2. INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Prevalence
3. Measurement of Obesity
4. Type of obesity
5. Epidemiology
6. Pathogenesis
7. Complications
8. Management
9.Summary
3. What is Obesity?
The term obesity is derived from the
Latin word "obseus" which means to eat
excessively.
Obesity is an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue
due to an enlargement of fat cell size (hypertrophic
obesity) or an increase in fat cell number (hyperplastic
obesity)or a combination of both.
Obesity is a Non- communicable disease (NCDs).
The ICD-10-CM diagnosis code for obesity is E66.9.
5. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk of global deaths.
Worldwide, obesity has more than doubled since 1980. In 2016, more
than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over
650 million men and women were obese.
6. In 2019, more than 38.2 million children under 5 years of age were
overweight or obese. Once considered a high- income country
problem, overweight and obesity are now rising in low-and middle-
income countries, particularly in urban settings.
At least 3.4 million adults die each year as a result of being
overweight or obese.
7. The Myths
"You are talking of obesity, while malnutrition is everywhere"
Reality: The Double Jeopardy
8. "Fat children are healthy. With age 'baby fat' will go away."
Reality:50-70% of obese children remain obese adults
28% of urban children have syndrome X, one step
away from diabetes and 2 steps away from heart
disease
9. MEASUREMENTS OF OBESITY
*Body Mass Index (Quetelet index) BMI = Weight(kg)/Height(in
meter)2 ---Best indicator
*Ponderal index = Height (cm)/ Cube root of body weight (kg)
*Broca index = Height(cm) - 100
*Corpulence index = Actual weight/Desirable weight(Should not
exceed 1.2)
*Waist Hip ratio: >1.0 in male and >0.85 in female → Abdominal fat
accumulation
12. TYPES OF OBESITY
Obesity can be classified into 2 types:
1.Physical Obesity
2.Pathological Obesity
1. Physical Obesity
This is based on distribution of the fats in the body i.e., purely based on the
appearance of a person.
Types:
(A) Android Obesity
(B)Gynoid Obesity
13. 2. Pathological Obesity
This is based on the structure of the fat tissue.
Types:
(A) Hyperplastic type.
(B) Hypertrophic type.
14. TYPE OF OBESITY
Peripheral Obesity
⚫Gynoid/Gluteal pattern
•Pear shape
• Adipose tissue deposition mainly in
the lower body
part
Central Obesity:
Android/Cushinoid
Apple shape
Adipose tissue predominantly in the
upper body part Has greater
association with OSA (Obstructive
sleep apnea)
15. EPIDEMIOLOGY
The aetiology of obesity is complex, and is one of multiple causation:
Agent factor- Nutrition
• Consuming more quantity of food than required amount leads to
deposition of excess fat in the body.
• QUALITY of food consumed also plays a role.
• Common contributors to obesity High sugar foods like ice creams and high
fat food
• Protective role Salads, whole grains, cereals
16. Host factor :-
• Age (old people > young)
• Gender (Females > Males)
• Marital status (Married > Single)
• Geographical distribution (People of Europe, US and Australia have
greater risk)
• Physical inactivity (Sedentary lifestyle)
• Endocrine disorder (Cushing's, PCOD, Hypothyroidism, diabetes)
• Psychological state (Stress, depression, anxiety)
• Genetics (Prader Willi Syndrome)
• Lifestyle (Binge eating, fast food, sedentary lifestyle)
• Socioeconomic status (higher strata > lower strata)
17. Environmental factors -
Seasonal variation (Winters > Summers)
• Food economics
• Social factors (Urban communities more prone to eating junk food)
• Marketing factors
• Physical environment (lack of parks, lack of walking tracks)
27. Health and Nutrition Education Initiatives
by Diabetes Foundation (India)
Diabetes foundation (India) initiated the largest initiative against childhood
obesity and prevention of diabetes in south Asia covered about 150,000
children from 9 different cities all over India, with the following programs.
CHETNA
‘TEACHER’
30. Overall Aim:
To create mass awareness about
obesity among children and adults
and to thus act as change agents for better
lifestyles and prevention of obesity.
31. SUMMARY
• Rising childhood obesity in urban India and in
other Developing Countries is of great concern,
and would fuel the diabetes and the metabolic
syndrome epidemics further.
• Overall, it is more in urban areas (vs. rural), and
public schools.
• Its consequences, insulin resistance, PCOS, hirsutism,
type 2 diabetes, subclinical inflammation and hepatic
steatosis are now frequently seen in children.
• Countrywide programs, akin to our program "MARG" in
schoolchildren are urgently needed.
32. HOMOEOPATHIC THERAPEUTICS
Graphites:
Women inclined to obesity who suffer from habitual
constipation, with history of delayed menstruation.
Lac def: Obesity; fatty degeneration.
Aurum Met: Fatty degeneration of heart
