How to creat ppt

1. URBAN CRIMES AND PREVENTION

2. Introduction
The term ‘Law’ in effect refers to a sequence of cause and effects. The term ‘wrong’ can be further
classified into moral wrong and legal wrong. The difference between both lies in the very fact that
moral wrongs are not punished by the State and are condemned by social disapproval. A moral
wrong gains the stature of an ‘offence’ only when such act is prohibited by a legally prescribed
code and when such act is so prohibited by the State it becomes an ‘offence’. Further, the term
offence is a wide concept which includes civil as well as criminal offences. Therefore, all the acts
contrary to law, though categorized as legal offences are not necessarily crimes. Therefore, a
criminal wrong being the wrong against the state is investigated, tried and punished by State
agencies.

3. Causes of crime
The Oxford Dictionary defines a crime as an action or omission which constitutes an offence and
is punishable by law. A crime is a fact, a matter of law and it is not an opinion. As society
changes, some actions which used to be criminal are no longer so. Likewise some actions which
were legal can become prohibited.
The causes of crime are complex.
Poverty
parental neglect
low self-esteem
alcohol and drug abuse can be connected to why people break the law. Some are at greater risk of
becoming offenders because of the circumstances into which they are born.

4. Poverty
Poverty is one of the main reasons for crime. Countries with high rates of economic deprivation tend to
witness higher crime rates than other countries.
Since people do not have the means to secure a living in the right ways, they invest their time in
criminal activities since they are not only an easy means to get what they want but also do not require
any other prerequisite talents.
We are witnessing between the rich and the poor can also be attributed to more and more of the poor
looking to crime as a means for living.
Not being able to earn and sustain themselves leaves people so frustrated that they resort to illegal
means to sustain themselves and their families.
According to the data collected by National Crime Records, theft is one of the most common crimes in
India.
All in all, the wealth inequality and insufficient means to acquire a living in an honest way is driving the
poor in India towards a life of crime.

5. Peer Pressure
It is an established fact that peer pressure plays a significant role in the lives of all teenagers
and young adults.
That is a phase of life where people tend to look up to their friends and believe what they do,
is the right or rather ‘hip and happening’ thing to do.
So, peer pressure compels them to join the movement. The lack of wisdom and experience
these people have just added fuel to the fire.
As a result, many individuals in their youth subconsciously get drawn to evils like alcohol
consumption and smoking just by looking at their peers.
The problem goes out of hand when this peer pressure does not stay restricted to alcohol and
cigarettes but extends to other illegal activities involving drugs that have the potential to
become an addiction and subsequently ruin their lives.

6. Drugs
Crime and drug abuse are closely related. A person under the influence tends to
pamper in require it to sustain themselves.
In such a situation, drug addicts are ready to go to any extent to criminal activities
that they may have not treated in otherwise.
The main problem arises when they get addicted to the drugs and believe they
procure these illegal substances.
Under the influence of drugs, people feel the urge to do things that are not only
illegal but also have the potential to ruin and at times even end their lives.

7. Politics
The inter relation between politics and crime is overlooked many times. This is problematic as
many people have engaged in criminal activities while dealing with political issues. There are
countless politicians with a criminal record. Additionally, there have been quite a few politicians
in developing countries who have also been associated with violent crimes and murders. So many
youth members of parties are often given weapons and instructed to handle matters violently
during conflicts. This not only exposes youth to criminal activities but also puts the lives of
various citizens at risk.
Religion
Even today, unfortunately, various divisions and issues of society can be attributed to religion.
Despite it being a basic human right, many people are deprived of practicing their own religion.
This leads to a feeling of resentment in the minds of believers. Moreover, there have been an
awful lot of cases involving crimes over different schools of thought too. This is an extremely sad
state of affairs considering that it is already the 21st century and human beings have progressed so
much in other areas. There are a huge number of crimes committed by religious fundamentalists.

8. Background
Oftentimes the background and family conditions of a criminal can be attributed to the reason
behind their crimes. When people believe that they are responsible to provide for their family and
they are unable to do so owing to lack of opportunities, lack of education or other such issues that
handicap them, they resort to crime. This is a sad state of affairs as in such situations it is highly
likely that the criminal would have renounced from engaging in criminal activities had there been
sufficient means for them to sustain themselves and provide for their family.
Society
In today’s times, money is one of the most important aspects of everyone’s life.
The meaning of money is not restricted to the amount of wealth in a person’s bank account but is
instead also attributed to their societal status, worth, and even values. As a result of this, people
value money more than their relationships and happiness. What other people think of a person is
more important to them than how they feel. Even schools and universities do not teach children
how to be happy and satisfied in life but instead teach them how to make more money, which
indirectly attributes wealth to worth.

