The Baroque Period of Western Music History circa 1600 to 1750 AD. It may derive from the word barroco in Portuguese meaning “irregular shape.” Originally used in a derogatory fashion to describe artistic trends of this time period, baroque has come to broadly refer to the century and a half beginning in 1600.
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El documento describe el Ars Antiqua y el Ars Nova, dos períodos de la música medieval. El Ars Antiqua se desarrolló en París en el siglo XII e introdujo innovaciones como la notación rítmica. Formas como el organum y el conductus surgieron en este periodo. El Ars Nova surgió en los siglos XIII-XIV e introdujo nuevas formas como el motete isorrítmico y las formas fijas. También se desarrolló el Ars Nova en Italia con géneros como el madrigal y la ball
The Classical Era spanned from 1750-1825. During this time, major historical events occurred like the American and French Revolutions. Famous composers like Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven lived and worked during this era, developing new musical forms like the symphony and sonata. Characteristics of Classical music included emotion, balance, clarity of form, and innovation of instruments. Vienna emerged as the center of Classical music.
Chapter 18 Performing Grief: Purcell and Early Opera UPDATEDLaura Riddle
This document discusses the key characteristics and components of Baroque opera. It provides an overview of how opera developed from early dramatic works and became a large musical genre combining poetry, singing, instrumentation and staging. The document focuses on important composers like Monteverdi, Purcell and Handel who helped establish opera and discusses key works like Monteverdi's Orfeo and Purcell's Dido and Aeneas. It describes characteristics of Baroque opera like the use of recitatives, arias and basso continuo accompaniment.
El documento proporciona información biográfica y sobre las obras más importantes de cuatro compositores clásicos franceses: Louis Héctor Berlioz, Charles Gounod, Jaques Offenbach y Camille de Saint-Saëns. Resalta sus contribuciones al desarrollo de la música romántica y a géneros como la opereta y la música programática. Describe algunas de sus obras más conocidas como la Sinfonía Fantástica, Fausto, Orfeo en los Infiernos y El Carnaval de los Animales.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Western music history from approximately 1400 to 1600 AD. It describes this period as a cultural movement that began in Italy and spread through Europe, marking a shift from exclusively religious orientation to a more secular society. Key musical developments included the rise of instrumental music and the early development of harmony. Vocal music such as madrigals flourished during this time alongside important composers like Palestrina and Lassus. The Renaissance also saw influential advances in other arts such as paintings by Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo.
Este documento presenta una breve biografía de varios compositores franco-flamencos importantes del siglo XV y XVI, incluyendo Willem Dufay, Gilles Binchois, Johannes Ockeghem, Heinrich Isaac, Josquin des Prés y Juan de la Encina. Muchos de ellos fueron figuras centrales en el desarrollo del estilo renacentista de la música polifónica y contribuyeron de manera significativa a la tradición musical europea de la época.
The Baroque Period of Western Music History circa 1600 to 1750 AD. It may derive from the word barroco in Portuguese meaning “irregular shape.” Originally used in a derogatory fashion to describe artistic trends of this time period, baroque has come to broadly refer to the century and a half beginning in 1600.
▶️ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/JoynulAbadinRasel
☕ Buy me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/JoynulAbadinR
El documento describe el Ars Antiqua y el Ars Nova, dos períodos de la música medieval. El Ars Antiqua se desarrolló en París en el siglo XII e introdujo innovaciones como la notación rítmica. Formas como el organum y el conductus surgieron en este periodo. El Ars Nova surgió en los siglos XIII-XIV e introdujo nuevas formas como el motete isorrítmico y las formas fijas. También se desarrolló el Ars Nova en Italia con géneros como el madrigal y la ball
The Classical Era spanned from 1750-1825. During this time, major historical events occurred like the American and French Revolutions. Famous composers like Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven lived and worked during this era, developing new musical forms like the symphony and sonata. Characteristics of Classical music included emotion, balance, clarity of form, and innovation of instruments. Vienna emerged as the center of Classical music.
Chapter 18 Performing Grief: Purcell and Early Opera UPDATEDLaura Riddle
This document discusses the key characteristics and components of Baroque opera. It provides an overview of how opera developed from early dramatic works and became a large musical genre combining poetry, singing, instrumentation and staging. The document focuses on important composers like Monteverdi, Purcell and Handel who helped establish opera and discusses key works like Monteverdi's Orfeo and Purcell's Dido and Aeneas. It describes characteristics of Baroque opera like the use of recitatives, arias and basso continuo accompaniment.
