This document discusses nutrition during childhood, covering topics like growth and development patterns, nutrient requirements, and factors influencing food intake. It notes that growth slows after infancy, with weight gaining 2-3kg/year and height 6-8cm/year until puberty. Nutrient needs remain high to support growth. Factors like family, media, peers, and societal trends can influence children's eating habits and food preferences. Regular monitoring of growth is important to identify any nutritional issues.
9. Lect.9.Nutrition in childhooddddd.pptxyakemichael
This document discusses nutrition in childhood. It notes that physical growth slows after infancy but cognitive, social, and emotional development continues. Regular monitoring of growth is important to identify problems early. Catch-up growth occurs when a child recovers from illness or undernutrition, requiring increased nutrients. Children need more nutrients proportionally than adults for growth. Sufficient energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins are necessary to support growth and development without excess weight gain. Specific roles of iron, zinc, calcium, and vitamins are discussed.
This document outlines a lecture on child and preadolescent nutrition. It discusses normal growth and development in children, including adiposity rebound. It also covers energy and nutrient needs, common nutrition problems like iron deficiency and dental caries, and childhood obesity including predictors, assessment, and treatment approaches. The goal of obesity treatment is weight maintenance or gradual weight loss until a healthy BMI is achieved.
This document discusses enteral nutrition in infants and children. It covers nutritional assessment, indications for enteral nutrition such as inability to meet nutritional needs orally or increased metabolic demands, disease-specific considerations, formula selection, nutritional requirements, and administration methods. Enteral nutrition provides nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract and is preferable to parenteral nutrition when possible due to lower costs and health benefits from GI tract utilization.
Chapter 12 Child and Preadolescent Nutrition.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 12
Child and Preadolescent Nutrition
*
Definitions of the Life Cycle StageMiddle childhood—between the ages of 5 and 10 yearsPreadolescence—ages 9 to 11 years for girls; ages 10 to 12 years for boysmay also be termed “school-age”
*
IntroductionFocuses on growth and development of school-age and pre-adolescent childrenPhysical, cognitive, emotional, social growthGrowth spurtsModeling healthy eating and physical activity behaviors
Importance of Nutrition Establishing healthy eating habits helps prevent immediate & long-term health problems
Adequate nutrition associated with improved academic performance
*
Tracking Child and Preadolescent HealthData on U.S. children in 2010Children under 18 were nearly 10% of population7.5 million had no health insuranceDisparities in nutrition status exist among different races & ethnic groups
*
Tracking Child and Preadolescent HealthDisparities in nutrition status exist among different races & ethnic groups. African American, American Indian, and Hispanic children more likely to live in povertyOdds of being obese significantly higher for non-Hispanic Black children and Mexican American children
*
Normal Growth and DevelopmentMeasurement techniquesGrowth velocity will slow down during the school-age yearsShould continue to monitor growth periodicallyWeight and height should be plotted on the appropriate growth chart
*
Normal Growth and Development2000 CDC growth chartsTools to monitor the growth of a child for the following parametersWeight-for-ageStature-for-ageBody mass index (BMI)-for-ageCan be downloaded from CDC website: www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/cdc_charts.htm
*
Normal Growth and Development2000 CDC growth chartsBased on data from cycles 2 & 3 of the National Health & Examination Survey (NHES) & the National Health & Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) I, II, & IIIWHO Growth ReferencesAvailable at www.who.int/childgrowth
*
Normal Growth and Development
*
Physiological Development in School-Age ChildrenMuscular strength, motor coordination, & stamina increaseIn early childhood, body fat reaches a minimum then increases in preparation for adolescent growth spurtAdiposity rebounds between ages 6 to 6.3 yearsBoys have more lean tissue than girls
*
Cognitive Development in School-Age ChildrenSelf-efficacy…the knowledge of what to do and the ability to do itChange from preoperational period to concrete operationsDevelops sense of selfMore independent & learn family rolesPeer relationships become important
*
Development of Feeding Skills motor coordination & improved feeding skillsMasters use of eating utensilsInvolved in food preparationComplexities of skills with ageLearning about different foods, simple food prep and basic nutrition facts
*
Eating BehaviorsParents & older siblings influence food choices in early childhood with peer influences increasing in preadolescenceParents should be positive role modelsFamily me ...
The document discusses the importance of nutrition for child development from pregnancy through early childhood. It states that the first 1000 days from pregnancy to age 2 are critical for proper nutrition, as children need the right foods to grow and develop to their full potential. Specific topics covered include the benefits of breastfeeding, introducing solid foods at 6 months, ensuring toddlers and preschoolers eat a balanced diet with grains, proteins, vegetables and fruits. The document also discusses how poor nutrition can negatively impact children's health, growth, and risks of issues like obesity and malnutrition later in life.
Here are some additional examples of meals and snacks adolescents may choose:
- Pasta with tomato sauce and vegetables
- Yogurt and fruit
- Peanut butter and banana sandwich
- Salad with chicken and dressing
- Granola bar
- Smoothie with yogurt, fruit and plant-based milk
- Hard boiled eggs
- Trail mix with nuts and dried fruit
- String cheese and crackers
10. Lect.10.Nutrition in Adolescence.pptxyakemichael
Adolescence is a period of tremendous physical, psychological, and cognitive transformation between the ages of 10-19. During this time, adolescents experience rapid growth and development. Their food habits may include irregular meal consumption, excessive snacking on foods high in fat and sodium, replacing juices and milk with soft drinks, and dieting which can lead to eating disorders. Proper nutrition is important for supporting healthy growth and development, including getting sufficient protein, calories, carbohydrates, iron, fiber, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids.
