The document discusses the United States' potential violations of international laws and treaties related to crimes against humanity and crimes against peace as defined by the Nuremberg Principles. It provides background information on the definitions and historical development of these concepts, including their incorporation into the Rome Statute and International Criminal Court. The document calls for holding US heads of state and officials accountable for their alleged criminal acts under international law.
Nuremberg principles crimes against humanity (wikipedia information)VogelDenise
Crimes against humanity are serious offenses that violate fundamental human rights. They are part of a widespread or systematic attack directed at civilian populations. The concept emerged after World War II and was used at the Nuremberg trials to prosecute Nazi leaders for atrocities against German citizens. It was further defined by international agreements and tribunals. Today, crimes against humanity fall under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
This document discusses crimes against humanity under international law. It defines crimes against humanity as specific crimes committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilians, regardless of nationality. The Rome Statute lists murder, torture, rape and other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity. Perpetrators of such crimes in locations like Bangladesh, Syria and Palestine in recent decades have caused millions of deaths and displaced persons. The ongoing persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, involving killings, rape and destruction of homes, likely constitutes crimes against humanity as well. Landmark trials in Bangladesh have sought to prosecute suspects for crimes against humanity during its war of liberation in 1971.
DEFINITIONS-Genocide-Crimes Against Humanity-War Crimes-Ethnic CleansingMYO AUNG Myanmar
http://knowledgenuts.com/2015/08/02/the-difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
The Difference Between Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide
By Debra Kelly on Sunday, August 2, 2015
http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1984&context=sulr
Expanding the Crime of Genocide to Include Ethnic
Cleansing: A Return to Established Principles in Light of
Contemporary Interpretations
https://www.menorahreview.org/article.aspx?id=63
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide: Similarities and Differences
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing
Ethnic cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.html
Ethnic Cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.html
Genocide
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/crimes-against-humanity.html
Crimes Against Humanity
https://www.academia.edu/30464193/The_Difference_between_Genocide_and_Ethnic_Cleansing
The Difference between Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/whats-the-difference-between-genocide-and-ethnic-cleansing
What’s the difference between genocide and ethnic cleansing?
https://www.cato.org/blog/ethnic-cleansing-vs-genocide-politics-behind-labeling-rohingya-crisis
Ethnic Cleansing vs. Genocide:
The Politics Behind Labeling the
Rohingya Crisis
http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/difference-between-genocide-ethnic-cleansing-kagusthan-ariaratnam/
The Human Rights Council discusses questioning historical cases of genocide through international law. The document recognizes atrocities in Cambodia under the Pol Pot regime as violations of human rights law. It believes international cooperation is important to condemn the Khmer Rouge's actions but warns against misusing the term "genocide" to preserve the integrity of genocide conventions. The council reiterates the need to evaluate the Cambodia case as a crime against humanity to ensure accountability.
Genocide and crime against humanity finalPalak Agrawal
This document discusses genocide and crimes against humanity. It defines genocide as mass killing intended to destroy a group as defined by the perpetrator. The UN defines genocide as killing, harming, inflicting conditions to destroy a group, preventing births, or forcibly transferring children. Genocide requires intent to destroy a group in whole or part. Examples discussed include the Armenian genocide and decisions from international criminal tribunals related to Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. Crimes against humanity include murder, genocide, slavery, torture, rape and apartheid.
This document provides an overview of international law and the Genocide Convention. It discusses the history of international law from the Peace of Westphalia to the establishment of the UN. Key norms discussed include sovereignty, non-intervention, non-use of force, and human rights protections. The document examines sources of international law and key principles of the UN Charter, including the purposes of the UN and rules regarding the use of force. It also summarizes the Genocide Convention and states that prevention of genocide is a duty of states under international law.
This document provides an overview of international criminal law. It discusses the sources of international criminal law, including treaties, customary international law, general principles of law, and judicial decisions. It then examines some key concepts in international criminal law, such as crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. The document notes that international criminal law places responsibility on individuals, rather than states. It also discusses the Rome Statute and the International Criminal Court.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 1- Glossary and Definitions of the Ter...Nilendra Kumar
This lecture prepares the background for subsequent presentations on a course on International Humanitarian Law by explaining the meaning and purpose of various words and terms.
Nuremberg principles crimes against humanity (wikipedia information)VogelDenise
Crimes against humanity are serious offenses that violate fundamental human rights. They are part of a widespread or systematic attack directed at civilian populations. The concept emerged after World War II and was used at the Nuremberg trials to prosecute Nazi leaders for atrocities against German citizens. It was further defined by international agreements and tribunals. Today, crimes against humanity fall under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
This document discusses crimes against humanity under international law. It defines crimes against humanity as specific crimes committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilians, regardless of nationality. The Rome Statute lists murder, torture, rape and other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity. Perpetrators of such crimes in locations like Bangladesh, Syria and Palestine in recent decades have caused millions of deaths and displaced persons. The ongoing persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, involving killings, rape and destruction of homes, likely constitutes crimes against humanity as well. Landmark trials in Bangladesh have sought to prosecute suspects for crimes against humanity during its war of liberation in 1971.
DEFINITIONS-Genocide-Crimes Against Humanity-War Crimes-Ethnic CleansingMYO AUNG Myanmar
http://knowledgenuts.com/2015/08/02/the-difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
The Difference Between Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide
By Debra Kelly on Sunday, August 2, 2015
http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1984&context=sulr
Expanding the Crime of Genocide to Include Ethnic
Cleansing: A Return to Established Principles in Light of
Contemporary Interpretations
https://www.menorahreview.org/article.aspx?id=63
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide: Similarities and Differences
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing
Ethnic cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.html
Ethnic Cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.html
Genocide
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/crimes-against-humanity.html
Crimes Against Humanity
https://www.academia.edu/30464193/The_Difference_between_Genocide_and_Ethnic_Cleansing
The Difference between Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/whats-the-difference-between-genocide-and-ethnic-cleansing
What’s the difference between genocide and ethnic cleansing?
https://www.cato.org/blog/ethnic-cleansing-vs-genocide-politics-behind-labeling-rohingya-crisis
Ethnic Cleansing vs. Genocide:
The Politics Behind Labeling the
Rohingya Crisis
http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/difference-between-genocide-ethnic-cleansing-kagusthan-ariaratnam/
The Human Rights Council discusses questioning historical cases of genocide through international law. The document recognizes atrocities in Cambodia under the Pol Pot regime as violations of human rights law. It believes international cooperation is important to condemn the Khmer Rouge's actions but warns against misusing the term "genocide" to preserve the integrity of genocide conventions. The council reiterates the need to evaluate the Cambodia case as a crime against humanity to ensure accountability.
