Classroom presentation

1. PRESENTATION ON:
1. NUTRITION IN EMERGENCIES
2. NUTRITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRY
ASSESSMENT IN EMERGENCIES
3. EMERGENCY FOOD NEED ASSESSMENT
4. CALCULATING FOOD REQUIREMENTS
BASED ON ACCESS TO FOOD
PRESENTED BY:
•ASMITA GAUTAM ROLL NO.: 07
•BIKASH DANGAURA ROLL NO.: 09
•RENU GHIMIRE ROLL NO.: 19

2. WORK DIVISION
Roll No. NAME Topic
7 ASMITA GAUTAM NUTRITION IN EMERGENCIES
9 BIKASH DANGAURA NUTRITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRY
ASSESSMENT IN EMERGENCIES
19 RENU GHIMIRE EMERGENCY FOOD NEED
ASSESSMENT &CALCULATING FOOD
REQUIREMENTS BASED ON ACCESS
TO FOOD

3. NUTRITION IN EMERGENCIES

4. INTRODUCTION
• Any situation where there is an exceptional and
widespread threat to life, health and basic
subsistence, which is beyond the coping capacity
of individuals and the community.
• “Complex emergency”: A major humanitarian
crisis of a multi causal nature, essentially from
internal or external conflict and which requires
an international response that extends beyond
the mandate or capacity of any single agency.

5. ….contd….
• Multiple forms of malnutrition present in the
context of crisis.
▫ Wasting
▫ Severe stunting
▫ Micronutrient deficiencies
▫ Obesity
• Humanitarian response has evolved rapidly
since 2000, leading to calls for greater focus on
the generation of rigorous data on effectiveness.

6. TRIGGERS FOR NUTRITION
EMERGENCIES
• Natural Disasters
• Conflict
• Political Crisis and Economic Shocks
• Global Food Prices Fluctuation

7. MOST VULNERABLE GROUPS
• Physiological vulnerability:
▫ Children less than 5 years old,
▫ Edlerly people
• Geographical vulnerability:
▫ Flood or Drought,
▫ Conflict Areas
• Political vulnerability: Discrimination,
Persecution
• Internal Displacement and Refugee Status

8. TYPES OF MALNUTRITION DURING
EMERGENCIES
• The major concern in emergencies is the increased
risk of moderate and severe acute malnutrition
because acute malnutrition is strongly associated
with death.
• In many long term emergencies, levels of other
forms of malnutrition (stunting and underweight)
are often high.
• Stunting inhibits a child from reaching his/her full
physical and mental potential.
• Micronutrient deficiencies are common in
emergencies, particularly in affected people
dependent on food rations.

9. GOALS
• Reducing levels of wasting to below conventionally
defined emergency rates of thresholds.
• Reducing and/or preventing micronutrient deficiencies
because these markedly increase mortality risks.
• Reducing the specific vulnerability of infants and young
children in crisis through the promotion of appropriate
child care, with special emphasis on infant and young
child feeding practices
• Preventing a life threatening deterioration of nutritional
status by ensuring access by emergency affected
populations to adequate, safe and nutritious foods that
meet minimum nutrient needs.

10. CHALLENGES
• Developing countries will not be able to break
out of poverty and sustain economic growth.
• The goal of addressing stunting and wasting is
unlikely to be achieved without progress in
countries requiring large scale humanitarian
action.
• The specific contribution of action address
nutritional deficiencies in humanitarian context
has to be understood.

11. CONCLUSION
• Emergency interventions continue to improve
in terms of coverage, scale of operation,
reporting standards and effectiveness
• Immediate nutrition needs are usually acute,
large scale and have complex determinants.

12. NUTRITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRY
ASSESSMENT IN EMERGENCIES

13. ANTHROPOMETRY
• Body Measurement: Weight, Height, Left MUAC
• Other indices: Age, Bilateral Oedema

14. MUAC
• Indicator of risk mortality for 6 months to 5
years old children.
• Ideal Indicator: MUAC/Age (Z Score)
• Moderate Cases: MUAC/Age<-2 Z Score
• Severe Cases: MUAC/Age<-3 Z Score

15. INDICATORS OF MALNUTRITION
• Weight/Age(Underweight)
• Height/Age(Stunting=Chronic form)
• Weight/Height(Wasting=Acute form)
• Pitting bilateral edema(Kwashiorker)
• Unit= Standard deviation or Z Score