9. Unemployment
The lack of employment opportunities is an issue faced by developing and developed countries
alike. A huge portion of the youth of today are unemployed and as per a report by the
Confederation of Indian Industry, the youth employment rate is ever-increasing. According to the
data recorded by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, the unemployment rate in our
country is ever increasing. Naturally, this leaves the youth frustrated as despite spending a lot of
time and money on their education they still find it tough to get a good job. This leads to a feeling
of resentment towards the system in the minds of many youngsters who then rebel and resort to
crimes early on in their lives.
Unequal rights
Deprivation is another significant contributor to the increasing crime rates.
People resort to notorious activities when they are deprived of their basic rights since that impedes
their means to obtain a livelihood in a conventional and honest way. They have limited options
and are already at a disadvantaged position in society that they choose to make money and sustain
themselves through hook or crook. This usually involves them engaging in criminal activities.

10. Broad Classification of Crimes
Crimes against body
Murder, Attempt to commit murder, Kidnapping & Abduction, Hurt, Causing death by negligence;
Crimes against property: Dacoity, Preparation and assembly to commit Dacoity, Robbery, and
Theft.
Economic crimes: Criminal breach of trust, Cheating & Simulating.
Crimes against women: Rape, Dowry death, Cruelty by husband or his relatives, Assault on
woman with intent to outrage her modesty, Insult to the modesty of women and Importation of
girls from foreign country
Crimes against children: Child rape, Kidnapping & Abduction of children, Selling and Buying of
girls for prostitution, Exposure & Abandonment, Infanticide

11. Crimes under the Special and Local Laws (SLL)
i) Arms Act, 1959; ii) Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985; iii)
Gambling Act, 1867; iv) Excise Act, 1944; v) Prohibition Act; vi) Explosives &
Explosive Substances Act, 1884 & 1908; vii) Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act,
1956; viii) Indian Railways Act, 1989; ix) The Foreigners Act, 1946; x) Protection
of Civil Rights Act, 1955; xi) Indian Passport Act, 1967; xii) Essential Commodities
Act, 1955; xiii) Antiquities & Art Treasures Act, 1972; xiv) Dowry Prohibition Act,
1961; xv) Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006; xvi) Indecent Representation of
Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986; xvii) Copyright Act, 1957; xiii) Commission of
Sati Prevention Act, 1987; xix) SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989; xx)
Forest Act, 1927; xxi) Other crimes (not specified above) under Special and Local
Laws including Cyber Laws under Information Technology Act, 2000.

12. Different types of crimes
Personal crimes
Personal crimes or crimes against persons refer to those crimes that are perpetrated against an
individual. They include murder, homicide, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, and other such
violent acts.
Property crimes
Property crimes refer to crimes that include theft but do not involve bodily harm. Some examples
include arson, larceny, burglary, theft, etc. Here, the victim is not physically affected but is
indirectly affected by harm or loss to their property.
Hate crimes
These refer to crimes against an individual which are fuelled by prejudices against the said
individual’s race, gender, religion, caste, creed, disability, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and other
such distinguishing factors usually associated with one’s heritage.

13. Victimless crimes
Victimless crimes or crimes against morality refer to illegal acts which are not aimed at a specific
individual. Here, there are no complainants. Victimless crimes include gambling, administering illegal
drugs, prostitution, and the like which are immoral but do not harm any individual. Such crimes are also
known as consensual crimes as the violators here willingly engage in illegal acts knowing it is against the
law. The word consensual crime is preferred by most over victimless crime as the offenders are said to be
victims in these cases as their acts harm themselves.
White-collar crimes
Crimes committed by people who have a respectable position in society and are economically and socially
well placed in the course of their occupation are called white-collar crimes. Some examples would be
embezzling, tax evasion, insider trading, violating tax laws, and the like.
Organized crimes
Organized crimes refer to crimes that involve the sale of goods and services which are unlawful by a
structured group like a mafia. This would include drug cartels, smuggling of weapons, prostitution, and
even money laundering.
Needless to say, organized crime has various negative impacts on both society and the economy.