Genocide and crime against humanity finalPalak Agrawal
This document discusses genocide and crimes against humanity. It defines genocide as mass killing intended to destroy a group as defined by the perpetrator. The UN defines genocide as killing, harming, inflicting conditions to destroy a group, preventing births, or forcibly transferring children. Genocide requires intent to destroy a group in whole or part. Examples discussed include the Armenian genocide and decisions from international criminal tribunals related to Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. Crimes against humanity include murder, genocide, slavery, torture, rape and apartheid.
This document provides an overview of international law and the Genocide Convention. It discusses the history of international law from the Peace of Westphalia to the establishment of the UN. Key norms discussed include sovereignty, non-intervention, non-use of force, and human rights protections. The document examines sources of international law and key principles of the UN Charter, including the purposes of the UN and rules regarding the use of force. It also summarizes the Genocide Convention and states that prevention of genocide is a duty of states under international law.
This document provides an overview of international criminal law. It discusses the sources of international criminal law, including treaties, customary international law, general principles of law, and judicial decisions. It then examines some key concepts in international criminal law, such as crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. The document notes that international criminal law places responsibility on individuals, rather than states. It also discusses the Rome Statute and the International Criminal Court.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 1- Glossary and Definitions of the Ter...Nilendra Kumar
This lecture prepares the background for subsequent presentations on a course on International Humanitarian Law by explaining the meaning and purpose of various words and terms.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 5 - Glossary And Definitions of The Te...Nilendra Kumar
This document defines and explains key terms in international humanitarian law. It discusses acts of war, aggression, belligerent status, carpet or area bombing, chemical weapons, child soldiers, civil defense, collective punishment, combatants, command responsibility, customary law, crimes against humanity, distinction, and relevant articles of the UN Charter. The document provides concise definitions and examples for each term to facilitate proper study and understanding of principles in international humanitarian law.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 2 - The basic concepts and purpose. Nilendra Kumar
This lecture presents the meaning, basic concepts and the purpose of International Humanitarian Law. It gives a detailed explanation of IHL's role in armed conflicts.
The document summarizes the work and role of the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. It defines genocide and outlines the UN's responsibility to prevent genocide through early warning, advocacy, and mobilizing action. The Special Adviser collects information on human rights violations that could lead to genocide and advises the UN on preventive actions. The document also discusses the UN's broader role in genocide prevention through development, peacekeeping, and establishing accountability.
International humanitarian law (IHL) applies during armed conflicts and prohibits acts aimed at terrorizing civilians. Even when IHL does not apply, fundamental human rights and humanitarian laws cannot be violated. States must ensure counterterrorism measures comply with international law. The use of force in self-defense is permitted under Article 51 of the UN Charter in response to an armed attack, but the response must be necessary, proportional, and avoid further escalation when possible.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 3 - Glossary and Definitions of The Te...Nilendra Kumar
This lecture presents the meaning of International Humanitarian Law also known as Law of Armed Conflicts (LOAC). It gives a detailed explanation of the important words relating to the field of IHL.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 6 - Core Principles of IHLNilendra Kumar
This lecture lays down the application and the practice of International Humanitarian Law also known as Law of Armed Conflicts (LOAC). It gives a detailed explanation of the core principles of IHL.
Charles Ble Goude, a Ivorian politician, was issued an arrest warrant by the ICC for alleged crimes against humanity during post-election violence in Ivory Coast in 2010 that killed 3,000 people. He was arrested in Ghana in 2013 after hiding for 18 months and denying the charges. However, the ICC maintains he should stand trial to defend himself against the serious allegations.
The document provides background information on Cambodia's history under the Khmer Rouge regime from 1975-1979. It summarizes that the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and established a communist government led by Pol Pot that sought to radically restructure Cambodian society. An estimated 2-3 million Cambodians died from executions, starvation, and disease under the Khmer Rouge's brutal policies. The document then discusses Cambodia's efforts to establish accountability and transitional justice, including establishing an Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) to prosecute Khmer Rouge leaders with UN assistance, and holding a truth commission to document crimes and allow victims to testify.
International Humanitarian Law Debate Championship 2016Terence Aaron
These are the motion, context and information slides for the International Humanitarian Law Debate Championship 2016.
Adjudication Core: Banun Sabri (IIUM/International Islamic University of Malaysia), Terence Aaron (UT MARA/University of Technology MARA) and Leeroy Ting Kah Sing (UM/ University of Malaya)
Dates: 9-11 December
If you have any questions on the slides, feel free to forward
Genocide is defined as the mass, organized elimination of a racial or ethnic group through killing, causing serious harm, inflicting living conditions to bring about destruction, preventing births, or forcibly transferring children. The UN Genocide Convention of 1948 defines genocide as a crime and lists five punishable acts: genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement, attempt, and complicity. Dr. Gregory Stanton of Genocide Watch identified ten stages that often occur in genocides: classification, symbolization, discrimination, dehumanization, organization, polarization, persecution, preparation, extermination, and denial.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 4 - Glossary and Definitions of The Te...Nilendra Kumar
This lecture presents the meaning of International Humanitarian Law. It gives a detailed explanation of the important words relating to the field of IHL.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 11 - International Armed ConflictNilendra Kumar
This presentation recognises two categories of armed conflicts. It further describes the applicability of the conventions specially where it is non international in the strict sense of the term.
1) Logo and Polo were engaged in an international armed conflict over territorial disputes. Logo breached international humanitarian law through indiscriminate attacks, using chemical weapons and booby-traps, destroying civilian infrastructure without military necessity, mistreating women and child civilians, and torturing prisoners of war.
2) Specifically, Logo indiscriminately destroyed a dam, employed chemical weapons and booby-traps, demolished a civilian nuclear reactor without justification, raped women and recruited child soldiers, and tortured captured enemy combatants. All of these acts violated principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, prohibitions on unnecessary suffering, and humane treatment of non-combatants.
3) In conclusion,
The document discusses several cases of genocide throughout history, including in Cambodia, Iraq, Bosnia, Rwanda, and Darfur. In each case, individuals tried to warn the international community and spur intervention, but they were largely ignored or told it was not a priority. Despite the UN Genocide Convention that pledged to prevent future genocides, political leaders have consistently avoided intervention by claiming it is unnecessary, pointless, or counterproductive.
