Online global communication(10 march2011)updating

인터넷과 국제(학술)정보- 하이퍼링크 네트워크 분석 관련 사이트 http://www.hanpark.net http://webometrics.yu.ac.kr http://asia-triplehelix.org http://cerc.yu.ac.kr http://tedxpalgong.com 박 한 우 영남대 언론정보학과 교수 WCU 웹보메트릭스사업단장 영남대사이버감성연구소장 아시아트리플헬릭스디렉터 테드엑스팔공디렉터

Defining community: Traditional Many concepts of community are rooted in sociologist Ferdinand Toennies’s concept of gemeinschaft Toennies distinguishes between gesellschaft, or society, and gemeinschaft, or community Gesellschaft is based on laws and other formal relations while gemeinschaft is the more spontaneous relationships that develop based on physicality and customs and values

Defining community: Traditional The traditional definition of community has usually involved the geographic proximity of its members They live, work or socialize with each other, therefore they are a community Communities, ostensibly, are communities of individuals, organizations, and countries that exist in physical space

Cybercommunity: not geographically defined The development of digital technologies has helped lead to development of communities where members don’t have to be physically close to each other Shared (communicational, psychological, emotional) proximity A virtual society is built on the computer network, where people with a shared common interest can engage in the relationship of mutual communication that are not tightly tied to their geographic location

Global cybercommunity No matter how great the distance between any two nodes, new digital technologies allow for communication at a low cost Such characteristics facilitate access to information on a global scale, making geographical distance fungible These have made the burgeoning world population in society increasingly interdependent in terms of social and communicational activities

글로벌리제이션 세계 각국의 국민들 사이의 사회적 관계가 강화되고 있는 현상은 글로벌화 과정을 정의하는 주요한 특징 국제 커뮤니케이션의 증가는 가치, 아이디어, 사상, 기술의 전구적 확산: 지구촌 새로운 정보 테크놀로지가 지리적 거리뿐만 아니라 사회적, 심리적, 문화적 거리를 상당부분 무의미하게(fungible)함으로써 개인간, 그룹간, 조직간, 국가간 커뮤니케이션을 촉진

Globalization & Glocalization One of globalization’s characteristics is that our life has increasingly shifted from local surroundings to global relations Glocalization refers to the specific process in which a country rebalances the global and local identity Nation states aim at strengthening their social, cultural, economic, and academic sectors through building a regional block: EU, ASEAN, APEC, ASEM

글로벌 커뮤니케이션 채널로서 인터넷 인터넷은 공간적응형(+비용절감형)매체 두 사람 혹은 조직이 아무리 멀리 떨어져 있더라도 물리적인 거리의 장벽을 제거하고 즉각적인 (+저렴한) 커뮤니케이션을 허용 커뮤니케이션 파트너들 사이의 연결성을 향상시킴으로써 공간적 근접성을 변화 인터넷은 정보 확산을 위한 공간적 범위의 확장

International information flow Past studies examine the structures, determinants, and outcomes of the relational state among nation-states in terms of information flow Patents, citations, mass media, phone calls, softwares, trademarks, literature, recently hyperlinks Three major findings are: Globalization is in progress World system (core/periphery) Imperialism (information rich/poor)

Research question But, the role and use of the Internet can be adjusted and determined at the particular geographical context One of controversial issues is whether the Internet facilitates or impedes the formation of global community (especially when compared to other existing technologies such as telephone) What is the relationship between the digital positions of individual nations and their physical locations?

Measuring Internet flows using hyperlinks? Internet flows among the 25 countries were measured in terms of hyperlink connectivity Unlike the telephone that devotes a single circuit to each individual message, the Internet is a packet switched network One alternative approach that allows the examination of international Internet flow is the analysis of inter-domain hyperlinks

Measuring Internet flows using hyperlinks? Hyperlinks can function as the paths of information flow, enabling one specific web domain to connect seamlessly with another Domains are sources of information in cyberspace Domains serve as the origins and the destinations of online information flows Hyperlinks are a phatic communication device among Internet users allowing mutual recognition

Universities’ sites are suitable? Among many types of global websites, universities’ websites are a suitable sample for examining the international distribution The universities are geographically located in each country and their websites are operated by people residing in a particular location For example, yahoo.com largely exists on cyberspace although its registrar is based in the USA

Internet data We selected the 2 university domains in each country with the highest number of inlinks: the most web-visible universities AltaVista.com: host:sub-domain.source ccTLD AND link:sub-domain.target ccTLD The results of queries among universities were categorized by country, creating a 25 x 25 matrix The data were gathered for 2003