This document discusses the importance of adequate nutrition during early childhood for development and future health. It notes that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years is one of the most cost-effective nutrition habits. The document also discusses Unilever's commitments to nutrition research and fortified products to support child development and health.
9. Lect.9.Nutrition in childhooddddd.pptxyakemichael
This document discusses nutrition in childhood. It notes that physical growth slows after infancy but cognitive, social, and emotional development continues. Regular monitoring of growth is important to identify problems early. Catch-up growth occurs when a child recovers from illness or undernutrition, requiring increased nutrients. Children need more nutrients proportionally than adults for growth. Sufficient energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins are necessary to support growth and development without excess weight gain. Specific roles of iron, zinc, calcium, and vitamins are discussed.
This document outlines a lecture on child and preadolescent nutrition. It discusses normal growth and development in children, including adiposity rebound. It also covers energy and nutrient needs, common nutrition problems like iron deficiency and dental caries, and childhood obesity including predictors, assessment, and treatment approaches. The goal of obesity treatment is weight maintenance or gradual weight loss until a healthy BMI is achieved.
This document discusses enteral nutrition in infants and children. It covers nutritional assessment, indications for enteral nutrition such as inability to meet nutritional needs orally or increased metabolic demands, disease-specific considerations, formula selection, nutritional requirements, and administration methods. Enteral nutrition provides nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract and is preferable to parenteral nutrition when possible due to lower costs and health benefits from GI tract utilization.
Chapter 12 Child and Preadolescent Nutrition.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 12
Child and Preadolescent Nutrition
*
Definitions of the Life Cycle StageMiddle childhood—between the ages of 5 and 10 yearsPreadolescence—ages 9 to 11 years for girls; ages 10 to 12 years for boysmay also be termed “school-age”
*
IntroductionFocuses on growth and development of school-age and pre-adolescent childrenPhysical, cognitive, emotional, social growthGrowth spurtsModeling healthy eating and physical activity behaviors
Importance of Nutrition Establishing healthy eating habits helps prevent immediate & long-term health problems
Adequate nutrition associated with improved academic performance
*
Tracking Child and Preadolescent HealthData on U.S. children in 2010Children under 18 were nearly 10% of population7.5 million had no health insuranceDisparities in nutrition status exist among different races & ethnic groups
*
Tracking Child and Preadolescent HealthDisparities in nutrition status exist among different races & ethnic groups. African American, American Indian, and Hispanic children more likely to live in povertyOdds of being obese significantly higher for non-Hispanic Black children and Mexican American children
*
Normal Growth and DevelopmentMeasurement techniquesGrowth velocity will slow down during the school-age yearsShould continue to monitor growth periodicallyWeight and height should be plotted on the appropriate growth chart
*
Normal Growth and Development2000 CDC growth chartsTools to monitor the growth of a child for the following parametersWeight-for-ageStature-for-ageBody mass index (BMI)-for-ageCan be downloaded from CDC website: www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/cdc_charts.htm
*
Normal Growth and Development2000 CDC growth chartsBased on data from cycles 2 & 3 of the National Health & Examination Survey (NHES) & the National Health & Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) I, II, & IIIWHO Growth ReferencesAvailable at www.who.int/childgrowth
*
Normal Growth and Development
*
Physiological Development in School-Age ChildrenMuscular strength, motor coordination, & stamina increaseIn early childhood, body fat reaches a minimum then increases in preparation for adolescent growth spurtAdiposity rebounds between ages 6 to 6.3 yearsBoys have more lean tissue than girls
*
Cognitive Development in School-Age ChildrenSelf-efficacy…the knowledge of what to do and the ability to do itChange from preoperational period to concrete operationsDevelops sense of selfMore independent & learn family rolesPeer relationships become important
*
Development of Feeding Skills motor coordination & improved feeding skillsMasters use of eating utensilsInvolved in food preparationComplexities of skills with ageLearning about different foods, simple food prep and basic nutrition facts
*
Eating BehaviorsParents & older siblings influence food choices in early childhood with peer influences increasing in preadolescenceParents should be positive role modelsFamily me ...
The document discusses the importance of nutrition for child development from pregnancy through early childhood. It states that the first 1000 days from pregnancy to age 2 are critical for proper nutrition, as children need the right foods to grow and develop to their full potential. Specific topics covered include the benefits of breastfeeding, introducing solid foods at 6 months, ensuring toddlers and preschoolers eat a balanced diet with grains, proteins, vegetables and fruits. The document also discusses how poor nutrition can negatively impact children's health, growth, and risks of issues like obesity and malnutrition later in life.
Here are some additional examples of meals and snacks adolescents may choose:
- Pasta with tomato sauce and vegetables
- Yogurt and fruit
- Peanut butter and banana sandwich
- Salad with chicken and dressing
- Granola bar
- Smoothie with yogurt, fruit and plant-based milk
- Hard boiled eggs
- Trail mix with nuts and dried fruit
- String cheese and crackers
10. Lect.10.Nutrition in Adolescence.pptxyakemichael
Adolescence is a period of tremendous physical, psychological, and cognitive transformation between the ages of 10-19. During this time, adolescents experience rapid growth and development. Their food habits may include irregular meal consumption, excessive snacking on foods high in fat and sodium, replacing juices and milk with soft drinks, and dieting which can lead to eating disorders. Proper nutrition is important for supporting healthy growth and development, including getting sufficient protein, calories, carbohydrates, iron, fiber, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids.