The document discusses the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). It defines LOAC as the branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting non-combatants and restricting means and methods of warfare. LOAC applies to both international and non-international armed conflicts. It aims to protect civilians, prisoners of war, and limit unnecessary suffering. Key LOAC principles are military necessity, distinction between combatants and civilians, and proportionality in attacks. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 are important sources of LOAC rules governing treatment of wounded forces, prisoners of war, and civilians.
The document discusses key concepts related to the principle of distinction in international humanitarian law. It defines civilians and combatants, and notes that civilians must be protected from attack while combatants may be legitimate targets. It also discusses rules for distinguishing between combatants and those who are hors de combat (wounded, sick, or detained), and notes that indiscriminate attacks that do not distinguish between military objectives and civilians are prohibited.
International Humanitarian Law, (Lecture 15)- Distinction between internation...Nilendra Kumar
This presentation explains the nature of an armed conflict and the salient differences between international armed conflict and non international armed conflict while also highlighting its relevance there to.
This document discusses the legal framework governing armed conflict under international law. It outlines the purpose and key principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. It also discusses the relationship between IHL and International Human Rights Law, and how both apply during armed conflict. Finally, it examines some of the challenges posed by contemporary armed conflicts, including issues around non-state armed groups and implementation of the law.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 8 - Sources of IHLNilendra Kumar
International humanitarian law has two main branches: the Hague law which regulates how armies conduct hostilities, and the Geneva law which regulates the protection of people under one's power. The key sources of international humanitarian law are the four 1949 Geneva Conventions for protecting victims of war, along with additional protocols from 1977. International humanitarian law is strengthened by other international agreements promoting human rights and prohibiting crimes against humanity.
Este documento habla sobre proyectos secundarios en Python. Discute motivaciones como construir, aprender y divertirse. También cubre temas como especificaciones, requisitos técnicos, diseño e implementación de proyectos como una aplicación web para recopilar ofertas de trabajo y un wrapper para la API de Digital Ocean. El objetivo general es ganar experiencia a través de proyectos personales.
Communication technologies have evolved rapidly over the past century. Early developments included the wireless telegraph, television, and magnetic tape. Satellites enabled global communication in the mid-20th century. The internet was invented in the 1960s and became publicly accessible in the 1990s with the World Wide Web. Mobile phones and text messaging became ubiquitous in the late 20th-early 21st century, changing communication patterns towards more frequent but briefer digital interactions. Emerging technologies may further integrate communication into mobile devices and virtual environments.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 5 - Glossary And Definitions of The Te...Nilendra Kumar
This document defines and explains key terms in international humanitarian law. It discusses acts of war, aggression, belligerent status, carpet or area bombing, chemical weapons, child soldiers, civil defense, collective punishment, combatants, command responsibility, customary law, crimes against humanity, distinction, and relevant articles of the UN Charter. The document provides concise definitions and examples for each term to facilitate proper study and understanding of principles in international humanitarian law.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 2 - The basic concepts and purpose. Nilendra Kumar
This lecture presents the meaning, basic concepts and the purpose of International Humanitarian Law. It gives a detailed explanation of IHL's role in armed conflicts.
The document summarizes the work and role of the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. It defines genocide and outlines the UN's responsibility to prevent genocide through early warning, advocacy, and mobilizing action. The Special Adviser collects information on human rights violations that could lead to genocide and advises the UN on preventive actions. The document also discusses the UN's broader role in genocide prevention through development, peacekeeping, and establishing accountability.
International humanitarian law (IHL) applies during armed conflicts and prohibits acts aimed at terrorizing civilians. Even when IHL does not apply, fundamental human rights and humanitarian laws cannot be violated. States must ensure counterterrorism measures comply with international law. The use of force in self-defense is permitted under Article 51 of the UN Charter in response to an armed attack, but the response must be necessary, proportional, and avoid further escalation when possible.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 3 - Glossary and Definitions of The Te...Nilendra Kumar
This lecture presents the meaning of International Humanitarian Law also known as Law of Armed Conflicts (LOAC). It gives a detailed explanation of the important words relating to the field of IHL.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 6 - Core Principles of IHLNilendra Kumar
This lecture lays down the application and the practice of International Humanitarian Law also known as Law of Armed Conflicts (LOAC). It gives a detailed explanation of the core principles of IHL.
Charles Ble Goude, a Ivorian politician, was issued an arrest warrant by the ICC for alleged crimes against humanity during post-election violence in Ivory Coast in 2010 that killed 3,000 people. He was arrested in Ghana in 2013 after hiding for 18 months and denying the charges. However, the ICC maintains he should stand trial to defend himself against the serious allegations.
The document provides background information on Cambodia's history under the Khmer Rouge regime from 1975-1979. It summarizes that the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and established a communist government led by Pol Pot that sought to radically restructure Cambodian society. An estimated 2-3 million Cambodians died from executions, starvation, and disease under the Khmer Rouge's brutal policies. The document then discusses Cambodia's efforts to establish accountability and transitional justice, including establishing an Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) to prosecute Khmer Rouge leaders with UN assistance, and holding a truth commission to document crimes and allow victims to testify.
International Humanitarian Law Debate Championship 2016Terence Aaron
These are the motion, context and information slides for the International Humanitarian Law Debate Championship 2016.
Adjudication Core: Banun Sabri (IIUM/International Islamic University of Malaysia), Terence Aaron (UT MARA/University of Technology MARA) and Leeroy Ting Kah Sing (UM/ University of Malaya)
Dates: 9-11 December
If you have any questions on the slides, feel free to forward
Genocide is defined as the mass, organized elimination of a racial or ethnic group through killing, causing serious harm, inflicting living conditions to bring about destruction, preventing births, or forcibly transferring children. The UN Genocide Convention of 1948 defines genocide as a crime and lists five punishable acts: genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement, attempt, and complicity. Dr. Gregory Stanton of Genocide Watch identified ten stages that often occur in genocides: classification, symbolization, discrimination, dehumanization, organization, polarization, persecution, preparation, extermination, and denial.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 4 - Glossary and Definitions of The Te...Nilendra Kumar
This lecture presents the meaning of International Humanitarian Law. It gives a detailed explanation of the important words relating to the field of IHL.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 11 - International Armed ConflictNilendra Kumar
This presentation recognises two categories of armed conflicts. It further describes the applicability of the conventions specially where it is non international in the strict sense of the term.
1) Logo and Polo were engaged in an international armed conflict over territorial disputes. Logo breached international humanitarian law through indiscriminate attacks, using chemical weapons and booby-traps, destroying civilian infrastructure without military necessity, mistreating women and child civilians, and torturing prisoners of war.