El documento proporciona información biográfica y sobre las obras más importantes de cuatro compositores clásicos franceses: Louis Héctor Berlioz, Charles Gounod, Jaques Offenbach y Camille de Saint-Saëns. Resalta sus contribuciones al desarrollo de la música romántica y a géneros como la opereta y la música programática. Describe algunas de sus obras más conocidas como la Sinfonía Fantástica, Fausto, Orfeo en los Infiernos y El Carnaval de los Animales.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Western music history from approximately 1400 to 1600 AD. It describes this period as a cultural movement that began in Italy and spread through Europe, marking a shift from exclusively religious orientation to a more secular society. Key musical developments included the rise of instrumental music and the early development of harmony. Vocal music such as madrigals flourished during this time alongside important composers like Palestrina and Lassus. The Renaissance also saw influential advances in other arts such as paintings by Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo.
Este documento presenta una breve biografía de varios compositores franco-flamencos importantes del siglo XV y XVI, incluyendo Willem Dufay, Gilles Binchois, Johannes Ockeghem, Heinrich Isaac, Josquin des Prés y Juan de la Encina. Muchos de ellos fueron figuras centrales en el desarrollo del estilo renacentista de la música polifónica y contribuyeron de manera significativa a la tradición musical europea de la época.
The document discusses keyboard instruments from the Baroque period, including three that are now obsolete: the virginal, spinet, and clavichord. It also covers two instruments that are still used today: the harpsichord and pipe organ. Examples of music played on each instrument are provided to illustrate their distinct sounds. The harpsichord was widely used in the Baroque era but was later replaced by the piano, which allows for more nuanced tone and volume.
Leonin was a 12th century French composer who worked at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He is considered the first significant composer of organum, an early form of polyphonic music based on Gregorian chant. Leonin developed modal notation to symbolize rhythm in organum, laying the basis for modern musical notation, and composed the "Magnus Liber", a book of organum that was later expanded by his student Perotin.
The art song flourished in the Romantic period as composers sought to capture the emotional impact of poetry through music. The genre is well-suited for personal expression, using a solo voice accompanied by piano. Notable composers of lieder, the German art song, included Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann. Their songs often combined to form song cycles on a theme. Character pieces for solo piano were also a form of program music from this era, allowing composers like Chopin to portray a mood or moment through music. Larger programmatic works included Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique, which used a recurring theme to unite a multi-movement work depicting a story.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of music from the Classical period from 1780-1820. During this period, sonata form became the dominant form of instrumental composition. The piano emerged as the primary instrument. Important composers like Mozart and Beethoven worked in Vienna, leading to it being known as the "Viennese Classical Period". Significant developments also occurred in science, philosophy, literature and the arts during this era.
The document provides an overview of classical music through different eras and composers. It discusses the Baroque era from 1600-1750 which laid the foundation for orchestral music and opera. The neo-classical era from 1750-1830 saw the introduction of common musical forms. Romanticism from 1830-1900 was characterized by intense emotional expression and the rise of nationalist styles. It then profiles several influential classical composers such as Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, and Tchaikovsky, highlighting some of their most famous works.
[1] O documento descreve o período Barroco, focando na música da época. [2] Aborda características musicais como o baixo contínuo, o contraponto e a harmonia tonal. [3] Apresenta o compositor Georg Friedrich Handel, analisando brevemente uma de suas obras.
Ludwig Van Beethoven was a highly influential German composer and musician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He expanded classical music forms and brought them to new expressive heights. His later works introduced a more romantic style that influenced many composers after him. Beethoven composed in many genres including symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, and an opera. Some of his most famous works are his 9 symphonies, piano sonatas like "Moonlight" and "Pathetique", and the choral symphony No. 9. He is considered one of the greatest composers of all time.
