The document discusses new paradigms in pharmacoeconomics, healthcare, and electronic medical records. It introduces the 3-Dimensional Outcome Assessment model of economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes. It examines areas of collaboration between economists, physicians, and policy-makers. The new paradigms include changing patient roles, empowerment, continuity of care, team-based care, and computer applications. Electronic medical records are discussed as having modules for different areas like outpatient, inpatient, investigations, pharmacy, and more. Finally, it reflects on the changing digital healthcare ecosystem.

1. PHARMACOECONOMICS
NEW PARADIGM
By:
Ms. Khan Dureshahwar M. Pharm (PhD)
Assistant Professor
Dept of Pharmacology

2. OUTCOMES

3. 3-Dimensional Outcome Assessment
ECONOMIC
outcome
CLINICAL
outcome
HUMANISTIC
outcome
ECHO- Economic, Clinical, Humanistic Outcomes

4. Examples of Outcomes
Type of Outcome Examples
Economic Hospitalization,
Physician visits,
prescription drugs,
productivity
Clinical Symptoms, diagnosis,
Adverse events, Drug
interactions
Humanistic Quality of life,
satisfaction with
treatment, preference for
one treatment vs. another

5. The conceptual model: Economic, Clinical, and Humanistic Outcomes (ECHO) Model Source:
Adaption of a figure in an article by Kozma CM, Reeder CE, Schulz RM. Economic, clinical,
and humanistic outcomes: a planning model for pharmacoeconomic research. Clin Ther.
1993;15(6):1121-32.

6. WHAT ARE POLICY-MAKERS TRYING TO DO?
 Assure access to medical care
 Control the rate of growth of expenditures for medical care
 Protect and improve the health of the population
 Achieve efficient use of health care resources

7. Some Specific Areas For
Collaboration Among Economists,
Physicians, and Policy-Makers

8. • Evaluation of benefits and costs of new
technologies
• Measurement of how incentives affect
the behavior of patients, physicians,
and hospital administrators
• Analysis of time trends and cross-
sectional differences in utilization of
medical care

9. • Analysis of time trends and cross-
sectional differences in health
• Monitoring results of demonstration
projects
• Keeping policy-makers from making
really big mistakes

10. • How egalitarian a system does society
want?
• How to find the right balance between
administrative control and the market?
• How to determine an appropriate number
and mix of health care personnel?
• How to finance health care expenditures?
• How to reimburse hospitals and physicians?
• How to deal with advances in medical
technology?

11. New Paradigms in Healthcare
• Changing the role of the patient -> first-class
actor in his healthcare process
• Patient empowerment : educated patient, able to
make informed decisions
• Continuity of care: informational, management,
relational continuity
• Team care: multidisciplinary and cross-
organizational

12. • Large spectrum of computer-based applications
Basic AdvancedIntermediate
Hospital Information Systems
Clinical Information
Systems
Chronic Disease
Public Health Surveillance
Electronic Health Records
Telemedicine

13. ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS - A NEW PARADIGM
MODULES
Out Patient Module
In Patient Module
Investigation Module
Pharmacy Module
Operation Theatre Module
Intensive Care Module
Discharge Module
Total Patient Module
Order Of Occurrence

14. Digital Healthcare Ecosystem

15. Reflection of the Healthcare Ecosystem