Distance data Data on geographic distances among the 25 countries were based on the miles, as the crow flies, between the capitals of the countries This was calculated as the distances between the longitude and latitude measurement of the cities, using an online database at www.indo.com/distance The results of queries among countries were organized as a 25 x 25 distance matrix

사회 네트워크 분석의 시각 사회적 관계들이 사회적 존재들 (개인, 그룹, 조직, 국가) 사이에 일어나는 교환행위에 따라 배열 교환내용은 상품, 사회적 정체성, 정보 등 가시적인 것부터 손에 잡히지 않는 것까지 커뮤니케이션 네트워크의 경우는 메시지, 지식, 혹은 정보가 사회 개체들간 교환되는 상호연결망 패턴에 초점

사회 네트워크 분석기법: 중심성 연쇄연결(eigenvector): 분석개체들간 관계가 이분적이 아니라 비교적 조밀한 관계 연결정도성(degree): 관계의 방향을 고려 내향성(indegree): 마치 외국에서 자국으로 관광객이 들어오는 것과 같이, 어떤 개체가 다른 개체로부터 받은 관계의 빈도 외향성(outdegree): 자국의 시민이 외국을 방문하는 것과 같이 어떤 개체가 주도하여 다른 개체와 맺는 관계의 빈도

그 외의 사회 네트워크 분석기법 집중도(centralization): 중심적인 개체로 집중 정도, 높을수록 한 개체에 집중되어 자원들이 불평등하게 배분된 상태 밀집도(density): 통합성의 전반적 수준, 구성원들간 실제 존재하는 관계의 수/ 가능한 관계의 수 [n(n-1)] 집락분석(cluster analysis) 다차원척도법(MDS) 매트릭스 상관관계법(QAP)

http://participatorysociety.org/wiki/index.php?title=Online_Research

Block modeling There does not exists a geographical barrier for information flow between two continents Universities’ websites in Asia are heavily connected to European universities rather than linked to each other While Asia sends 8,219 links to Europe, the latter has only 3,506 links (42.7%) set up toward the former

Johnson’s Hierarchical Clustering Overall, the clustering of link connectivity pattern looks more like a ‘mitten’ rather than a ‘glove’ Specifically, links among universities’ websites in Asia are more ‘glove’-structured than in Europe Geographical location does not necessarily have a big impact on communication on cyberspace

Figure 2. Dendrogram of clustering results Clustering in Europe

Figure 2. Dendrogram of clustering results Clustering in Asia

Universities in Eurasia (at least 100 hyperlinks)

QAP correlations Physical distance is not the most important factor in the hyperlink connectivity structure

End of geography?!?! The results indicate that physical distance is not the most important factor in the link connectivity structure at global level Which does not necessarily mean that geographical location has no impact on computer-mediated communication at the local level ! Clear geographic trends are visible at national level, with most universities connecting mainly to other universities from the same country

Universities in Europe(at least 100 hyperlinks)

Universities in Asia (at least 20 hyperlinks)

Universities in Asia (at least 50 hyperlinks)

Discussion issues Role of geographical proximity needs to be studied at various levels Hyperlinks as an indicator? Reliability of AltaVista.com Temporal process: a longitudinal research Physical distance in relation to other networks: Patents, citations, mass media, phone calls, software, trademarks, tourists, money, phone calls, migration, student exchange etc.

사이버 공간에서 지리적 거리의 역할 낙관론자: 오프라인 공간의 언어, 인종, 재산, 권력, 거리의 구속과 제약을 넘어선 열린 커뮤니케이션 세상 언어, 인프라, 리터러시, 법/제도의 차이 사이버 공간이 지리적 경계와 관계로부터 완전히 자유로운 공간? 충분히 검증 안됨

기존 관련 연구와 차별점 국가들 사이의 불평등한 정보흐름의 윤곽 정보제국주의에 대한 실증적 검토 전화에 기초한 국제 텔리컴 연구 인터넷에 기초한 선행연구의 경우: OECD에 소속된 25개 선진국가만을 대상, 2차 데이터의 사용, 지리적 거리를 주요 변수로 상정하지 않음

연구문제 사이버 공간에서 각 국가가 차지하는 디지털 위치는 무엇인가? 국가별 디지털 위치와 물리적 공간에서 국가간 지리적 거리는 어떤 연관성을 지니는가?