Son referencia a un tipo determinado de obra musical. En este sentido, una Sonata sería una forma y una Sinfonía otra diferente, por poner algunos ejemplo
The Baroque period of Western music history lasted from approximately 1600 to 1750. Baroque music was characterized by drama, tension, and grandeur through the use of exaggerated gestures. It originated in Rome in the early 1600s and spread across Europe. Common musical instruments of the period included harpsichords, pipe organs, lutes, violins, and woodwind instruments. Baroque music also featured distinct moods, complex melodies, basso continuo accompaniment, terraced dynamics, polyphonic textures, and counterpoint. The Baroque period ended around 1750 with the death of J.S. Bach and the emergence of a simpler Classical style.
J.S. Bach was a German composer and organist born in 1685 who made important contributions to sacred and secular music. He was taught music from a young age by his father. As an adult, he held several musical posts where he composed extensively. His best known works include the Brandenburg Concertos and St. Matthew Passion. He died in 1750 at the age of 65 in Leipzig, Germany.
This document provides an overview of classical composers and genres, focusing on Vienna in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It describes the dominance of the Viennese School and notable composers including Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Haydn is considered the father of the symphony, composing over 100, while Mozart produced famous operas and concertos before dying at age 35. Beethoven was a transitional figure between classical and romantic eras, producing heroic symphonies including his famous Symphony No. 5, which features the well-known "short-short-short-long" motif.
La sinfonía No. 39 de Haydn sigue la estructura clásica de cuatro movimientos. El primer movimiento emplea la forma sonata con un tema principal dramático presentado en sol menor y un segundo tema más alegre en si bemol mayor. El segundo movimiento es un Andante en mi bemol mayor con una textura homogénea. El tercer movimiento es un minueto enérgico en sol menor. El cuarto movimiento final es un allegro en forma sonata con un tema principal enérgico y un segundo tema contrastante en si bemol mayor.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology. It discusses the classification of speech sounds into vowels and consonants. Vowels are sounds made with an unobstructed airflow through the oral cavity, while consonants involve some obstruction. Consonants are further classified based on their manner of articulation, such as stops, fricatives, and nasals, and their place of articulation, such as bilabial, alveolar, and velar. Vowels are classified based on the height, backness, and roundedness of the tongue. Phonetic transcription represents speech sounds with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet in order to provide a universal system for writing sounds across
The Baroque period of music began in 1600 and ended with Bach's death in 1750. Baroque music was written for the aristocracy and church to demonstrate power. It featured basso continuo accompaniment, contrasting sound masses, terraced dynamics, and tonality. Common instruments included harpsichord, violin, oboe, bassoon, and timpani. Vocal genres like opera and cantata rose to prominence, as did instrumental forms like the suite, fugue, and concerto grosso. Major composers included Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, and Rameau.
Frederic Chopin was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist born in 1810 who was considered a master of Romantic music. By age 7, he had already composed two polonaises and begun performing concerts. He studied piano starting from a young age, having his first professional lesson with Wojciech Żywny. Chopin was a musical prodigy who was gifted at the piano from an early age and received special treatment due to his talents. The main secret to his musical genius was his ability to put his whole heart into his performances.
This document discusses phonology and phonetics. Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language, while phonetics is the physical properties and production of speech sounds. A phoneme is a meaningful sound unit in a language, represented between slashes. An allophone is a phonetic realization of a phoneme. For example, the 'p' sound in 'paper' and 'spill' are allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English. Phonemes contrast meaning between words, like 'rowing' vs. 'mowing', while allophones do not change meaning. The minimal pairs test examines if two sounds can change the meaning of words when swapped, like "take" vs. "tape".
This document discusses phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of human sounds without regard to their functional meaning in a language. Phonology studies how sounds are used functionally within a language to differentiate meanings. It describes the levels of phonetics - articulatory, acoustic, and auditive phonetics. It then defines the basic units of phonology - phones, phonemes, and allophones. Phones are minimal recognizable sounds, phonemes distinguish meaning, and allophones are variations in how phonemes are pronounced depending on context.
The document discusses keyboard instruments from the Baroque period, including three that are now obsolete: the virginal, spinet, and clavichord. It also covers two instruments that are still used today: the harpsichord and pipe organ. Examples of music played on each instrument are provided to illustrate their distinct sounds. The harpsichord was widely used in the Baroque era but was later replaced by the piano, which allows for more nuanced tone and volume.
Leonin was a 12th century French composer who worked at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He is considered the first significant composer of organum, an early form of polyphonic music based on Gregorian chant. Leonin developed modal notation to symbolize rhythm in organum, laying the basis for modern musical notation, and composed the "Magnus Liber", a book of organum that was later expanded by his student Perotin.