2) Specifically, Logo indiscriminately destroyed a dam, employed chemical weapons and booby-traps, demolished a civilian nuclear reactor without justification, raped women and recruited child soldiers, and tortured captured enemy combatants. All of these acts violated principles of distinction between combatants and civilians, prohibitions on unnecessary suffering, and humane treatment of non-combatants.
3) In conclusion,
The document discusses several cases of genocide throughout history, including in Cambodia, Iraq, Bosnia, Rwanda, and Darfur. In each case, individuals tried to warn the international community and spur intervention, but they were largely ignored or told it was not a priority. Despite the UN Genocide Convention that pledged to prevent future genocides, political leaders have consistently avoided intervention by claiming it is unnecessary, pointless, or counterproductive.
The document discusses the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). It defines LOAC as the branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting non-combatants and restricting means and methods of warfare. LOAC applies to both international and non-international armed conflicts. It aims to protect civilians, prisoners of war, and limit unnecessary suffering. Key LOAC principles are military necessity, distinction between combatants and civilians, and proportionality in attacks. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 are important sources of LOAC rules governing treatment of wounded forces, prisoners of war, and civilians.
The document discusses key concepts related to the principle of distinction in international humanitarian law. It defines civilians and combatants, and notes that civilians must be protected from attack while combatants may be legitimate targets. It also discusses rules for distinguishing between combatants and those who are hors de combat (wounded, sick, or detained), and notes that indiscriminate attacks that do not distinguish between military objectives and civilians are prohibited.
International Humanitarian Law, (Lecture 15)- Distinction between internation...Nilendra Kumar
This presentation explains the nature of an armed conflict and the salient differences between international armed conflict and non international armed conflict while also highlighting its relevance there to.
This document discusses the legal framework governing armed conflict under international law. It outlines the purpose and key principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. It also discusses the relationship between IHL and International Human Rights Law, and how both apply during armed conflict. Finally, it examines some of the challenges posed by contemporary armed conflicts, including issues around non-state armed groups and implementation of the law.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 8 - Sources of IHLNilendra Kumar
International humanitarian law has two main branches: the Hague law which regulates how armies conduct hostilities, and the Geneva law which regulates the protection of people under one's power. The key sources of international humanitarian law are the four 1949 Geneva Conventions for protecting victims of war, along with additional protocols from 1977. International humanitarian law is strengthened by other international agreements promoting human rights and prohibiting crimes against humanity.
Este documento habla sobre proyectos secundarios en Python. Discute motivaciones como construir, aprender y divertirse. También cubre temas como especificaciones, requisitos técnicos, diseño e implementación de proyectos como una aplicación web para recopilar ofertas de trabajo y un wrapper para la API de Digital Ocean. El objetivo general es ganar experiencia a través de proyectos personales.
Communication technologies have evolved rapidly over the past century. Early developments included the wireless telegraph, television, and magnetic tape. Satellites enabled global communication in the mid-20th century. The internet was invented in the 1960s and became publicly accessible in the 1990s with the World Wide Web. Mobile phones and text messaging became ubiquitous in the late 20th-early 21st century, changing communication patterns towards more frequent but briefer digital interactions. Emerging technologies may further integrate communication into mobile devices and virtual environments.
Nuremberg crimes against humanity-peace (indonesian)VogelDenise
Dokumen tersebut membahas sejarah dan perkembangan konsep kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan pertama kali didefinisikan dalam Piagam London tahun 1945 yang menjadi dasar pengadilan Nuremberg, dan kemudian diperluas oleh hukum internasional dan Statuta Roma yang mendirikan Pengadilan Pidana Internasional.
David Kustoff is a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 8th district. He previously served as the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee from 2006 to 2008, having been appointed by President George W. Bush. Kustoff ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 2002 before winning election in 2016 to succeed Stephen Fincher. He practices law in Memphis and emphasizes national security, law and order in his political stances.
021912 email to us congress sent 021512 (newsome v obama) finalVogelDenise
The document provides links to emails and their contents that have been translated into various languages. For each language, it lists the date of the email translation, typically 02/19/12 and 01/27/12 and 02/01/12, and provides a link to access the translated email on a slidesharing website. Links are provided for over 50 world languages including Arabic, Persian, Chinese, French, German, Russian, Spanish and many others.
This is the first issue of Integra Voice - the company's Newsletter for its employees.
Integra Global Solutions extends business support services to small and medium businesses across the UK, USA and Canada.
The document recommends 3 movies to watch: Touchback, an action film about a football player getting a second chance at his dreams; Journey 2, a mysterious adventure film about exploring a hidden island; and Red Tails, a war film based on the true story of African-American pilots in World War 2. Each movie is summarized and rated between 2.5 to 3.5 stars.
The document discusses concerns about discrimination and retaliation against the author by President Obama, his legal counsel Baker Donelson, and JP Morgan Chase. It provides background on their relationships and alleges they hacked the author's payroll account with Adecco and contacted employers like CZV to interfere with employment in response to the author engaging in protected activities. The purpose appears to be exposing patterns of racist and illegal behavior.
Dokumen tersebut mengungkapkan kekhawatiran pengirim tentang praktik diskriminasi yang dilakukan oleh beberapa pihak terhadap dirinya selama lebih dari 20 tahun. Pengirim menyatakan adanya konspirasi antara Presiden AS Barack Obama, penasihat hukumnya Baker Donelson, dan JP Morgan Chase untuk menghalangi peluang kerja yang setara melalui serangan berulang yang dilakukan secara halus. Pengirim juga menuduh terjadinya pelanggar
GEORGE ZIMMERMAN & EBOLA CRISIS (Czech)VogelDenise
Spojení mezi Spojenými státy americkými, rasismu a Ebola!
Jaká je souvislost mezi George Zimmerman a ebola Outbreak / krize v Africe? Zdá se, VÍCE rasistických útoků ze strany Spojených států amerických v despotismu režimu, který je ovládán Židy a nadřazenost bílé rasy!
Co je tak smutné, je skutečnost, že klamavým praktikám Spojených států amerických, Izraele a jejich spojenci jsou příčinou genocidy praktiky pomocí Ebola NEMOC!
Zajímavý je, jak se Ebola nemoc nerozšířila ve Spojených státech amerických, i když těch údajně INFIKOVANÝ přišli do kontaktu s mnoha a YES, tělesné tekutiny byly přítomny. CO hanba a hanbou!
Je to škoda a ostuda afričtí lídři se zdají být neznalý se skutečností, které Spojené státy, Izrael a jejich WHITE spojenec Protipóly chtějí mít přístup k jejich půdu a přírodní zdroje - tedy hledá se zabít je pryč a / nebo je umístit na plantážích!