분석자료의 수집 47개 국가들의 웹사이트 하이퍼링크를 AltaVista를 이용해 수집 domain: .kr AND link: .uk 검색엔진의 문제점이 적지 않으나 지속적으로 사용되며, 신중한 해석 필요 분석국가들간 거리 데이터의 수집: what-is-the-capital-of.com 과 INDO.com

국가간 하이퍼링크의 빈도에 기초한 디지털 위치와 지리적 거리의 상관관계 디지털 위치 구조는 지리적 거리와 상관성이 부재 네티즌들은 물리적 거리에 크게 구애 받지 않고 다른 국가들 특히, 중심적인 위치를 차지한 국가들을 자주 방문

요약 및 토론 미국을 선두로, 영국, 독일, 호주가 중심적 중서유럽과 북미가 중심적 기존 정보제국주의 논의와 큰 맥락에서 일치 물리적 경계가 국가간 커뮤니케이션 빈도에 큰 영향을 미치는 않음을 보여주는 작은 단서 기존 연구결과와 유사: NGO 네트워크는 지리적 위치보다 사업목표나 활동, 정보통신 관련 조직들간 비즈니스 관계가 하이퍼링크 선택에 영향, 멕시코 Zapatista 웹사이트

한계 및 제언 지리적 거리의 소멸: 성급한 일반화? 국가를 분석단위로 하지 않은 연구들에서, CMC가 지리적 거리를 넘는 커뮤니케이션을 항상 촉진하는 것은 아니다: 분석단위 다양화 하이퍼링크 분석은 growing & promising 그러나 검색엔진이 지닌 문제점을 극복해야 네트워크의 시계열적 분석

Research communication on the Web An informational and communicational turn within a research community since the introduction of new ICTs: Grid, database, e-journal, e-conference etc. More and more researchers are seeking to communicate via the Web, making their research information such as academic interests, research data, tools, or pre-prints available on their Web sites: online or invisible

Research question? How does an hyperlink network among research Web sites reflect off-line communication network among researchers? Specifically, this paper examines the similarities between the structure of the international hyperlinkage connectivity among universities’ Web sites belonging to the10 Asian countries and the pattern of co-authoring papers among researchers living in those countries.

Data gathering? Re-use of the already existing data Co-authorship: Arunachalam & Doss (2000) whose data were originally based on Science Citation Index 1998. Hyperlink data: Thelwall & Smith (2002) whose data were originally gathered from AltaVista.com Their data sets were transformed to an (a)symmetrical 10 x 10 matrix for network analysis

Network analysis Bonacichcentrality for symmetrical matrix Degree centrality for asymmetrical hyperlink matrix (in and out hyperlink) Centralization for symmetrical matrix Multidimensional scaling for symmetrical matrix Correlations between co-authorship and hyperlink pattern: QAP, Pearson r

Result: Global centrality Co-authorship: China and Japan are the most central Hyperlink: instead of China, Japan and South Korea formed most central group

Result: Degree centrality Hyperlink: a big similarity between in and out r = .82 While China is fairly peripheral in terms of out links, its position is similar to S. Korea in terms of incoming links

Result: MDS of co-authorship At the center of the space are China and Japan S. Korea and Hong Kong are located near the origin of the space

Result: MDS of hyperlink A relatively tight grouping of Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong near the origin of the space. East to west, from the right to the left.

Results: Correlations A significant correlation between hyperlink and co-authorship (r = .57, p < .03) Co-authorship degree centrality showed a very similar relationship with both in (r = .70, p < .02) and out-link (r = .67, p < .02) Both the in and the out-link can be regarded as the indicator of hyperlink-mediated research communication

Discussion Hyperlinks as communication networks? What is more trustworthy? In or out link? Both? Whether university Web sites represent research Web sites or not? The generalization of sample: 10 Asian countries Temporal process Relations with other networks: student flow Impact of geography: not significant

Conclusion Hyperlink network analysis : interesting area, growing area, promising approach My other research: multi-mode research communications via email, IM, mobile etc. if you are interested in my work, parkhanwoo@hotmail.com http://www.hanpark.net

No diplomatic relationship between S. Korea and Taiwan on the Web? This presentation is published as follows: Park. H. W. (2004). Presence of taiwan on the world wide web in south korea: dynamics of digital and geographical presence on cyberspace. International Information & Library Review. 36(4), 329-340.