This document discusses the importance of adequate nutrition during early childhood for development and future health. It notes that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years is one of the most cost-effective nutrition habits. The document also discusses Unilever's commitments to nutrition research and fortified products to support child development and health.
This is an undergraduate presentation on failure to thrive in Pediatrics. In this presentation I mentioned about Diagnosis, Etiology, Etiology, Diagnostic Evaluation and Management.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-2267
https://1drv.ms/p/s!Am9GQ5GMX-WyjmOfgcNpov4RewVL
Pamudith Karunaratne
Clinical Research Challenges and Best Practices in Pediatric Research in Canada - Dr. Al Wahab - 2015
Dr. Zeina AlWahab, M.D.
Prof. Peivand Pirouzi, Ph.D., M.B.A.
The document discusses the rise in childhood obesity and factors contributing to it. It notes that obesity rates have increased dramatically in recent decades across all ages and states in the US. Obesity is defined as an excess of body fat that can impair health and is evaluated based on standard values for age and sex. Obese children are more likely to become obese adults. Factors discussed as influencing obesity rates include changes in eating environments like more meals outside the home, community design affecting physical activity levels, and increased screen time. The document provides recommendations for parents to help prevent childhood obesity like providing healthy meals and nutrition education, increasing physical activity, focusing on overall health rather than weight goals, and making healthy eating and active lifestyles a family
Service providers who receive high nutrition risk referrals, particularly Registered Dietitians, need to be knowledgeable about general and clinical pediatric nutrition as well as counselling skills for working with families and children.
This is the first of five self-directed training modules available in PowerPoint presentations that have been developed and evaluated to respond to this need
According to the WHO, malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality
Under-weight births and IUGR (intra-uterine growth restrictions) cause 3 million child deaths a year.
According to the Lancet, consequences of malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible.
Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements.
Malnutrition can exacerbate the problem of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhoea.
But malnutrition can actually cause diseases itself , and can be fatal in its own right
The term 'faltering growth' is widely used in relation to infants and young children whose weight gain occurs more slowly than expected for their age and sex.
In the past, this was often described as a ‘failure to thrive’ but this is no longer the preferred term :-
partly because ‘failure’ could be perceived as negative,
but also because lesser degrees of faltering growth may not necessarily indicate a significant problem but merely represent variation from the usual pattern when measured against the standardized growth charts (WHO Growth Charts
This document discusses nutrition concepts for toddlers and preschoolers. It covers normal growth and development, energy and nutrient needs, common nutrition problems like iron-deficiency anemia and dental caries, and feeding skills and food preferences at different ages. Parents and caregivers play an important role in establishing healthy eating habits during these early childhood years.
This document provides an overview of nutrition in the life cycle, covering several life stages. It begins with an introduction to maternal and child nutrition, discussing the relationship between nutrition and pregnancy outcomes, low birth weight, lactation, and women's nutrition between births. It then covers nutrition and child development from infancy through childhood and adolescence. Key topics for adolescents include growth, nutrient requirements, weight issues, and dietary sources of vitamins and minerals. The document also discusses interventions to address nutritional problems for mothers and children, including supplementation and breastfeeding. It concludes with a chapter on the nutritional concerns of the elderly, such as changes in nutrient requirements and food pyramid recommendations with aging.
This document discusses methods for assessing the nutritional status of infants. It outlines direct methods like anthropometric measurements of weight, length, head circumference, and mid-upper arm circumference. It also discusses biochemical markers and clinical signs. Indirect methods include analyzing ecological, economic, and vital health statistics. The goal of nutritional assessments is to identify malnutrition, develop appropriate health programs, and measure their effectiveness. Anthropometric measurements are compared to reference standards to evaluate nutritional status.
Childhood obesity and socioeconomic statusBreaunna Shaw
Lower socioeconomic status is an important indicator for childhood obesity according to the document. Obesity is defined as excess body fat that negatively impacts health by reducing life expectancy. Socioeconomic status encompasses work experience, income, education and occupation. The document provides recommendations for expecting mothers, infants, preschoolers, and children/adolescents to develop healthy nutrition habits and increase physical activity in order to address the link between low socioeconomic status and increased childhood obesity rates.
Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the plotting of that weight on a graph (called a growth chart) enabling one to see changes in weight, and giving advice to the mother based on this weight change is called ‘GROWTH MONITORING’
This document discusses childhood obesity as a global health concern. It provides information on what BMI is and how it is used to diagnose obesity in children. It describes the various health effects of childhood obesity, including psychological effects, cardiovascular issues, metabolic disorders and others. It discusses factors that contribute to childhood obesity such as genetics, diet, physical inactivity, and social determinants. Prevention strategies mentioned include improving access to healthy foods, increasing physical activity and making changes to the home and school environments.
1) This document contains various social media posts and articles about nutrition, exercise, and childhood obesity from the perspective of a school administration.
2) The posts promote eating fruits and vegetables, daily exercise as a family, and sharing healthy meal plans. They emphasize that exercise should be fun and note online resources for family activities.