The United States can perfectly better serve its security interest.docxssusera34210
The United States can perfectly better serve its security interests, under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and subject itself to the constraints of international law, provided that the aggressions of the International Criminal Court are limited to cases approved by the Security Council of the United Nations. This would effectively protect the United States against a possible prosecution while it would allow to control, through its veto in the Security Council, other prosecutions. Otherwise the United States would fall under a double standard, when they seek to control the behavior of other Governments, without accepting the corresponding limitations of their own conduct.
Serious violations of human rights and war crimes committed during the Second World War demonstrated the need to implement mechanisms to prosecute those responsible for these atrocities. In this way, the international community decided back then to create tribunals in Nuremberg and Tokyo, formed by both in the first step towards the consolidation of international criminal justice. The Cold War prevented the establishment of an International Criminal Court of a permanent nature, a difficulty that would be extended until the end of the 1980's, with the fall of the Berlin wall, a possibility was newly opened by creating a court with universal jurisdiction for the most serious cases of violation of human rights and international humanitarian law, which was accentuated with the humanitarian crises that occurred by the civil wars in Rwanda and Yugoslavia.
The ICC formed by 120 States adopted in 1998, the Rome Statute, is the first international jurisdiction with universal vocation and aspiration; competent to prosecute individuals for crimes of war, genocide, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression. Added to these serious crimes, at the request of the Court itself, were sexual offenses, torture as an illegal instrument of war and the elimination of "receiving a higher order", as a valid defense of criminal responsibility or liability. It should be emphasized that the ICC is a complementary body of the national jurisdiction, and is only competent in cases where the state cannot or does not want to prosecute the accused. However, the United States did not ratify it, and even withdrew its signature from the Rome Statute and proceeded to begin a campaign against the ICC. The ICC has jurisdiction only with respect to crimes committed after the entry into force of the Statute which was the first of July 2002, and the Court may only exercise its jurisdiction if the State on whose territory the crime in question has occurred, or the State of nationality of the accused of the crime, is part of the Rome Statute, and if not being so, agrees to accept such jurisdiction by expressing declaration. As we said ut supra the United States did not sign the Rome Statute, with which the ICC has no jurisdiction over its nationals. The signatory states pledged ...
Raphael Lemkin invented the term "genocide" in 1944 to describe mass killings. In 1946 and 1948, the United Nations recognized genocide as a crime under international law and passed the Genocide Convention prohibiting it. The convention defines genocide to include acts committed during war or peace with the intent to destroy religious, ethnic, racial or national groups. It requires states to prevent and punish genocide within their own borders. However, the international community has struggled to effectively combat genocide when atrocities occur.
1) The term "genocide" was coined in 1944 by a Polish lawyer to describe the mass killing of specific groups of people.
2) The 1948 UN Convention defined genocide as a crime under international law and obligated states to prevent and punish genocide, whether during war or peace.
3) The Convention requires states to enact domestic laws against genocide and punish both state officials and private citizens who commit it. This has become a principle of customary international law.
The document provides background information on several international criminal tribunals and courts:
1. The Tokyo and Nuremberg tribunals prosecuted war crimes after World War II. The Tokyo tribunal tried Japanese leaders and had broader temporal jurisdiction than Nuremberg.
2. Other courts discussed include the International Criminal Court (ICC), European Court of Human Rights, Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), and Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). These have jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide.
3. Punishments vary by court but can include imprisonment, with some like the ICC unable to impose the death penalty. Jurisdiction and procedures
The document provides background information on several international criminal tribunals and courts:
1. The Tokyo and Nuremberg tribunals established after World War II to prosecute war criminals from Japan and Germany. They set precedents for international prosecution and defined war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace.
2. The European Court of Human Rights ensures states comply with the European Convention on Human Rights. It decides complaints of human rights violations against states.
3. The Special Court for Sierra Leone prosecuted those bearing greatest responsibility for serious crimes during Sierra Leone's civil war. It had jurisdiction over international crimes and some domestic laws.
4. Other courts discussed include the International Criminal
International criminal law is a branch of public international law that deals with individual criminal responsibility for international crimes such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. It developed from prohibitions on piracy and slavery, and gained new relevance after World War I and World War II due to widespread atrocities. International criminal law shares sources and principles with international humanitarian law, and enforcement has evolved from early state responsibility to individual criminal liability under international and domestic courts.
The document discusses wartime rape and the international laws around it. It provides background on how wartime rape has historically been endemic, committed with impunity, and trivialized in international law. It outlines key precedents like the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia recognizing rape as a crime against humanity. The International Criminal Court is highlighted as the first court to codify rape and sexual violence as war crimes and crimes against humanity in its Rome Statute. However, issues around sovereignty and continued uses of rape in conflicts persist.
011220 N.A.Z.I. Trials and WAR Crimes Commission-DraftVogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
IMPORTANT TO NOTE:
JUST AS EUROPEAN NATIONS WENT ABOUT
SETTING UP COMMISSIONS AND
HOLDING TRIALS FOR WAR CRIMES,
NATIONS-OF-COLOR CAN DO THE SAME
Human rights and international humanitarian lawOnyinye Chime
This document summarizes a scholarly paper on human rights and international humanitarian law as it relates to armed conflicts since 1945. It discusses how the atrocities of World War II led to efforts to establish universal human rights and hold violators accountable. The United Nations played a key role through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which outlined civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. However, the declaration is non-binding, which some see as an advantage allowing flexibility, while others view as a shortcoming due to its lack of legal force. Overall, the document examines the development of international law on human rights and its application during armed conflict.
HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AS IT AFFECTS ARMED CONFLICTS...Onyinye Chime
The paper argues that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights may not perfectly represent the views of all the people of the world owing to differences in culture, sex, religion, to mention but a few. Thus it is not a binding rule to all the countries of the world. Nevertheless, it has become a point of reference whenever there is violation of human rights in any part of the world despite the culture and tradition of the people concerned. The paper concludes that despite its non-binding status, the admittance of its existence by states and enshrining human rights issues in their constitutions, the universal declaration of human rights does not only exist but in practice, makes humanitarian human rights law superior to national law and even as it affects armed conflict.
A Question Left Unanswered - The Causes and Consequences of the Great Powers’...Juliet Davis
This document provides background information on the failed attempts to prosecute perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide during World War 1. It discusses how in 1915 the Ottoman government initiated deportations and massacres that killed over 1 million Armenians. After World War 1, there were both domestic and international efforts to prosecute Turkish officials responsible, but these all ultimately failed. The document argues that examining this historical failure can provide lessons for addressing the current situation regarding war crimes in Syria.