Background: S. Korea and Taiwan are neither allied nor enemies? S. Korea and Taiwan: colonial rule of Japan, confrontation with communist countries, economic growth, *cultural similarity? (inflow of S. Korean TV programs into Taiwan) however, S. Korea opened diplomatic relations with China in 1992, “one China” policy but two countries have to weigh the loss and benefits of further civic and economic cooperation (export-oriented economy, can’t hurt to ask to maintain an unofficial social tie)

Framework: International Information Flow Analyses (IIFA) IIFA is the study and interpretation of structures, determinants, and outcomes of the relational state among nation-states in terms of information flow: patents, data, citations, mass media, phone calls world system (core/periphery), imperialism (information rich/poor), influence of information society technologies, role of national boundaries (globalization/localization), impact of geography (cyberspace/physical distance)

International information flow inscribed on the Web Web facilitates access to information and knowledge on a global scale but, its role and use are adjusted and determined at the particular social context S.Korea and Taiwan may be a good case? past research: we can discern fingerprints of international information flow based on configurations of hyperlink connectivity among Web pages that represent nation-states, and the analysis of contents exchanged via hyperlinks

Research question? what is the relational patterns of information exchange from S.Korea to Taiwan on the Web based on hyperlinkage connectivity among Web pages that represent both countries? what influences the overall structures of hyperlink networks between two nation-states? what are the categories of hyperlink-mediated information?, in other words, what are types of contents contained on hyperlinks?

Method: hyperlink networks hyperlink connectivity matrix, an m x n was made based on the results of AltaVista.com host:.ac.kr/ AND link:.edu.tw/ rows represent types of hyperlinking S. Korean pages and columns, hyperlinked Taiwanese pages m x n (i,j) is the number of S. Korean Web page i which hyperlinked to Taiwanese page j correspondence (network) analysis: the simultaneous presentation of nodes both as initiators (rows) and receivers (columns)

Method: content analysis systematic sampling every 10th Web page (out of S. Korean pages) was selected: N = 199 based on the author’s judgment, the types of information contained on the page were classified according to the Yahoo taxonomy 14 classification schemes such as Business & Economy, Computers & Internet, Society & Culture: not exclusive but rather illustrative

Result: hyperlink networks the number of S. Korean Web pages hyperlinking to Taiwanese pages was 1,994 out of 6,996,123 pages which ends with .kr (0.03%): very sparse connection S. Korean commercial pages (ending with .co.kr) provide the most hyperlinks to Taiwanese pages, 82.34% (1,039 out of 1,262) of their hyperlinking recipients are Taiwanese commercial pages other types of S. Korean pages such as academic and governmental pages showed similar patterns

Result: correspondence analysis ,[object Object]

outgoing hyperlink patterns of two different types of S. Korean pages are very similar,[object Object]

Discussion: hyperlink networks a relatively loose communication network from S. Korea from Taiwan: generally consistent with past hyperlink and co-authorship research in Asia region S. Korean pages are more likely to hyperlink with similar types of Taiwanese pages: S. Korean commercial, academic, and governmental pages send hyperlinks to their counter partner Taiwanese pages more than half of S. Korean pages (65.8%, 1,312 out of 1,994) are hyperlinking Taiwanese commercial pages

Discussion: content analysis Computer & Internet category: Taiwan is one of top five IT export countries of S. Korea, Export Similarity Index of S. Korea and Taiwan in the IT market of the USA is getting higher importance of IT trends in Taiwan as both S. Korean customers and competitors Taiwanese computer hardware, neither software nor dot-com companies: some aspects of industry News & Media: S. Korean’s interest in finding general information about Taiwan

Discussion hyperlinks as an indicator of international information and communication networks? only one way? AltaVista, a researcher’s language expand to China (mainland) for comparison how about whether both .kr and .tw Web sites represent each country or not? temporal process: a longitudinal research relations with other networks: mass media, tourists, import/export, phone calls, migration, student etc.

Conclusion hyperlink network analysis : interesting area, growing area, promising approach my other research: multi-mode communications via email, IM, mobile in everyday life if you are interested in my work, han.park@niwi.knaw.nl parkhanwoo@hotmail.com http://www.niwi.knaw.nl/nerdi

Exploring the contents of webpages between Korean and Chinese sites: - Who are talking about what and how?

Exchange activities between Korea and China can be traced back to the 6th century.

In 1992, South Korea and China re-established the official diplomatic relations, and communications between the people in both countries has started since then.

China was quickly become a major export market for Korea.

Apart from economic activities, exchanges between the two countries have also included culture, entertainment, education, science, to name a few.사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Background The number of citizens’ visiting Korea and China Data from Korea Tourism Organization*Began in July 2006 did not record travel destinations. 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

It is now possible for individuals and organizations to obtain and distribute information (on an unprecedented scale and at a low cost) and to form coalitions with like-minded groups in very short time scales.

A web site represent an individual, an organisation, and any other sort of entity.A web link to any pages on the Web represents recognition, acknowledgement, or a suggestion for example.Any changes on links might imply a change of affiliation, removal of relations, or disapproval.사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

The current structure of information flow between South Korea and China based on hyperlinking structures will be examined.

Types of information communicated between South Korean and China through the network structure will be investigated.