3) The articles discuss the obesity epidemic among children and the health risks of excess weight like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. They highlight the school's nutrition standards to promote healthy lifestyles and prevent obesity by providing balanced, nutritious meals.
The document discusses childhood obesity, including its prevalence, definition, causes, medical complications, and approaches to management and prevention. Some key points are:
- The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing in the US since the 1980s and now affects around 15% of children and adolescents.
- Obesity is defined using BMI percentiles, with overweight being 85th percentile and obesity being 95th percentile or above based on age and sex.
- Causes include dietary, lifestyle, genetic, and medical factors. Screen time and decreased physical activity are significant contributors.
- Medical complications can include sleep apnea, joint problems, and increased risk of diabetes and heart disease.
- Management involves diet, exercise,
This document provides information from Dr. Dolly Rani, an assistant professor of home science, on the topic of food, nutrition, and a balanced diet. It defines food and its functions, including physiological, psychological, and social functions. It discusses the concepts of nutrition, malnutrition, and the five main food groups. Key points covered include defining food and its role in providing energy, building the body, and having protective and regulatory functions. A balanced diet consisting of varieties from the five food groups is described as important for health. Factors affecting a balanced diet and different conditions of nutrition are also summarized.
Growth monitoring is used to assess whether a child's growth is normal or indicates potential health issues. It involves regularly measuring a child's height, weight, and other factors and plotting them on standardized growth charts. Abnormal growth may signal problems like malnutrition or disease. Key aspects of growth monitoring include using accurate measuring techniques and growth charts, identifying growth patterns outside the normal range, and taking appropriate actions like counseling or referral for further evaluation if issues are suspected.
Mannan 6b anthropometricand nutritional status indicatorsSizwan Ahammed
The document summarizes concepts and measurement of nutrition status. It discusses various indicators used to assess malnutrition including anthropometric measurements like stunting, wasting, underweight; BMI; and biochemical indicators of micronutrient deficiencies. Stunting, wasting and underweight are defined based on height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age z-scores. Mid-upper arm circumference is also used. The most common micronutrient deficiencies are vitamin A, iodine and iron which are measured using biochemical indicators like serum retinol, urinary iodine and serum ferritin levels respectively.
Care for childern ( community pharmacy)MdIrfanUddin2
1) The document discusses care for children, including immediate newborn care, breastfeeding, immunization, growth monitoring, and common childhood health problems.
2) Key aspects of newborn care discussed are warmth, feeding, and immunization within the first week. Breastfeeding is identified as the ideal food for infants.
3) Common childhood health problems mentioned include malnutrition, low birth weight, infections, behavioral issues, and teething. Malnutrition is described as the underlying cause of 50% of deaths in children under 5 globally.
The document discusses principles of nutrition including the importance of a balanced diet, different nutrients and their sources and functions, signs of malnutrition, and tips for planning balanced meals, properly storing and preparing food. It provides details on macronutrients, micronutrients, protein energy malnutrition, and recommendations for improving nutritional status. Various lessons cover maintaining good health through nutrition, balanced meals, and food storage and preparation.
Childhood obesity is affecting 1 in 6 children in the US and increases health risks like diabetes and heart disease. Schools are well positioned to help reverse this trend through promoting healthy nutrition habits among students. A school food policy committee aims to develop guidelines to make healthy food choices easy for students and families, which can lead to benefits like increased energy, less absenteeism, and improved readiness to learn for healthier students. The document requests contact with the chairperson for those interested in joining the committee.
1) Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the past few decades and poses significant health risks.
2) Early identification of excessive weight gain is important through tracking BMI percentiles over time.
3) Pediatricians should discuss healthy eating and physical activity with families during routine visits to promote prevention and early recognition of obesity issues.
This is an undergraduate presentation on failure to thrive in Pediatrics. In this presentation I mentioned about Diagnosis, Etiology, Etiology, Diagnostic Evaluation and Management.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-2267
https://1drv.ms/p/s!Am9GQ5GMX-WyjmOfgcNpov4RewVL
Pamudith Karunaratne
Clinical Research Challenges and Best Practices in Pediatric Research in Canada - Dr. Al Wahab - 2015
Dr. Zeina AlWahab, M.D.
Prof. Peivand Pirouzi, Ph.D., M.B.A.
The document discusses the rise in childhood obesity and factors contributing to it. It notes that obesity rates have increased dramatically in recent decades across all ages and states in the US. Obesity is defined as an excess of body fat that can impair health and is evaluated based on standard values for age and sex. Obese children are more likely to become obese adults. Factors discussed as influencing obesity rates include changes in eating environments like more meals outside the home, community design affecting physical activity levels, and increased screen time. The document provides recommendations for parents to help prevent childhood obesity like providing healthy meals and nutrition education, increasing physical activity, focusing on overall health rather than weight goals, and making healthy eating and active lifestyles a family
Service providers who receive high nutrition risk referrals, particularly Registered Dietitians, need to be knowledgeable about general and clinical pediatric nutrition as well as counselling skills for working with families and children.
This is the first of five self-directed training modules available in PowerPoint presentations that have been developed and evaluated to respond to this need
According to the WHO, malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality
Under-weight births and IUGR (intra-uterine growth restrictions) cause 3 million child deaths a year.
According to the Lancet, consequences of malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible.
Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements.
Malnutrition can exacerbate the problem of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhoea.
