Ofili, E. Racial and Ethnic
Differences in Access to
Medical Care. In T. A. LaVeist (Ed.), Race, Ethnicity, and
33. Health (pp. 163-197).
San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass
President Clintons Plan To Modernize and Strengthen Medicare
for the 21st Century.
(1999, June 29). Retrieved April 7, 2003, from http://www.
senior
health.about.com/library/news/blpr62999.htm
Sanders, L. (2000, August 28). The Worlds Health Care: How
do we rank? Retrieved
April 11, 2003, from
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gvsa0828.htm
The United States and the Medically Uninsured: A Crisis in
Caring. (n.d.). Retrieved
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Online Journal of Health EthicsUniversal Healthcare in
AmericaSandra Carr HayesRecommended
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