16. CLASSIFICATION OF CASES OF
MALNUTRITION AMONGST PRESCHOOL
AND SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN
• Chronic malnutrition:Stunting weight/height ≤ -
2 (severe ≤ -3 Z score)
• Acute malnutrition: Wasting weight/height ≤ -2
(Severe ≤ -3 Z score)
• Kwashiorker: Pitting bilateral oedema

17. SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION
• New severe cases of acute malnutrition = new
cases of severe wasting + new cases of
Kwashiorker
• MAM = weight/height < -2 + Kwashiorker
• SAM = weight/height < -3 + Kwashiorker

18. CLASSIFICATION OF CASES OF
MALNUTRITION AMONGST ADULTS
• Body Mass Index (BMI)=
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)2
• The unit of BMI is 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2

19. INDICATORS OF MICRONUTRIENT
DEFICIENCIES
• Common deficiencies in emergencies:
▫ Vitamins: A, B3, (Niacin), C (Ascorbic Acid)
▫ Minerals: Iodine, Iron, Zinc

20. CLINICAL SIGNS OF MICRONUTRIENT
DEFICIENCIES
• Vitamin A: Night Blindness, Conjunctival
Xerosis, Corneal Xerosis, Bitot’s spots
• Iron: Tiredness, Pallor, Icterus
• Iodine: Goitre, Cretinism
• Niacin (Vitamin B3): Pallegra “3D Disease”
(Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia)
• Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C): Scurvy (Bleeding,
Purple and swollen gums)

21. BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF
MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
• Iron: Haemoglobin level, erythrocyte volume
fraction
• Iodine: Urinary Iodine level

22. EMERGENCY FOOD NEED
ASSESSMENT

23. EMERGENCY FOOD
• Emergency food is basically the food stored in
case of emergencies. In world where disaster can
occur without warning, there is that possibility
that you and your family may be cut off from the
food sources. With this in mind, there has to be
food stockpiled in the pantry that may or may
not need cooking or refrigeration.

24. EMERGENCY FOOD NEED ASSESSMENT
• There is variety of methods and analytical
frameworks that can be used to assess the ability
of population to assess food on their own. While
there is currently no universally agreed upon
method for conducting emergency food need
assessment.
• A food need assesment is normallly the part of
health need assessment.

25. …..contd…….
• It should collect data related to nutrition,
measure acute malnutrition and infant feeding
practice.
• Information gathering should be both qualitative
and quantitative methods and should include
data from both primary and secondary sources.

26. OBJECTIVES
• These objectives would normally include one or
more of the following:
• To save lives
• To maintain / improve health and nutritional status
with special attention to pregnant and lactating
women and other groups at high risk
• To preserve productive assets
• To prevent mass migration
• To ensure access to adequate diet for all population
groups
• To establish conditions for and promote
rehabilitation and restoration of self reliance; and
• To minimize damage to food production and
marketing systems due to the emergency situation.

27. ASSESSMENT CAN BE TAKE THE
FOLLOWING FORMS
• Rapid assessment
• Detailed assessment
• Continual Assesment

28. ASSESSMENT PHASE
• Planning and preparation
• Identification of appropriate data collection
tools.
• Data collection
• Analysis and recommendations
• Action plan

29. CALCULATING FOOD REQUIREMENTS
BASED ON ACCESS TO FOOD

30. • At the onset of sudden emergencies such as
refugee influxes, flood and hurricanes,
populations typically have no access to food
pother than that provided through relief
programs.
• In these types of situations, it is generally
appropriate to estimate the food requirements
for humanitarian assistance based on the
adjusted energy requirements for the
population.

31. • In situations where an emergency food need
assessment has determined that a population is able
to obtain food through activities, it may be
appropriate to ajust the food requirements for a
population to reflect this fact.
• Typically the proportion of energy requirement that
the population can provide is estimated to the
nearest increment of 25% (i.e., 25%, 50%, 75%)
• For eg.: If the energy requirements for a given
population have been calculated at 2100kcal, and
then assessment has determined that the population
has the capability to provide about 25%of their daily
energy requirements (about 500kcal)

32. • The food assistance should be calculated to
provide 1600 kcals:
▫ It is important to continue to monitor indicatorsof
nutritional status, food security and coping
strategies after adjustment of rations to ensure
that the ration reduction is not having adverse
effects.

33. References
• ..PHN_DKY SIRNutrition in emergencies.pdf
• ..PHN_DKY SIR9789290225447-eng.pdf
• ..PHN_DKY SIRNutrition_Detail.pdf

34. ANY???
THANK YOU!!!