But malnutrition can actually cause diseases itself , and can be fatal in its own right
The term 'faltering growth' is widely used in relation to infants and young children whose weight gain occurs more slowly than expected for their age and sex.
In the past, this was often described as a ‘failure to thrive’ but this is no longer the preferred term :-
partly because ‘failure’ could be perceived as negative,
but also because lesser degrees of faltering growth may not necessarily indicate a significant problem but merely represent variation from the usual pattern when measured against the standardized growth charts (WHO Growth Charts
This document discusses nutrition concepts for toddlers and preschoolers. It covers normal growth and development, energy and nutrient needs, common nutrition problems like iron-deficiency anemia and dental caries, and feeding skills and food preferences at different ages. Parents and caregivers play an important role in establishing healthy eating habits during these early childhood years.
This document provides an overview of nutrition in the life cycle, covering several life stages. It begins with an introduction to maternal and child nutrition, discussing the relationship between nutrition and pregnancy outcomes, low birth weight, lactation, and women's nutrition between births. It then covers nutrition and child development from infancy through childhood and adolescence. Key topics for adolescents include growth, nutrient requirements, weight issues, and dietary sources of vitamins and minerals. The document also discusses interventions to address nutritional problems for mothers and children, including supplementation and breastfeeding. It concludes with a chapter on the nutritional concerns of the elderly, such as changes in nutrient requirements and food pyramid recommendations with aging.
This document discusses methods for assessing the nutritional status of infants. It outlines direct methods like anthropometric measurements of weight, length, head circumference, and mid-upper arm circumference. It also discusses biochemical markers and clinical signs. Indirect methods include analyzing ecological, economic, and vital health statistics. The goal of nutritional assessments is to identify malnutrition, develop appropriate health programs, and measure their effectiveness. Anthropometric measurements are compared to reference standards to evaluate nutritional status.
Childhood obesity and socioeconomic statusBreaunna Shaw
Lower socioeconomic status is an important indicator for childhood obesity according to the document. Obesity is defined as excess body fat that negatively impacts health by reducing life expectancy. Socioeconomic status encompasses work experience, income, education and occupation. The document provides recommendations for expecting mothers, infants, preschoolers, and children/adolescents to develop healthy nutrition habits and increase physical activity in order to address the link between low socioeconomic status and increased childhood obesity rates.
Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the plotting of that weight on a graph (called a growth chart) enabling one to see changes in weight, and giving advice to the mother based on this weight change is called ‘GROWTH MONITORING’
This document discusses childhood obesity as a global health concern. It provides information on what BMI is and how it is used to diagnose obesity in children. It describes the various health effects of childhood obesity, including psychological effects, cardiovascular issues, metabolic disorders and others. It discusses factors that contribute to childhood obesity such as genetics, diet, physical inactivity, and social determinants. Prevention strategies mentioned include improving access to healthy foods, increasing physical activity and making changes to the home and school environments.
1) This document contains various social media posts and articles about nutrition, exercise, and childhood obesity from the perspective of a school administration.
2) The posts promote eating fruits and vegetables, daily exercise as a family, and sharing healthy meal plans. They emphasize that exercise should be fun and note online resources for family activities.
3) The articles discuss the obesity epidemic among children and the health risks of excess weight like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. They highlight the school's nutrition standards to promote healthy lifestyles and prevent obesity by providing balanced, nutritious meals.
The document discusses childhood obesity, including its prevalence, definition, causes, medical complications, and approaches to management and prevention. Some key points are:
- The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing in the US since the 1980s and now affects around 15% of children and adolescents.
- Obesity is defined using BMI percentiles, with overweight being 85th percentile and obesity being 95th percentile or above based on age and sex.
- Causes include dietary, lifestyle, genetic, and medical factors. Screen time and decreased physical activity are significant contributors.
- Medical complications can include sleep apnea, joint problems, and increased risk of diabetes and heart disease.
- Management involves diet, exercise,
This document provides information from Dr. Dolly Rani, an assistant professor of home science, on the topic of food, nutrition, and a balanced diet. It defines food and its functions, including physiological, psychological, and social functions. It discusses the concepts of nutrition, malnutrition, and the five main food groups. Key points covered include defining food and its role in providing energy, building the body, and having protective and regulatory functions. A balanced diet consisting of varieties from the five food groups is described as important for health. Factors affecting a balanced diet and different conditions of nutrition are also summarized.
Growth monitoring is used to assess whether a child's growth is normal or indicates potential health issues. It involves regularly measuring a child's height, weight, and other factors and plotting them on standardized growth charts. Abnormal growth may signal problems like malnutrition or disease. Key aspects of growth monitoring include using accurate measuring techniques and growth charts, identifying growth patterns outside the normal range, and taking appropriate actions like counseling or referral for further evaluation if issues are suspected.
Mannan 6b anthropometricand nutritional status indicatorsSizwan Ahammed
The document summarizes concepts and measurement of nutrition status. It discusses various indicators used to assess malnutrition including anthropometric measurements like stunting, wasting, underweight; BMI; and biochemical indicators of micronutrient deficiencies. Stunting, wasting and underweight are defined based on height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age z-scores. Mid-upper arm circumference is also used. The most common micronutrient deficiencies are vitamin A, iodine and iron which are measured using biochemical indicators like serum retinol, urinary iodine and serum ferritin levels respectively.
Care for childern ( community pharmacy)MdIrfanUddin2
1) The document discusses care for children, including immediate newborn care, breastfeeding, immunization, growth monitoring, and common childhood health problems.