14. The 10 Principles of Crime Prevention
1. Target Hardening
Making your property harder for an offender to access.
Upgrading the locks on your doors, windows, sheds and outbuildings
Fitting sash jammers to vulnerable doors and windows
Using secure passwords to prevent criminals hacking your online accounts
2. Target Removal
Ensuring that a potential target is out of view. Not leaving items on view through your windows – i.e. laptops, phones,
keys, bags
Putting your vehicle in the garage if you have one and not leaving valuables on display
Being cautious about what you post online as it may be used to identify or locate you offline
3. Reducing the Means
Removing items that may help commit an offence. Not leaving tools and ladders in the garden and clearing up any
rubble/bricks
Keeping wheelie bins out of reach, as they may be a climbing aid or help transport items
Making sure that bricks and rubble are cleared up

15. 4. Reducing the Payoff
Reducing the profit the criminal can make from the offence. Security marking your property
Marking your property in such a way that others will not want to buy from the thief
Not buying property you believe or suspect to be stolen
5. Access Control
Looking at measures that will control access to a location, a person or object.
Locking your doors and windows to both your house and your vehicle
Ensuring that fencing, hedges, walls and other boundary treatments are in a good state of repair
Putting a security system in place at a commercial site (entry barriers, security guards, ID cards)
6. Surveillance
Improving surveillance around homes, businesses or public places to deter criminals.
Removing high hedges / fences at the front of your home that allows an offender to work unseen
Consider adding CCTV to a commercial site or public place
Establishing a Neighbourhood Watch Scheme in your street
7. Environmental Change
Ensuring your property and wider community looks cared for.
Ensuring that graffiti and domestic/commercial waste is cleared up
Reporting issues with fly-tipping or broken street lights to the relevant authority
Working with the police and local authority to close a footpath.

16. 8. Rule Setting
Changing our habits by setting rules and positioning signage in appropriate locations. Introducing
a rule that the last person entering / leaving should lock the door and remove the keys. Informing
visitors to commercial sites that they must report to reception on arrival. Informing users that a
particular site is closed between certain times and should not be accessed.
9. Increase the Chances of Being Caught
Increasing the likelihood that an offender will be caught to prevent crime occurring.
Making use of dusk to dawn security lighting is in place and in working order
Using good quality CCTV and/or alarm systems, especially on commercial sites and public places
Upgrading security to delay an offender, meaning they have to spend more time to gain access
10. Deflecting Offenders
Deterring an offender or deflecting their intention.
Using timer switches to make our homes look occupied if vacant after the hours of darkness
Running youth diversionary schemes with partner agencies
Referring offenders to drug rehabilitation programmes.

17. Conclusions
Crime is primarily the outcome of multiple adverse social, economic, cultural and family
conditions. To prevent crime, it is important to have an understanding of its roots. Social root
causes of crime are: inequality, not sharing power, lack of support to families and neighborhoods,
real or perceived inaccessibility to services, and lack of leadership in communities, low value
placed on children and individual well-being, the overexposure to television as a means of
recreation. One of the significant causes is unemployment. Because people do not have a stable
job which helps them to pay everything in their lives, such as foods, clothes, so they cannot
improve their lives. As a result, although something is unlawful, they must do to have money.
Crime can be closely linked to the conditions for children in our community. There is a strong link
between reducing risk and building resilience in children and decreasing crime. Problems arise
when the larger social, political and economic systems within which children live jeopardize the
family's resources and create stress on the family unit. As a result, the provision of appropriate
care and required resources to all children will have great significance for their long term
physical, intellectual, and emotional well-being and their development into independent, healthy
adults.

18. We need to invest in social workers to prevent crime
"It is time we realize the need for social workers and teachers to do the ground work with children as
young as three to prevent crime, instead of battling to combat it when it’s too late." says Gareth Newham,
Head of the Governance, Crime and Justice division at the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria.
"It is time we realise the need for social workers and teachers to do the ground work with children as
young as three to prevent crime, instead of battling to combat it when it’s too late." This is according to
Gareth Newham, Head of the Governance, Crime and Justice Division at the Institute for Security Studies
in Pretoria.
Criminal justice social work includes the following responsibilities:
Providing mental health and substance abuse counseling;
Finding alternatives to incarceration, such as rehabilitation programs for low-level offenders;
Helping formerly incarcerated individuals negotiate successful reentry into society;
Working with clients to change patterns of criminal behavior;
Advocating for clients within the criminal justice system;
Advocating for policies that address both clients’ interests and need for public safety;
Working with communities to eliminate the root causes of criminality.