The art song flourished in the Romantic period as composers sought to capture the emotional impact of poetry through music. The genre is well-suited for personal expression, using a solo voice accompanied by piano. Notable composers of lieder, the German art song, included Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann. Their songs often combined to form song cycles on a theme. Character pieces for solo piano were also a form of program music from this era, allowing composers like Chopin to portray a mood or moment through music. Larger programmatic works included Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique, which used a recurring theme to unite a multi-movement work depicting a story.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of music from the Classical period from 1780-1820. During this period, sonata form became the dominant form of instrumental composition. The piano emerged as the primary instrument. Important composers like Mozart and Beethoven worked in Vienna, leading to it being known as the "Viennese Classical Period". Significant developments also occurred in science, philosophy, literature and the arts during this era.
The document provides an overview of classical music through different eras and composers. It discusses the Baroque era from 1600-1750 which laid the foundation for orchestral music and opera. The neo-classical era from 1750-1830 saw the introduction of common musical forms. Romanticism from 1830-1900 was characterized by intense emotional expression and the rise of nationalist styles. It then profiles several influential classical composers such as Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, and Tchaikovsky, highlighting some of their most famous works.
[1] O documento descreve o período Barroco, focando na música da época. [2] Aborda características musicais como o baixo contínuo, o contraponto e a harmonia tonal. [3] Apresenta o compositor Georg Friedrich Handel, analisando brevemente uma de suas obras.
Ludwig Van Beethoven was a highly influential German composer and musician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He expanded classical music forms and brought them to new expressive heights. His later works introduced a more romantic style that influenced many composers after him. Beethoven composed in many genres including symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, and an opera. Some of his most famous works are his 9 symphonies, piano sonatas like "Moonlight" and "Pathetique", and the choral symphony No. 9. He is considered one of the greatest composers of all time.
Son referencia a un tipo determinado de obra musical. En este sentido, una Sonata sería una forma y una Sinfonía otra diferente, por poner algunos ejemplo
The Baroque period of Western music history lasted from approximately 1600 to 1750. Baroque music was characterized by drama, tension, and grandeur through the use of exaggerated gestures. It originated in Rome in the early 1600s and spread across Europe. Common musical instruments of the period included harpsichords, pipe organs, lutes, violins, and woodwind instruments. Baroque music also featured distinct moods, complex melodies, basso continuo accompaniment, terraced dynamics, polyphonic textures, and counterpoint. The Baroque period ended around 1750 with the death of J.S. Bach and the emergence of a simpler Classical style.
J.S. Bach was a German composer and organist born in 1685 who made important contributions to sacred and secular music. He was taught music from a young age by his father. As an adult, he held several musical posts where he composed extensively. His best known works include the Brandenburg Concertos and St. Matthew Passion. He died in 1750 at the age of 65 in Leipzig, Germany.
This document provides an overview of classical composers and genres, focusing on Vienna in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It describes the dominance of the Viennese School and notable composers including Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Haydn is considered the father of the symphony, composing over 100, while Mozart produced famous operas and concertos before dying at age 35. Beethoven was a transitional figure between classical and romantic eras, producing heroic symphonies including his famous Symphony No. 5, which features the well-known "short-short-short-long" motif.
La sinfonía No. 39 de Haydn sigue la estructura clásica de cuatro movimientos. El primer movimiento emplea la forma sonata con un tema principal dramático presentado en sol menor y un segundo tema más alegre en si bemol mayor. El segundo movimiento es un Andante en mi bemol mayor con una textura homogénea. El tercer movimiento es un minueto enérgico en sol menor. El cuarto movimiento final es un allegro en forma sonata con un tema principal enérgico y un segundo tema contrastante en si bemol mayor.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology. It discusses the classification of speech sounds into vowels and consonants. Vowels are sounds made with an unobstructed airflow through the oral cavity, while consonants involve some obstruction. Consonants are further classified based on their manner of articulation, such as stops, fricatives, and nasals, and their place of articulation, such as bilabial, alveolar, and velar. Vowels are classified based on the height, backness, and roundedness of the tongue. Phonetic transcription represents speech sounds with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet in order to provide a universal system for writing sounds across
The Baroque period of music began in 1600 and ended with Bach's death in 1750. Baroque music was written for the aristocracy and church to demonstrate power. It featured basso continuo accompaniment, contrasting sound masses, terraced dynamics, and tonality. Common instruments included harpsichord, violin, oboe, bassoon, and timpani. Vocal genres like opera and cantata rose to prominence, as did instrumental forms like the suite, fugue, and concerto grosso. Major composers included Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, and Rameau.