2) Key aspects of newborn care discussed are warmth, feeding, and immunization within the first week. Breastfeeding is identified as the ideal food for infants.
3) Common childhood health problems mentioned include malnutrition, low birth weight, infections, behavioral issues, and teething. Malnutrition is described as the underlying cause of 50% of deaths in children under 5 globally.
The document discusses principles of nutrition including the importance of a balanced diet, different nutrients and their sources and functions, signs of malnutrition, and tips for planning balanced meals, properly storing and preparing food. It provides details on macronutrients, micronutrients, protein energy malnutrition, and recommendations for improving nutritional status. Various lessons cover maintaining good health through nutrition, balanced meals, and food storage and preparation.
Childhood obesity is affecting 1 in 6 children in the US and increases health risks like diabetes and heart disease. Schools are well positioned to help reverse this trend through promoting healthy nutrition habits among students. A school food policy committee aims to develop guidelines to make healthy food choices easy for students and families, which can lead to benefits like increased energy, less absenteeism, and improved readiness to learn for healthier students. The document requests contact with the chairperson for those interested in joining the committee.
1) Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the past few decades and poses significant health risks.
2) Early identification of excessive weight gain is important through tracking BMI percentiles over time.
3) Pediatricians should discuss healthy eating and physical activity with families during routine visits to promote prevention and early recognition of obesity issues.
1. NUTRITION THROUGH
THE LIFE CYCLE
357 FP 52
NUTRITION IN CHILDHOOD
30TH MARCH, 2019
DMI ST EUGENE UNIVERSITY, DEAPARTMENT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 1
2. Nutrition during Pre-school stage
Pre-school - Growth and development of preschool children, Food habits, and nutrient intake of
preschool children.
DMI ST EUGENE UNIVERSITY, DEAPARTMENT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 2
3. Unit II: Nutrition in Infancy, Pre-school, and
School going age
Dietary allowances and supplementary foods.
School-going age -, Nutritional status of school children, school lunch program, factors to be
considered in planning a menu, food habits, nutritional requirement, packed lunch.
DMI ST EUGENE UNIVERSITY, DEAPARTMENT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 3
4. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT
PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET
NUTRITIONAL CONCERNS
PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASE
DMI ST EUGENE UNIVERSITY, DEAPARTMENT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 4
5. INTRODUCTION
Childhood is period that begins after infancy and lasts until puberty
Often referred to as the latent or quiescent period of growth
Physical growth is less remarkable and proceeds at a steadier pace
than the first year of life
The group is composed of pre-school and school going children
This time is significant for social, cognitive and emotional growth
DMI ST EUGENE UNIVERSITY, DEAPARTMENT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 5
6. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT –
GROWTH PATTERNS
The rate of growth slows considerably after the first year of life
In contrast to the tripling of birth weight that occurs in the first 12
months, another year passes before the birth weight quadruples.
Likewise, birth length increases by 50% in the first year
but does not double until approximately the age of 4 years.
DMI ST EUGENE UNIVERSITY, DEAPARTMENT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 6
7. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT –
GROWTH PATTERNS
Increments of change are small compared with those of infancy and
adolescence;
weight typically increases an average of 2 to 3 kg per year until the
child is 9 or 10 years old
Then the rate increases, signaling the approach of puberty.
Height increase increments average 6 to 8 cm per year from 2 years
of age until puberty
DMI ST EUGENE UNIVERSITY, DEAPARTMENT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 7
8. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT –
GROWTH PATTERNS
Growth is generally steady and slow during the pre-school and
school-age years, but it can be erratic in individual children, with
periods of no growth followed by growth spurts.
These patterns usually parallel similar changes in appetite and food
intake
For parents, periods of slow growth and poor appetite can cause
anxiety, leading to mealtime struggles
DMI ST EUGENE UNIVERSITY, DEAPARTMENT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 8
9. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT –
GROWTH PATTERNS
Body proportions of young children change significantly after the
first year.
Head growth is minimal, trunk growth slows substantially, and limbs
lengthen considerably, all of which create more mature body
proportions.
Because of walking and increased physical activity the legs
straighten, and the abdominal and back muscles strengthen to
support the now erect child.
These changes are gradual and subtle, occurring over years
DMI ST EUGENE UNIVERSITY, DEAPARTMENT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION 9
10. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT –
GROWTH PATTERNS
The body composition of preschool and school-age children remains relatively constant.
Fat gradually decreases during the early childhood years, reaching a minimum between 4 and 6
years of age.
Children then experience the adiposity rebound, or increase in body weight in preparation for
the pubertal growth spun
Earlier adiposity rebound has been associated with increased adult body mass index (BMI)
Sex differences in body composition become increasingly apparent-boys have more lean body
mass per centimeter of height than girls.
Females have a higher percentage of weight as fat than males, even in the preschool years, but
these differences in lean body mass and fat do not become significant until adolescence
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11. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT – CATCH
UP GROWTH
A child who is recovering from an illness or undernutrition and
whose growth has slowed or ceased experiences a greater than-
expected rate of recovery.