19. Social workers are currently making progress in the fight for a more central role in criminal
justice policy-making and the delivery of services. At present, the daily tasks a prison social
worker might undertake include psychosocial assessments of clients, finding resources to help
meet their needs, working with people impacted by a person’s incarceration (such as family
members), assessing for abuse and neglect, or co-ordinating the temporary or long-term adoption
of an inmate’s children.
Social workers help people overcome personal challenges, from homelessness and poverty to
domestic violence, behavioral issues in children, and beyond. Although the career can be deeply
rewarding, social workers can be at risk of physical and emotional violence, threats, and verbal
abuse in their work.
Knowing the potential risks involved in the profession is essential. Equally important is an
understanding of the laws and regulations designed to protect social workers. For example, a key
objective of the Protecting Social Workers and Health Professionals from Workplace Violence Act
of 2019 is to fund safer workplace measures for social workers. Promoting social worker safety in
the workplace plays a crucial role in attracting individuals to a rewarding career that helps
societies most vulnerable.

20. Removing a Child from an Unsafe Environment
Social workers may be involved in cases of physical and mental abuse, neglect, or mistreatment of
children. After conducting investigations and interviews with family members, they must assess whether a
home environment endangers a child’s health and welfare. If an environment is determined to be unsafe, a
social worker may recommend that a child be separated from the family. Parents may react with violence,
insults, or threats.
Social workers who work with children and families can experience a higher rate of violence than those in
other fields. Child welfare caseworkers must make difficult decisions about children’s safety, potentially
putting themselves at risk. For example, parents with a history of domestic abuse may react violently to a
social worker’s assessment. Abuse can also come from teenagers with a history of violence, putting social
workers at risk of possible physical, psychological, and emotional harm.
Visiting Clients in Risky Environments
Vulnerability driven by socioeconomic concerns can create potentially dangerous situations for social
workers. For example, social workers may need to visit clients alone in neighborhoods with crime. Social
workers may also work in environments such as prisons and juvenile detention facilities, where they can be
exposed to violence.

21. Unfortunately, these environments can increase the risk of social workers experiencing violence. Social
workers could face physical assault or being attacked with a weapon. Additional acts of possible violence
may include attempted assault, property damage, verbal abuse, and threats.
Working with Individuals with Mental Illness
Although most people with mental health issues are nonviolent, some may react to what they see as a
social worker’s interference with physical threats or verbal abuse.
Keeping People Healthy
A key part of a social worker’s responsibility is to help support people with these health issues. From
helping individuals navigate the complex health care system, to providing lifesaving information during
outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic, social workers regularly interact with clients. In their efforts
to help keep people safe, social workers may at times place themselves in danger of contracting
transmittable diseases.
Social Work Safety
The laws that protect social workers from various types of violence, combined with pre-visit planning and
strategies to de-escalate dangerous situations, can help social workers remain safe.

22. Pre-Visit Planning
Social workers should inform supervisors before meeting with clients. It may be necessary to alert security
or law enforcement professionals for clients known for their unpredictability and violent behavior.
Additional pre-visit plans include:
Informing clients of your arrival time and being specific about the purpose of your visit so they aren’t
surprised or startled.
Getting to know the neighborhood of the home you plan to visit. Before arriving at your appointment, use
Google Maps to familiarize yourself with the area, including the nearest police station.
Providing clear information about your whereabouts to your employer. Share details about whom you’ll be
visiting, specifying the time and the planned length of your visit.
Being prepared with code words or phrases that alert your employer and colleagues to an emergency or a
dangerous situation.
Using a mobile phone app such as Bsafe, which can activate an SOS alert via voice or touch, including
your location and live GPS tracking.

23. Stay calm and listen actively.
Sometimes clients just need to be reminded that social workers are there to help.
Demonstrate empathy and be nonjudgmental.
Clients who are under immense pressure and may be dealing with traumatic experiences may not
always respond reasonably. Nonetheless, instead of pointing out flaws in their reactions,
understand where they’re coming from rather than judging them, and show grace under pressure.
Keep a safe distance.
In high-pressure situations, the space between two people at odds gets smaller. By creating space,
you not only protect yourself but help avoid an escalation.
Be aware of body language.
Kind and empathetic words can be useful in de-escalating a situation. By matching your
thoughtful words with your reassuring voice, body language, and facial expressions, you may help
diffuse defensiveness.

24. THANK YOU