Advertisement for a philatelic exhibit demonstrating the geographic progression of revenue stamp usage in Nevada during its classic period of fiscal history: from the arrival of U.S. Civil War revenues in Nevada Territory in March 1863; through the imposition of state stamp taxes in 1865; until the expiration of virtually all of those taxes in February 1873.
Why Nevada? Why a Geographic Analysis?
A "perfect storm" of factors combine to make Nevada uniquely suited to a such an analysis. It is "only" a state, and this is only one decade; but what a state, what a decade!
Holabird Ends 2023 on A High Note with A highly Successful Christmas Chronicl...associate14
An early 1900s Miller Brothers 101 Ranch performer’s beaded gun belt sold for $10,000, while a circa 1940 handmade buckskin and beaded ceremonial Nez Perce dress realized $9,062.
Holabird Ends 2023 on A High Note with A highly Successful Christmas Chronicl...associate14
An early 1900s Miller Brothers 101 Ranch performer’s beaded gun belt sold for $10,000, while a circa 1940 handmade buckskin and beaded ceremonial Nez Perce dress realized $9,062.
HERE IT IS -- PERHAPS THE APEX of internet-based online historical puzzling, the classic CAUGHT ON TYPE !! issue of the PYM PUZZLER, edited by A.P. Dromgoole. This timeless issue craftily discloses, almost for the first time, the true but hidden history of the California Gold Rush, which opened not in 1849 with an exodus of New Englanders from the EAST Coast, but INSTEAD in August, 18848, with an exodus of OREGONIANS from the PACIFIC coast, -- from the Willamette Valley, in particular, heading south to California. The story begins when a strange single-masted vessel moors along the waterfront in Oregon City, just below the Falls, and begins buying up all the supplies in town !!! Why? SOON ENOUGH word leaks out of the gold strikes in the Sacramento valley, and before long wagon-trains are forming up locally, and men are leaving behind their well-tended fields and crops,their homesteads, and even their wives and children, for a long-shot chance to STRIKE IT RICH !! Amongst these men are some significant figures, who will soon make their mark on California history -- most notably the Honorable "P.' who makes a point of soliciting into his company, one young man, Charlie Putnam: the unknown, nondescript typesetter for the only newspaper being published on the Tualatin Plains in 1848 !! But just who was "The Honorable P" and why did he want to bring Charley along, of all people in the valley? Luckily some of their conversation was CAUGHT ON TYPE !! So perhaps you can find out, in why .... Only in PM PUZZLER -- CAUGHT ON TYPE !!
Costa Rica is unique. While sharing with its neighbors the experiences of colonial exploitation and commodity-export dependency, Costa Rica managed to rise above. Instead of recurring cycles of dictatorship and poverty, Costa Rica boasts an enduring democracy and the highest standards of living in Central America. What’s more, Costa Rica is unique among all nations for its ‘unarmed’ political democracy and ‘green’ economic revolution.
c. 1850-1900Prior to the discovery of gold, much of TawnaDelatorrejs
c. 1850-1900
Prior to the discovery of gold, much of the West was considered a wasteland & much was part of North MexicoDuring the last decades of the 1800s, the U.S. was segmented into 1) an industrialized society and 2) a frontierThe 1890 census was the first to record that the frontier had been settledAdditionally, by 1890 the US surpassed Great Britain in iron and steel productionSettlement in the West was powered by industry
Mexico was under Spanish domination until 1821.
