Gross & Neuro-Anatomy

1. Norma Frontalis, Laterlais,
Basalis, Verticalis & Occipitalis
Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore
Assistant Professor
Head of Department Anatomy
(Dentistry-BKCD)
B.D.S (SBDC), M.Phil. Anatomy (KMU),
Dip. Implant (Sharjah, Bangkok, ACHERS) , CHPE
(KMU),CHR (KMU), Dip. Arts (Florence, Italy)

2. Teaching Methodology
 LGF (Long Group Format)
 SGF (Short Group Format)
 LGD (Long Group Discussion, Interactive discussion with the use of models or diagrams)
 SGD (Short Group)
 SDL (Self-Directed Learning)
 DSL (Directed-Self Learning)
 PBL (Problem- Based Learning)
 Online Teaching Method
 Role Play
 Demonstrations
 Laboratory
 Museum
 Library (Computed Assisted Learning or E-Learning)
 Assignments
 Video tutorial method

3. Goal/Aim (main objective)
 Norma Frontalis:
a) Identify the skeletal features of norma frontalis (including Zygoma, Maxilla & Mandible).
b) Describe muscle attachments.
c) Enlist structures passing through foramina.
d) Enumerate relevant clinical problems of Norma frontalis.
 Norma Basalis:
a) Discuss the anterior cranial fossa, middle and posterior cranial fossa.
b) Describe muscle attachments.
c) Enlist structures passing through foramina.
 Norma Lateralis
a) Identify the skeletal features of Norma lateralis.
b) Describe muscle attachments.
c) Enlist structures passing through foramina.
d) Enumerate relevant clinical problems of norma lateralis.
e) Discuss temporal fossa, infra-temporal fossa, and pterygopalatine fossa
 Norma Occipitalis
a) Identify the skeletal features of norma occipitalis.
b) Describe muscle attachments.
c) Describe emissary veins of skull.
 Norma Verticalis
a) Identify the skeletal features of norma verticalis.
b) Enumerate relevant clinical problems of norma verticalis.

4. Specific Learning Objectives (cognitive)
 At the end of the lecture the student will able to:
 Identify the skeletal features of norma frontalis , Lateralis, Basalis, Verticalis, Occipitalis.
 Describe muscle attachments.
 Enlist structures passing through foramina.
 Enumerate relevant clinical problems

5. Psychomotor Objective: (Guided response)
 Ask student to submit assignment of tabulated form of the structures passing through all foramen and
fossa

6. Affective domain
 To be able to display a good code of conduct and moral values in the class.
 To cooperate with the teacher and in groups with the colleagues.
 To demonstrate a responsible behavior in the class and be punctual, regular, attentive and
on time in the class.
 To be able to perform well in the class under the guidance and supervision of the teacher.
 Study the topic before entering the class.
 Discuss among colleagues the topic under discussion in SGDs.
 Participate in group activities and museum classes and follow the rules.
 Volunteer to participate in psychomotor activities.
 Listen to the teacher's instructions carefully and follow the guidelines.
 Ask questions in the class by raising hand and avoid creating a disturbance.
 To be able to submit all assignments on time and get your sketch logbooks checked.

7. Lesson contents
Clinical chair side question: Students will be asked if they know what is clinical relevance of Pterion & Asterion
Outline:
 Activity 1 The facilitator will explain the student's about skeletal features of norma frontalis , Lateralis, Basalis,
Verticalis, Occipitalis.
 Describe muscle attachments.
 Enlist structures passing through foramina.
 Enumerate relevant clinical problems
 Activity 2 The facilitator will ask the students to submit assignment of tabulated form of the structures passing
through all foramen and fossa
 Activity 3 The facilitator will ask the students a few Multiple Choice Questions related to it with flashcards.

8. Recommendations
 Students assessment: MCQs, Flashcards, Diagrams labeling.
 Learning resources: Langman’s T.W. Sadler, Laiq Hussain Siddiqui, Snell Clinical Anatomy, Netter’s Atlas,
BD Chaurasia’s Human anatomy, Internet sources links.

9. Surface
Anatomy

11. Calvaria

12. Calvaria
Norma
Verticalis

13. Calvaria

14. Norma Frontalis

15. Mental Nerve
Norma
Frontalis

16. Supra-Orbital Notch/Foramen= Supraorbital nerve & vessels
Nasal bone & Upper nasal cartilage= External nasal nerve
Infra-Orbital Notch/Foramen= Infra-Orbital Nerve & Vessels
Zygomaticofacial Foramen= Zygomaticofacial Nerve branch of Maxillary Nerve
Mental Foramen= Mental Nerve

17. Mental point
or Gnathion

19. Clinical Relevance:
 Nasal bone= Fractured easily. Mandible & Parietal eminence next common
 Pterion = Thinnest part of skull has middle meningeal artery & may rupture cause
extradural hemorrhage and compress motor area of brain leading to paralysis of
opposite side.
 Sutures of Norma Frontalis:
1. Internasal
2. Frontonasal
3. NasoMaxillary
4. Lacrimomaxillary
5. Frontomaxillary
6. Intermaxillary
7. Zygomaticomaxillary
8. Zygomaticofrontal

20. Norma Lateralis

21. Norma
Lateralis

22. Squamomastoid suture

23. Pterion (Sylvian point of
cerebrum & Middle
meningeal vessels)
Suprameatal Triangle
(Macewan)
Asterion

24. TEST?

27. Thank You

28.  Tympanomastoid Fissure= Auricular branch of Vagus nerve
 Mastoid Foramen= Emissary vein , Meningeal branch of Occipital artery
 Zygomaticotemporal foramen= Zygomaticotemporal nerve & artery

29. Mid Sagittal
Section

30. Mid Sagittal
Section

31. The Cranial Base
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VIEW

37. TEST?