Frederic Chopin was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist born in 1810 who was considered a master of Romantic music. By age 7, he had already composed two polonaises and begun performing concerts. He studied piano starting from a young age, having his first professional lesson with Wojciech Żywny. Chopin was a musical prodigy who was gifted at the piano from an early age and received special treatment due to his talents. The main secret to his musical genius was his ability to put his whole heart into his performances.
This document discusses phonology and phonetics. Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language, while phonetics is the physical properties and production of speech sounds. A phoneme is a meaningful sound unit in a language, represented between slashes. An allophone is a phonetic realization of a phoneme. For example, the 'p' sound in 'paper' and 'spill' are allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English. Phonemes contrast meaning between words, like 'rowing' vs. 'mowing', while allophones do not change meaning. The minimal pairs test examines if two sounds can change the meaning of words when swapped, like "take" vs. "tape".
This document discusses phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of human sounds without regard to their functional meaning in a language. Phonology studies how sounds are used functionally within a language to differentiate meanings. It describes the levels of phonetics - articulatory, acoustic, and auditive phonetics. It then defines the basic units of phonology - phones, phonemes, and allophones. Phones are minimal recognizable sounds, phonemes distinguish meaning, and allophones are variations in how phonemes are pronounced depending on context.
2. Muzyka barokowa – muzyka epoki, której początek w historii muzyki wyznacza
data skomponowania w roku 1597 przez Jacopo Periego pierwszej opery
zatytułowanej Dafne, a koniec – połowa XVIII w., kiedy to powstawały
kompozycje ostatnich twórców baroku, takich jak Antonio Vivaldi, Johann
Sebastian Bach (jego śmierć w 1750 r. uważa się za symboliczną datę
zakończenia tego okresu), Georg Friedrich Händel, Jean-Philippe Rameau czy
Domenico Scarlatti.
Szczególną rolę odgrywały w tym czasie Włochy, gdzie narodziły się dwa
podstawowe style kompozytorskie XVII wieku:
stile antico – styl dawny, bazujący na polifonii renesansowej
stile nuovo – styl nowy, mający związek z monodią akompaniowaną i techniką
koncertującą.
3. Teoria muzyki barokowej
Założenia teoretyczne monodii akompaniowanej zostały stworzone przez
grupę zwaną Cameratą Florencką; w jej skład wchodzili poeci, muzycy i
uczeni. Opiekunem grupy był Giovanni Bardi, który udzielał komnat swojego
pałacu na spotkania jej członków. Do Cameraty należeli m.in.: Ottavio
Rinuccini, Emilio de Cavalieri, Giulio Caccini i Jacopo Peri.
Charakterystyczną cechą muzyki barokowej jest kontrast pomiędzy wysokim a
niskim rejestrem, a także silnie zarysowana podstawa harmoniczna w formie
tzw. basso continuo (basu cyfrowanego lub generałbasu), realizowanego
najczęściej na instrumencie umożliwiającym grę akordową, np.
na klawesynie, organach, regale, lutni lub teorbie, oraz na instrumencie
melodycznym, np. na violi da gamba, wiolonczeli, fagocie. Sekcja basu
cyfrowanego jest w utworach barokowych często bardzo rozbudowana i może
składać się z wielu instrumentów grających jednocześnie lub na zmianę w
zależności od żądanego efektu kolorystycznego i dynamicznego.
4. Niezwykle ważnym elementem w muzyce epoki baroku jest kompozycja i forma
utworu. Muzyka ma za zadanie uczyć i cel ten realizowany jest poprzez
zastosowanie wszelkiego rodzaju figur retorycznych i konstrukcji formalnych,
analogicznych do używanych w nauce retoryki słownej (w budowie formy:
prezentacja tematu, rozwój narracji, punkt kulminacyjny, podsumowanie, a jako
figury retoryczne: wykrzyknienia, zawieszenie narracji, wprowadzanie ruchu,
westchnienia, pytania retoryczne, powtórzenia itd.)