The document discusses trials held by international courts, including the trials of Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, and cases handled by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It provides background on the International Court of Justice and describes some of the major cases they have heard. Specifically, it outlines the charges against Saddam Hussein for crimes against humanity, the charges against Milosevic for genocide and crimes against humanity, and precedents set by the ICTR, including the first time rape was classified as genocide.
The Rome Statute established the International Criminal Court, which prosecutes crimes of sexual violence and recognizes acts of sexual and gender violence as crimes. It aims to protect witnesses and victims of such crimes and provide support programs. The statute was a result of debates between organizations and governments. It expanded the definition of sexual violence beyond rape and the ICC has taken on cases involving crimes of sexual violence to end impunity for such crimes during conflicts.
This document discusses the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine in international law. It begins by providing background on R2P, including its historical roots in concepts like humanitarian intervention and the development of the UN. The document then analyzes whether states have a duty or choice to protect populations under R2P, and whether current mechanisms allow for effective protection. It argues that while R2P may be emerging as a duty, reforms are needed to the UN Security Council and a clearer legal definition of R2P to strengthen its effectiveness in preventing mass atrocities.
The document provides an overview of the evolution and key aspects of international criminal law. It discusses how international criminal law began with the Nuremberg trials after WWII, which established crimes like war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression. Since then, several ad hoc tribunals have been created to prosecute international crimes in conflicts like Rwanda and Yugoslavia. More recently, the permanent International Criminal Court was established in 2002 to prosecute genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression, while respecting the principle of complementarity giving domestic courts priority.
The document discusses the history and development of international human rights law from the 19th century onwards. It covers early developments around abolishing slavery and the slave trade. It then discusses the Geneva Conventions establishing international humanitarian law. It also covers the League of Nations and protections for minorities after World War 1. Later sections discuss the UN Charter, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and rights protected in the Covenant.
The document discusses the history and development of the concept of human rights from its origins in the Renaissance and Reformation through modern international agreements like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It outlines the three generations of rights - civil/political, economic/social/cultural, and collective/solidarity. Key milestones discussed include the Geneva Conventions establishing international humanitarian law and protections for civilians and prisoners of war. The United Nations system plays an important role in standard setting and enforcement of human rights through various committees, councils, and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Similar to NUREMBERG - Crimes Against Humanity/Crimes Against Peace (For TRANSLATION) (20)
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NUREMBERG - Crimes Against Humanity/Crimes Against Peace (For TRANSLATION)
1. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S
NUREMBERG VIOLATIONS and
OTHER CRIMES
GET THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA OUT OF INTERNATIONAL WARS/AFFAIRS
BREACH OF AGREEMENTS/CONTRACTS/TREATIES – Entered into with
CRIMINAL Intent/FRAUDULENT Intent: Therefore, May Make ANY/ALL Agreements The
United States of America May Rely On To Be In International Wars and Carrying Out Their
CRIMINAL Acts NULL/VOID - - - GET THE UNITED STATES OUT OF FOREIGN
WARS- - DO FOREIGN NATIONS HAVE A RIGHT TO DETAIN AND PROSECUTE
TERRORISTS?
DID THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA MAKE KNOWN TO THE PUBLIC/WORLD
That It And Its Allies Were Engaging In WARS For Purposes Of:
Creating TERRORIST CELL GROUPS As AL-QAEDA;
TRAINING WHITE SUPREMACISTS
OVERTHROWING Foreign Governments
TRAFFICKING Drugs, Guns, Slaves, etc.
SEXUAL PERVERSIONS, RAPE, TORTURE, etc.
The following information has been cut and pasted from the following:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity/
http://www.slideshare.net/VogelDenise/nuremberg-principles-crimes-against-humanity-wikipedia-
information
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_peace/
http://www.slideshare.net/VogelDenise/nuremberg-principles-crimes-against-peace-wikipedia-
information
However, the pictures were created and inserted for INFORMATIONAL and EDUCATIONAL purposes pursuant to the
laws of the United States and/or International Laws governing such matters in efforts to assist viewers with an
understanding of the United States of America’s CORRUPT Government Officials’ CRIMINAL Acts and COVER-UPS.
Hopefully, with INTERNATIONAL Assistance, the United States of America’s HEADS OF STATE and CORRUPT
Government Officials will be brought to JUSTICE to ANSWER for their CRIMINAL ACTS:
2. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
Crimes against humanity, as defined by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Explanatory
Memorandum, "are particularly odious offenses in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave
humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings. They are not isolated or sporadic events, but are part
either of a government policy (although the perpetrators need not identify themselves with this policy) or of a wide
practice of atrocities tolerated or condoned by a government or a de facto authority. Murder; extermination;
torture; rape; political, racial, or religious persecution and other inhumane acts reach the threshold of crimes
against humanity only if they are part of a widespread or systematic practice. Isolated
inhumane acts of this nature may constitute grave infringements of human rights, or depending on the circumstances,
war crimes, but may fall short of falling into the category of crimes under discussion."[1] . . .
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
In 1860 the American National Republican Convention included in their electoral platform, on which Abraham Lincoln
stood for President, the following statement: "...we allow the recent re-opening of the African Slaves burning shame to
our country and age". In 1890, George Washington Williams used the phrase to describe the treatment of Africans in the
Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.[2] Another very significant early use of the phrase "crimes against
humanity" came during the first world war when, on May 24, 1915, the Allies of World War I, Britain, France, and
Russia, jointly issued a statement explicitly announcing, for the first time, the commission of a "crime against
humanity" in response to the Armenian Genocide and warned of personal responsibility for members of the Ottoman
Government and their agents.[3] At the conclusion of the war, an international war crimes commission recommended the
creation of a tribunal to try "violations of the laws of humanity". However, the US representative objected to references
to "law of humanity" as being imprecise and insufficiently developed at that time and the concept was not pursued.[4]
NUREMBERG TRIALS
See also: Nuremberg Trials
3. In the aftermath of the Second World War, The London Charter of the International Military Tribunal was the decree
that set down the laws and procedures by which the post-World War II Nuremberg trials were to be conducted. The
drafters of this document were faced with the problem of how to respond to the Holocaust and grave crimes
committed by the Nazi regime. A traditional understanding of war crimes gave no provision for
crimes committed by a power on its own citizens. Therefore, Article 6 of the Charter was
drafted to include not only traditional war crimes and crimes against peace, but in paragraph 6.c,
Crimes Against Humanity defined as "Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other
inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or
persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with
any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the
domestic law of the country where perpetrated".[5][6]
In the Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals it was also stated:
The Tribunal therefore cannot make a general declaration that the acts before 1939
were crimes against humanity within the meaning of the Charter, but from the
beginning of the war in 1939 war crimes were committed on a vast scale, which were
also crimes against humanity; and insofar as the inhumane acts charged in the
Indictment, and committed after the beginning of the war, did not constitute war
crimes, they were all committed in execution of, or in connection with, the aggressive
war, and therefore constituted crimes against humanity.[7] . . .
UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations has been primarily responsible for the prosecution of crimes against
humanity since it was chartered in 1948.[12] The International Criminal Court (ICC) was
organized by the Rome Statute and the UN has delegated several crimes against
humanity cases to the ICC.[13] Because these cases were referred to the ICC by the UN,
the ICC has broad authority and jurisdiction for these cases.[citation needed] The ICC acting without a UN
referral lacks the broad jurisdiction to prosecute crimes against humanity, and cannot prosecute many cases, particularly
if they occur outside of ICC-member nations. The most recent 2005 UN referral to the ICC of Darfur resulted in an
indictment of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in
2008.[14] The first person to be handed over to the ICC was Thomas Lubanga.[15] His trial has still not been completed.
The ICC is still seeking Joseph Kony.[15] When the ICC President reported to the UN regarding its progress handling
these crimes against humanity case, Judge Phillipe Kirsch said "The Court does not have the power to arrest these
persons. That is the responsibility of States and other actors. Without arrests, there can be no trials.[16] The UN has not
referred any further crimes against humanity cases to the ICC since March 2005.[citation needed]
A report on the 2008-9 Gaza War accused Palestinian and Israeli forces of possibly committing a crime against
humanity.[17]
UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESPONSIBILITY
UN Security Council Resolution 1674, adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 28
April 2006, "reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document
regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing
and crimes against humanity".[18] The resolution commits the Council to action to protect civilians in armed
conflict.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
In 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in The Hague (Netherlands) and the Rome Statute
provides for the ICC to have jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity and war
crimes. The definition of what is a "crime against humanity" for ICC
proceedings has significantly broadened from its original legal definition or that used by the UN,[19] and Article
7 of the treaty stated that:
4. For the purpose of this Statute, "crime against humanity" means any of the following acts when committed as
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with
knowledge of the attack:[20]
(a) Murder;
(b) Extermination;
(c) Enslavement;
(d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population;
(e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of
fundamental rules of international law;
(f) Torture;
(g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy,
enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of
comparable gravity;
5. (h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on
political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as
defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally
recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection
with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the
jurisdiction of the Court;
(i) Enforced disappearance of persons;
(j) The crime of apartheid;
(k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally
causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to
mental or physical health.
The Rome Statute Explanatory Memorandum states that crimes against humanity are particularly
odious offenses in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave
humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings. They are not isolated or sporadic events,
but are part either of a government policy (although the perpetrators need not identify themselves with this
policy) or of a wide practice of atrocities tolerated or condoned by a government or a de
facto authority. However, murder, extermination, torture, rape, political,
racial, or religious persecution and other inhumane acts reach the
threshold of crimes against humanity only if they are part of a
6. widespread or systematic practice. Isolated inhumane acts of this nature may
constitute grave infringements of human rights, or depending on the circumstances, war
crimes, but may fall short of meriting the stigma attaching to the category of crimes under discussion. On the
other hand, an individual may be guilty of crimes against humanity even if he
perpetrates one or two of the offences mentioned above, or engages in one such
offense against only a few civilians, provided those offenses are part of a consistent
pattern of misbehavior by a number of persons linked to that offender (for example,
because they engage in armed action on the same side or because they are parties to a common plan or for any similar
reason.) Consequently when one or more individuals are not accused of planning or carrying out a policy of
inhumanity, but simply of perpetrating specific atrocities or vicious acts, in order to determine whether
the necessary threshold is met one should use the following test: one ought to
look at these atrocities or acts in their context and verify whether they may be
regarded as part of an overall policy or a consistent pattern of an inhumanity, or
whether they instead constitute isolated or sporadic acts of cruelty and
wickedness.[1] . . .
References
1. a b As quoted by Guy Horton in Dying Alive - A Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations in Burma April 2005, co-
Funded by The Netherlands Ministry for Development Co-Operation. See section "12.52 Crimes against humanity", Page
201. He references RSICC/C, Vol. 1 p. 360
2. Hochschild, Adam (1998). King Leopold's Ghost. London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-330-49233-0.
3. 1915 declaration
Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution 106th Congress,2nd
Session, House of Representatives
Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution (Introduced in
House of Representatives) 109th Congress, 1st Session, H.RES.316, June 14, 2005. 15 September
2005 House Committee/Subcommittee:International Relations actions. Status: Ordered to be
Reported by the Yeas and Nays: 40–7.
"Crimes Against Humanity", 23 British Yearbook of International Law (1946) p. 181
Schabas References pp. 16-17
Original source of the telegram sent by the Department of State, Washington containing the French,
British and Russian joint declaration
4. Cryer, Robert; Hakan Friman, Darryl Robinson, Elizabeth Wilmshurst (2007). An Introduction to International Criminal
Law and Procedure. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188.
5. Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1 Charter of the International Military Tribunal contained in the Avalon Project archive
at Yale Law School
6. Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The
Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7, page 6.
7. Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity contained in the Avalon Project archive at
Yale Law School
8. Yoshinobu Higurashi,Tokyo Saiban(Tokyo Trial),Kodansya-Gendai-Shinsho,Kodansha Limited,2008,p.26,pp.116-
119.Hirohumi Hayashi,BC kyu Senpan Saiban,Iwanami Shoten Publishers,2005,p.33.
9. Yoshinobu Higurashi,op.cit.,pp.116-119.
10. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid dopted and opened for signature,
ratification by General Assembly resolution 3068 (XXVIII) of 30 November 1973. Entry into force 18 July 1976, in
accordance with article X (10)
11. Charter of the United Nations
12. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/044/31/IMG/NR004431.pdf?OpenElement
13. http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/About+the+Court/
14. International Criminal Court, 14 July 2008. ICC Prosecutor presents case against Sudanese President, Hassan Ahmad
AL BASHIR, for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur. Accessed 14 July 2008.