This recovery is referred to as catch-up growth, a period during
which the body strives to return to the child's normal growth
channel
The degree of growth suppression is influenced by the timing,
severity, and duration of the precipitating cause
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12. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT – CATCH
UP GROWTH
The nutritional requirements for catch-up growth depend on
whether the child has stunted growth and is chronically
malnourished or primarily wasted
A chronically malnourished child may not be expected to gain weight
as rapidly as a child who is primarily wasted
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13. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT – CATCH
UP GROWTH
Nutrient requirements, especially for energy and protein, depend on
the rate and stage of catch-up growth.
For example, more protein and energy are needed during the very
rapid weight gain period and for those in whom lean tissue is the
major component of the weight gain.
In addition to energy, other nutrients are important, including
vitamin A, iron, and zinc
Supplementation is a low-cost, effective intervention to decrease
growth retardation in those with infectious diseases
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14. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT – CATCH
UP GROWTH
Current growth parameters are used to determine the child's weight for age (the
age corresponding to the child's weight at the 50th percentile), ideal (median)
weight for age, and ideal (median) weight for actual stature.
Formulas are then used to calculate the minimum and maximum energy needed
for catch-up growth
After a child who is wasted catches up in weight, dietary management changes
to slow the weight gain velocity to avoid excessive gain
The catch-up in linear growth reaches its peak about 1 to 3 months after
treatment starts, whereas weight gain begins immediately
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15. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT –
ASSESSING GROWTH
Because children are constantly growing and changing, periodic
assessments allow any problems to be detected and treated early.
Unfortunately, many children are seen by health care professionals
only when they are ill; thus growth and development may not be the
focus of care.
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16. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT –
ASSESSING GROWTH
A complete assessment of nutritional status includes the collection of anthropometric data.
This includes length or standing height, weight, and weight for length or BMI, all of which are
plotted in growth charts
Other measurements that are less commonly used but that provide estimates of body
composition include upper arm circumference and triceps or subscapular fat folds.
Care should be taken to use standardized equipment and techniques for obtaining and plotting
growth measurements.
Charts designed for birth to 36 months of age are based on length measurements and nude
weighs, whereas chars used for 2- to 20-year-olds are based on standing height and weight with
light clothing and without shoes
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17. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT –
ASSESSING GROWTH
The proportion of weight to length or height is a critical element of growth assessment.
This parameter is determined by plotting the weight-for-length measurement
Growth measurements obtained at regular intervals provide a growth pattern.
One-time height and weight measurements do not allow for an interpretation of growth status.
Children generally maintain their heights and weights in the same growth channels during the
preschool and childhood years, although the channels are not well established until after 2 years
of age.
Individual children sometimes grow at faster or slower rates; nonetheless, they should follow
along the same channels
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18. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT –
ASSESSING GROWTH
Regular monitoring of growth enables problematic trends to be
identified early and intervention or education initiated so that long-
term growth is not compromised
Weight that increases rapidly and crosses growth channels suggests
the development of obesity.
Lack of weight gain or loss of weight over a period of months may be
a result of undernutrition, an acute illness, an undiagnosed chronic
disease, or significant emotional or family problems.
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19. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT
since children are growing and developing bones, teeth, muscles,
and blood, they need more nutritious food in proportion to their size
than do adults
They may be at risk for malnutrition when they have a poor appetite
for a long period, eat a limited number of foods, or dilute their diets
significantly with nutrient-poor foods
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20. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT
The dietary reference values (DRIs) are based on current knowledge of nutrient intakes needed
for optimal health
They include estimated average requirements (EARs), recommended dietary allowances (RDA),
adequate intakes (AIs), and tolerable upper intake levels (ULs).
Most data for preschool and school-age children are values inserted from data on infants and
adults
These reference intakes are meant to improve the long term health of the population by
reducing the risk of chronic disease and preventing nutritional deficiencies.
Thus, when intakes are less than the recommended level, it cannot be assumed that a particular
child is inadequately nourished
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21. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT - ENERGY
DietaThe energy needs of healthy children are determined on the
basis of basal metabolism rate of growth, and energy expenditure.
ry energy must be sufficient to ensure growth and spare protein
from being used for energy but not allow excess weight gain.
Suggested intake proportions of energy are 45% to 65% as
carbohydrates, 30% to 40% as fat, and 5% to 20% as protein for 1 to
3 year olds, with carbohydrates the same for 4 to 18 year olds, 25%
to 35% as fat, and 10% to 30% as protein
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22. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT - PROTEIN
The need for protein per kilogram of body weight decreases from
approximately 1.1 g in early childhood to 0.95g in late childhood
Protein intake can range from 5% to 30% of the energy DRV based on
age
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23. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT – MINERALS
AND VITAMINS
Minerals and vitamins are necessary for normal growth and
development.
Insufficient intake can cause impaired growth and result in deficiency
diseases
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24. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT – MINERALS
AND VITAMINS
IRON
Children between I and 3 years of age are at high risk for iron
deficiency anemia.
The rapid growth period of infancy is marked by an increase in
hemoglobin and total iron mass.
Children with prolonged bottle feeding are at highest risk for iron
deficiency
In addition, the diet may not be rich in iron-containing foods.
Recommended intakes must factor in the absorption rate and
quantity of iron in foods, especially those of plant origin
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25. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT – MINERALS
AND VITAMINS
CALCIUM
Calcium is needed for adequate mineralization and maintenance of
growing bone in children.
The DRI for calcium for children
1 to 3 years old is 500 mg/day;
4 to 8 years it is 800 mg/day;
9 to 18 yearsit is 1300m g per day
Actual need depends on individual absorption rates and dietary
factors such as quantities of protein, vitamin D, and phosphorus
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26. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT – MINERALS
AND VITAMINS
CALCIUM – CONT.