Inną cechą charakterystyczną dla tego okresu jest muzyka uproszczona do
modelu harmonicznego, który jednak stanowił podstawę wielu nowych gatunków
muzycznych z operą na czele. Zasługą twórców barokowych jest m.in.
przeniesienie koncepcji kontrapunktycznych z muzyki wokalnej do
instrumentalnej, która zaczęła się lawinowo rozwijać w nowych i samodzielnych
formach (suita, sonata, concerto grosso) o krystalizującej się formie,
obowiązującej przez następne trzy stulecia.
Wreszcie barok to czas rozkwitu muzyki polifonicznej, przede wszystkim formy
zwanej fugą (z łac. "ucieczka"). Nazwa pochodzi od przechodzenia tematu
głównego przez wszystkie głosy utworu (zazwyczaj od dwóch do pięciu), co daje
wrażenie pogoni. Do doskonałości doprowadził formę tę J.S. Bach; po jego
śmierci nigdy nie odzyskała ona dawnej popularności.
5. Podział na okresy
W muzyce barokowej wyróżnia się cztery okresy o
odmiennym stylu muzycznym:
wczesny barok (ok. 1600 – ok. 1650)
barok dojrzały (ok. 1650 – ok. 1700)
późny barok (ok. 1700 – ok. 1750)
Styl galant (ok. 1750 – ok. 1760)
6. Styl galant
Końcowa faza epoki baroku w muzyce to styl
zwany galant (z fr. wytworny) – styl elegancki,
stojący w opozycji do skomplikowanego i
ciężkiego stylu barokowego. Rozwijał się już od
około 1700 roku (Alessandro Scarlatti, operowa
szkoła neapolitańska). Stanowił on podwalinę
stylu klasycznego i pomost pomiędzy nim, a
stylem barokowym.
7. Style narodowe
W muzyce baroku dają się wyróżnić następujące style narodowe:
włoski (główni reprezentanci: Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, Arcangelo
Corelli, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Alessandro Scarlatti, Johann Adolf
Hasse, Giacomo Carissimi, Tomaso Albinoni, Domenico Scarlatti)
francuski (François Couperin, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Andre Campra, Jean-
Philippe Rameau, Marc-Antoine Charpentier)
niemiecki (Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Philipp Telemann, Dietrich
Buxtehude, Georg Friedrich Händel)
angielski (John Blow, Henry Purcell, William Boyce)
czeski (Jan Dismas Zelenka)
polski (Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki, Bartłomiej Pękiel, Adam
Jarzębski, Stanisław Sylwester Szarzyński)
8. Nowe formy i gatunki muzyczne
W epoce baroku powstało kilka nowych form i gatunków
wokalno-instrumentalnych: opera, oratorium, kantata.
Powstały też nowe formy i gatunki
instrumentalne: suita, sonata, koncert solowy, concerto
grosso, fuga, toccata, cykl polifoniczny, msza organowa.
9. Literatura
M. Bukofzer Muzyka w epoce baroku. Od Monteverdiego do Bacha, Warszawa
(PWN) 1970
D.Szlagowska Muzyka baroku, Gdańsk (Akademia Muzyczna) 1998
N. Harnoncourt Muzyka mową dźwięków, Warszawa (Fundacja Ruchu
Muzycznego) 1982
B. Przybyszewska-Jarmińska Barok, cz. I 1595-1696, Warszawa (Sutkowski
Edition, seria Historia muzyki polskiej), 2007
Historia muzyki XVII wieku. Muzyka we Włoszech, pod red. Z. M.