15. a b Staff. Q&A: International Criminal Court BBC, 20 March 2006
16. Judge Philippe Kirsch (President of the International Criminal Court) Address to the United Nations General Assembly
(PDF) website ICC, 9 October 2006. P. 3
17. "UN condemns 'war crimes' in Gaza". BBC News. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
18. Resolution 1674 (2006)
19. Cherif Bassiouni. "Crimes Against Humanity". Retrieved 2006-07-23.
20. Rome statute of the International Criminal Court Article 7: Crimes against humanity.
21. Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe: Recommendation (2002) 5 Paragraph 69
22. Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe: Recommendation (2002) 5 Paragraph 100
23. Luis Moreno Ocampo OTP letter to senders re Iraq 9 February 2006. Page 4
24. "MEPs recognize Ukraine's famine as crime against humanity". Russian News & Information Agency. 23/ 10/ 2008.
Retrieved 2008-10-23.
7. CRIMES AGAINST PEACE
A crime against peace, in international law, refers to "planning, preparation, initiation, or
waging of wars of aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or
assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any
of the foregoing".[1] This definition of crimes against peace was first incorporated into the Nuremberg Principles
and later included in the United Nations Charter. This definition would play a part in defining aggression as a crime
against peace.
An important exception to the foregoing are defensive military actions taken under Article 51 of the UN Charter. Such
defensive actions are subject to immediate Security Council review, but do not require UN
permission to be legal within international law. "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the
inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the
United Nations." (UN Charter, Article 51) The Security Council will determine if the action is legally the "right of
individual or collective self-defence", or it may appoint another UN organ to do this.
DEFINITION
No legal authority exists for the definition of the terms "territorial integrity", "political independence" and
"sovereignty". However, their face value would seem to disclose the following:
The "territorial integrity" rule means that it is a crime of aggression to use armed force with
intent permanently to deprive a state of any part or parts of its territory, not excluding territories for
the foreign affairs of which it is responsible;
The "political independence" rule means that it is a crime of aggression to use armed force
with intent to deprive a state of the entirety of one or more of the prerequisites of statehood, namely:
defined territory, permanent population, constitutionally independent government and the means of
conducting relations with other States;
The "sovereignty" rule means that it is a crime of aggression to use armed force with intent to
overthrow the government of a state or to impede its freedom to act unhindered, as it sees fit,
throughout its jurisdiction.
8. United States of America’s Ku Klux Klan Run Government:
http://www.slideshare.net/VogelDenise/united-states-of-americas-ku-klux-klan-run-
government
United States of America Uses Wars To Train White Supremacist Group Members:
http://www.slideshare.net/VogelDenise/obama-us-wars-used-to-train-white-supremacist-
english
This definition of the crime of aggression belongs to jus cogens, which is supreme in the hierarchy of international
law and, therefore, it cannot be modified by, or give way to, any rule of international law but one of the same rank.
An arguable example is any rule imposing a conflicting obligation to prevent, interdict or vindicate crimes which
also belong to jus cogens, namely aggression itself, crimes against humanity, genocide,
war crimes, slavery, torture and piracy, so that a war waged consistent with the aim
of repressing any of these crimes might not be illegal where the crime comes within
the limit of proportionality relative to war and its characteristic effects. . .
NUREMBERG PRINCIPLES
In 1945, the London Charter of the International Military Tribunal defined three categories of crimes, including
crimes against peace. This definition was first used in Finland to prosecute the political leadership
in the War-responsibility trials in Finland. The principles were later known as the Nuremberg Principles.
In 1950, the Nuremberg Tribunal defined Crimes against Peace (in Principle VI.a, submitted to the United Nations
General Assembly) as
9. (i) Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of
aggression or a war in violation of international treaties,
agreements or assurances; (ii) Participation in a common
plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the
acts mentioned under (i).
United States of America CREATED Terrorist Cell Groups as AL QAEDA:
http://www.slideshare.net/VogelDenise/082112-hillary-clinton-dealing-with-the-united-states-of-
americas-stingers
Wikipedia (Nuremberg Trials) "The legal basis for the jurisdiction of the court was that defined by the Instrument
of Surrender of Germany, political authority for Germany had been transferred to the Allied Control Council,
which having sovereign power over Germany could choose to punish violations of international law and the laws
of war. Because the court was limited to violations of the laws of war, it did not have jurisdiction over crimes that
took place before the outbreak of war on September 1, 1939"
For committing this crime, the Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced a number of
persons responsible for starting World War II. One consequence of this is that nations who are
starting an armed conflict must now argue that they are either exercising the right of self-defense, the right of
collective defense, or - it seems - the enforcement of the criminal law of jus cogens. It has made formal declaration
of war uncommon after 1945.
During the trial, the chief American prosecutor, Robert H. Jackson, stated:
To initiate a war of aggression, therefore, is not only an international crime; it is the
supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within
itself the accumulated evil of the whole.
Associate Supreme Court Justice William Douglas charged that the Allies were guilty of "substituting power for
principle" at Nuremberg. "I thought at the time and still think that the Nuremberg trials were unprincipled.", he
wrote. "Law was created ex post facto to suit the passion and clamor of the time." ['Dönitz at Nuremberg: A
Reappraisal', H. K. Thompson, Jr. and Henry Strutz, (Torrance, Calif.: 1983)]
10. UNITED NATIONS CHARTER
The first article of the United Nations Charter says:
The Purposes of the United Nations are:
1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective
collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the
suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful
means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of
international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-
determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen
universal peace;
The interdiction of aggressive war was confirmed and broadened by the United Nations' Charter, which states in
article 2, paragraph 4 that
All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force
against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other
manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
Article 33
The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international
peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration,
judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.
The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means.
Article 39
The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the
peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in
accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security.
Article 51
Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed
attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to
maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence
shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and
responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems
necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security. . . .
U.S. LAWS OF WAR
The U.S. Army's Law of Land Warfare (Field Manual 27-10) states:
11. 498. Crimes Under International Law Any person,whether a member of the armed forces
or a civilian, who commits an act which constitutes a crime under international law is
responsible therefore and liable to punishment. Such offenses in connection with war comprise:
a. Crimes against peace.
b. Crimes against humanity.
c. War crimes.
Although this manual recognizes the criminal responsibility of individuals for those offenses which
may comprise any of the foregoing types of crimes, members of the armed forces will normally be concerned, only
with those offenses constituting "war crimes."[2]
(emphasis added)
See also
Command responsibility
International Criminal Court
Second World War
War of aggression
REFERENCES
1. ^ a b c d
Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski,
Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University
Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7, page 5.
2. ^ FM 27-10 Chptr 8 Remedies for Violation of International Law; War Crimes