Since calcium intake has very little influence on the degree of urinary
calcium excretion during periods of rapid growth, children need two
to four times more calcium per kilogram than adults.
consume limited amounts of the calcium rich foods are at risk for
poor bone mineralization
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27. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET
Food and eating are more than the simple provision of nutrients for
body growth and maintenance.
The development of feeding skills, food habits, and nutrition
knowledge matches the cognitive development that takes place in a
series of stages, each laying the groundwork for the next.
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28. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET – INTAKE
PATTERN
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29. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FACTORS INFLUENCING FOOD INTAKE
Numerous influences determine the food intake and habits of
children
Habits, likes, and dislikes are established in the early years and
carried through to adulthood.
The major influences on food intake in the developing years include
family environment societal trends, the media, peer pressure, and
illness or diseases
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30. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FACTORS INFLUENCING FOOD INTAKE
FAMILY ENVIRONMENT
For toddlers and preschool children the family is the primary
influence in the development of food habits.
In young children's immediate environment, parents and older
siblings are significant models.
Food attitudes of parents can be a strong predictors of food likes and
dislikes and diet complexity in children of primary-school age.
Similarities between children's and their parents' food preferences
are likely to reflect genetic and environmental influences
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31. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FACTORS INFLUENCING FOOD INTAKE
SOCIETAL TRENDS
almost all of women with school-age children who are employed outside
the home, children eat one or more meals at child-care homes, or schools.
In these settings all children should have access to nutritious meals served
in a safe and sanitary environment that promotes healthy growth and
development
Due to time constraints, family meals may include more convenience or
fast foods.
However, having a mother who is employed outside the home does not
seem to affect children's dietary intakes negatively
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32. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FACTORS INFLUENCING FOOD INTAKE
MEDIA MESSAGES
Food is marketed to children using a variety of techniques, including
television advertising, in-school marketing, sponsorship, product
placement, Internet marketing, and sales promotion.
Of these, television is perhaps the most popular means worldwide with
marketing to pupils in school being second
Preschool children are generally unable to distinguish commercial
messages from regular programs.
In fact, they often pay more attention to the commercials; thus they
remember and request the advertised items
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33. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FACTORS INFLUENCING FOOD INTAKE
PEER INFLUENCE
As children grow, their world expands and their social contacts become more
important.
Peer influence increases with age and affects food attitudes and choices.
This may result in a sudden refusal of a food or a request for a currently popular food.
Decisions about whether to participate in school meals may be made more on the basis
of friends' choices than on the menu.
Such behaviors are developmentally typical.
Positive behaviors such as a willingness to try new foods can be reinforced.
Parents need to set limits on undesirable influences but also need to be realistic;
struggles over food are self-defeating.
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34. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FACTORS INFLUENCING FOOD INTAKE
ILLNESS OR DISEASE
Children who are ill usually have a decreased appetite and limited food intake.
Acute viral or bacterial illnesses are often short-lived but may require an
increase in fluids, protein, or other nutrients.
Chronic conditions such as asthma or diabetes may require a special diet and
have to adjust to the limits of foods allowed.
they also have to deal with issues of independence and peer acceptance as they
grow older.
Some rebellion against the prescribed diet is typical, especially as children
approach puberty.
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35. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FEEDING PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
From I to 6 years of age children experience vast developmental
progress and acquisition of skills.
One-year-old children primarily use fingers to eat and may need
assistance with a cup.
By 2 years of age, they can hold a cup in one hand and use a spoon
well, but may prefer to use their hands at times.
Six-year-old children have refined skills and are beginning to use a
knife for cutting and spreading.
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36. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FEEDING PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
As the growth rate slows after the first year of life, appetite decreases, which often
concerns parents.
Children have less interest in food and an increased interest in the world around them.
They can develop food jags or periods when foods that were previously liked are
refused, or they can request a particular food at every meal.
This behavior may be attributable to boredom with the usual foods or may be a means
of asserting newly discovered independence
Parents and other caregivers should continue to offer a variety of foods, including the
child's favorite ones, and not make substitutions a routine.
Preschool children tend to vary considerably in their meal intakes during the day, but
their total daily energy intake remains fairly constant
.
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37. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FEEDING PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
With smaller stomach capacity and variable appetites, preschool children
eat best with small servings of food offered four to six times a day.
Snacks are as important as meals in contributing to the total daily nutrient
intake.
Carefully chosen snacks are dense in nutrients and least likely to promote
dental caries
Wholesome snacks enjoyed by many young children include fresh fruit,
raw vegetable sticks, milk, fruit juices, wholegrain crackers, dry cereal, and
peanut butter sandwiches.
A general rule of thumb is to offer 1 tablespoon of each food for every
year of age and to serve more food according to the child's appetite
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38. PROVIDING AN ADEQUATE DIET –
FEEDING SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN
Growth from ages 6 to 12 years is slow but steady, paralleled by a
constant increase in food intake.
Children are in school a greater part of the day; and they begin to
participate in clubs, organized sports, and recreational programs.
The influence of peers and significant adults such as teachers,
coaches, or sports idols increases.
Except for severe issues, most behavioral problems connected with
food have been resolved by this age, and children enjoy eating to
alleviate hunger and obtain social satisfaction
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