Discuss some possible factors that might affect the current setting of the communciation environment between South Korea and China.사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Framework Global networks are increasingly a part of our work and social life today. Countries’ contact is not constrained by geographical restrictions. ,[object Object]

Data communications networks, such as the Internet, can create new opportunities for people to interact (Baym, 1993; Kraut et al, 1996; Rheingold, 1993).

International communication is the most common examples of commercial activities in the cyberspace.

The international communication is not only indicate on the field of economy but also include various things (e.g., scientific citations, broadcasting programs, data, telephone calls and e-mails.). 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Framework International Information Flow Analyses (IIFA) ,[object Object]

IIFA is the outcomes of the relational state among nation-states (Park, 2004), and to emphasize that international information flow has been maked as a main issue in the study of international communication (Barnett & Salisbury, 1996; Barnett, 1999; Barnett et al., 2001).사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Framework Hyperlinking patterns in the Internet ,[object Object]

Webometrics applies bibliometric and informetric techniques to investigate the Internet (Almind & Ingwersen 1997).

The major topics for Internet researchers include: structure of web links, web-based citation analysis, web impact factors and mapping (issue) networks.사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Framework Social Network Analysis (SNA) & Hyperlink Network Analysis (HNA) ,[object Object]

SNA is now applied in many different fields of study, such as organisational behaviour, inter-organisational relations, social support, the diffusion of information and political science.

Park (2003) referred to HNA, of which the idea was derived from communication studies (e.g., computer-mediated communication (CMC) networks). In a hyperlink network, actors are web sites (or nodes) belonging to individual, organisation, government, nation-state or others, and two individual nodes are connected by hyperlinks.사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Method Hyperlink network analysis LexiURL Searcher: A computer program designed to gather data from search engines via their applications programming interfaces (APIs) for webometric purposes, to retrieve data from the Yahoo! data base (Thelwall 2009). ,[object Object],We used country code top-level domain (ccTLD) to search the links, not used top-level domain (TLD; e.g., .com, .net). It is the only and most nationally representative domain. 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Method Social network analysis The HNA mentioned earlier was derived from the social network analysis (SNA). This research also applies the basic concept and measurements of SNA. ,[object Object]

degree centrality: Which focuses on the number of neighbours an actor has.The more an actor connects directly to other network members, the more central the actor is.

Pajek was used to calculate some network metrics and NodeXL was employed to visualize Korea-China online networks.Through these measurements, we are able to identify network patterns of these web pages and important web pages. 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Method Content analysis LexiURL has randomly listed 400 web pages which link from China to South Korea and other 400 web pages from South Korea to China. 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

1. http://www.psdoctor.co.kr 2. http://www.htclub.co.kr 3. http://www.forklifts.co.kr 4. http://minge.pe.kr 5. http://www.golf-fitness.co.kr 6. http://www.kyung-shin.co.kr 7. http://www.rootshell.co.kr Results Korea to China Korea China 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Results China to Korea 1. http://www.nma.com.cn 2. http://www.takuya-openwiki.cn 3.htttp://smkxxy.ntu.edu.cn 4. http://en.syiae.edu.cn 5. http://www.ec.cn 6. http://www.xinli.sdu.edu.cn 7. http://www.dongbanglfz.cn 8. http://former.scnu.edu.cn Korea China 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Results Webpage compare 중국에 링크한 한국 웹사이트의 도메인별 유형 한국에 링크한 중국 웹사이트의 도메인별 유형 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Results 중국에 링크한 한국 웹사이트의 생산자 및 포맷 유형 한국에 링크한 중국 웹사이트의 생산자 및 포맷 유형 Random webpage(400)-Korea vs. China 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Results 중국에 링크한 한국 웹사이트의 주제분야별 유형 한국에 링크한 중국 웹사이트의 주제분야별 유형 Random webpage(400)-Korea vs. China 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Results 중국의 target이 된 한국 사이트의 유형 China to Korea 한국의 target이 된 중국 사이트의 유형 Korea to China 사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

Due to the country’s high broadband penetration, population distribution and government strategies (Kgoggin & MeLelland, 2009), South Korean citizens are highly engaged in online activities.

The popularity of Web 2.0 among Korean netizens also reflect on one of our findings that the majority of Chinese web pages are in the format of regular homepage (89%) while 52% of Korean web pages are regular homepages.

Social influence of the Internet is considered to play an important role in both countries.사이버 공간의 한국-중국 콘텐츠의 유형과 관계망

We assume that the use of the Internet in China might not be very different from other countries, as interactive technologies are used as a tool for communication and organisation.

Online global communication(10 march2011)updating

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