Szweykowskiego, Kraków (Musica lagellonica) 2000
D. Gwizdalanka Historia muzyki 1 (opera), Kraków (PWM) 2005 i cz. 2
(oratorium i muzyka instrumentalna) Kraków 2006
M. Kowalska ABC historii muzyki, Kraków (Musica Iagellonica) 2001, s. 199-308
12. Georg Friedrich Handel urodził się w 1685 roku w niemieckim mieście
Halle. Od najmłodszych lat odznaczał się wybitnymi zdolnościami
muzycznymi. Mając 17 łat, był już znakomitym muzykiem, a jego
zainteresowania skupiły się na operze. W celu poznania tajników
sztuki operowej, wyjechał do Włoch, a później do Anglii, gdzie spędził
większą część swojego życia. Przez dwadzieścia lat Handel tworzy
opery, później zwrócił się ku formie oratorium.W jego bogatym
dorobku twórczym znalazły się: opery, oratoria, kantaty, arie, pieśni,
utwory orkiestrowe tj. concerti grossi, uwertury, koncerty na różne
instrumenty, sonaty, suity, tańce, utwory klawesynowe. Kompozytor w
swoich utworach zespolił cechy muzyki niemieckiej, włoskiej,
angielskiej i francuskiej. Handel zmarł w Londynie w 1759 roku,
pozostawiając po sobie dorobek o ogromnej wartości artystycznej.
Siłą jego dzieł była wyrazistość, obrazowość. Większość z nich
odznaczała się podniosłym nastrojem, dramatyzmem, potęgą
brzmienia chórów i orkiestr}'. Także dziś na całym świecie jego
muzyka wywołuje wśród słuchaczy te same emocje — zachwyca i
porusza do głębi. Nic więc dziwnego, że sława Händla jest
nieprzemijająca.
14. Jan Sebastian Bach urodził się w 1685 roku w niemieckim miasteczku Eisenach
(czyt. ajzenach). Jego rodzina od pokoleń zajmowała się muzyką. Pierwsze nauki
chłopiec pobierał od ojca, a po śmierci rodziców rozwijaniem jego zdolności
muzycznych zajął się brat Jan Krzysztof. Po ukończeniu edukacji Bach
obejmował różne stanowiska związane z muzyką. Był śpiewakiem,
instrumentalistą, organistą dworskim, kapelmistrzem i dyrygentem orkiestry
kameralnej, pedagogiem, a także kantorem w kościele św. Tomasza w Lipsku. Za
życia ceniono go przede wszystkim jako wybitnego wirtuoza organowi pedagoga.
W jego dorobku kompozytorskim znalazły się wśród utworów wokalno-
instrumentalnych m.in. pasje (zachowały się dwie: wg św. Jana i św. Mateusza).
msze (najsłynniejsza to wielka Msza h-moll), oratoria, kantaty (religijne i
świeckie), a wśród nich słynna Kantata o kawie i Kantata chłopska, magnifikaty,
motety. Do najważniejszych utworów instrumentalnych należą: Koncerty
brandenburskie, koncerty solowe (najwięcej skrzypcowych i klawesynowych),
utwory orkiestrowe, wariacje, sonaty, suity klawesynowe i orkiestrowe, toccaty i
fugi. Bach zmarł w 1750 roku w Lipsku, nie zaznawszy za życia sławy. Dopiero w
XIX wieku niemiecki kompozytor Feliks Mendelssohn-Bartholdy ukazał światu
piękno i wartość jego muzyki, wykonując w Berlinie Pasję wg św. Mateusza. Od
tego czasu po dzień dzisiejszy muzyka Jana Sebastiana Bacha fascynuje
melomanów na całym świecie swym kunsztem i bogactwem środków
wyrazowych.
16. Antonio Vivaldi urodził się w 1678 roku w Wenecji. Lekcji
muzyki udzielał mu ojciec, ale mimo wielkich
postępów'zdecydowano, że Antonio zostanie księdzem. Po
otrzymaniu święceń kapłańskich Vivaldi ze względu na słaby
stan zdrowia nie wypełniał posług duchownych i zwrócił się ku
muzycznej działalności pedagogicznej. Później zajął się
rozwijaniem swojej kariery muzycznej. Niebawem stał się
jednym z najwybitniejszych włoskich kompozytorów. W jego
dorobku twórczym znalazły się niemal wszystkie formy
charakterystyczne dla baroku: opery, oratoria, kantaty
świeckie, arie, psalmy, magnifikaty, motety, hymny, a przede
wszystkim koncerty na instrumenty solowe, głównie
skrzypcowa. To właśnie w nich objawił się najbardziej
indywidualny styl kompozytora. Vivaldi zmarł w 1741 roku w
Wiedniu. Po śmierci jego twórczość uległa zapomnieniu.
Dopiero początku XX wieku odkryto muzykę Vivałdiego na
nowo i od tego momentu posiada ona swoje stałe miejsce w
światowej literaturze muzycznej.