*
By the 1860s, agricultural settlement reached the western margins of the tall grass prairies
Ecology-60 million years ago, the Rocky Mountains rose out of the sea and covered western North AmericaWith no outlet, the shallow inland sea dried upA hard pan was leftSediment washed down from the mountains over time to form a loose, featureless surface
Ecology-The climate suffered from cycles of drought because moist winds from the Pacific ocean delivered rain on the western slope of the Sierras Only drought-resistant grasses and plants could survive in this climateThe ecosystem could support certain plants and animals, but had not nurtured very much human settlement
About 100,000 Native American groups lived on the plains in 1850They were very diverseThey have been categorized across six linguistic families and 30 “tribal” groupsMandan, Arikara, Pawnee
~lived in permanent villages
~planted corn & beans
~however, smallpox & measles ravaged settled groups
Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne, “Blackfeet,” “Crow,” & SiouxWere dispersed in hunting groupsFirst arrived on the plains in the 1600sHunted buffaloMoved from lake country in northern Minnesota when fish and game dwindled
Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne, “Blackfeet,” “Crow,” & SiouxBecame nomadicLived in portable skin teepeesAcquired horses from southwestern groupsCame to claim the entire Great Plains North of the Arkansas RiverDrove out or subjugated longer-settled groups
One notable group of Plains Native American Indians were the Lakota SiouxThey had strict gender rolesWomen were more subordinate than in other groupsSaw God as a series of powers pervading the universeThe Sun Dance was one form of religious worship for them
Image of Sun Dance from http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/2/lectures/lakota/sundance.detail.jpg.
*
The Lakota Sioux were not a self-contained group of peopleThey traded with others, including whitesPelts and buffalo robes were traded for kettles, knives, blankets, & guns, which the Lakota came to rely upon
Again, prior to the 1840s gold rush, land in the west was seen as only worthy of Native American Indian settlement and useIn 1834, congress formally designated the Great Plains as permanent Indian countryThe army constructed border forts from Lake Superior to Fort Worth TexasThey were made of stone because they would be in place “forever”“Mainstream” Americans would theoretically trade with the Native Americans, but not settle the west
What changed these per ...
Introduction to the exhibit "California's Gold Rush Revenues, Aristocrats of American Fiscal Philately: A Fiscal History," which shows examples of the five document types subject to California stamp taxes during 1857-1872: attorneys' licenses, bills of exchange, bills of lading for gold and silver, insurance policies and ships' passenger tickets.
HERE IT IS -- PERHAPS THE APEX of internet-based online historical puzzling, the classic CAUGHT ON TYPE !! issue of the PYM PUZZLER, edited by A.P. Dromgoole. This timeless issue craftily discloses, almost for the first time, the true but hidden history of the California Gold Rush, which opened not in 1849 with an exodus of New Englanders from the EAST Coast, but INSTEAD in August, 18848, with an exodus of OREGONIANS from the PACIFIC coast, -- from the Willamette Valley, in particular, heading south to California. The story begins when a strange single-masted vessel moors along the waterfront in Oregon City, just below the Falls, and begins buying up all the supplies in town !!! Why? SOON ENOUGH word leaks out of the gold strikes in the Sacramento valley, and before long wagon-trains are forming up locally, and men are leaving behind their well-tended fields and crops,their homesteads, and even their wives and children, for a long-shot chance to STRIKE IT RICH !! Amongst these men are some significant figures, who will soon make their mark on California history -- most notably the Honorable "P.' who makes a point of soliciting into his company, one young man, Charlie Putnam: the unknown, nondescript typesetter for the only newspaper being published on the Tualatin Plains in 1848 !! But just who was "The Honorable P" and why did he want to bring Charley along, of all people in the valley? Luckily some of their conversation was CAUGHT ON TYPE !! So perhaps you can find out, in why .... Only in PM PUZZLER -- CAUGHT ON TYPE !!
Costa Rica is unique. While sharing with its neighbors the experiences of colonial exploitation and commodity-export dependency, Costa Rica managed to rise above. Instead of recurring cycles of dictatorship and poverty, Costa Rica boasts an enduring democracy and the highest standards of living in Central America. What’s more, Costa Rica is unique among all nations for its ‘unarmed’ political democracy and ‘green’ economic revolution.
c. 1850-1900Prior to the discovery of gold, much of TawnaDelatorrejs
c. 1850-1900
Prior to the discovery of gold, much of the West was considered a wasteland & much was part of North MexicoDuring the last decades of the 1800s, the U.S. was segmented into 1) an industrialized society and 2) a frontierThe 1890 census was the first to record that the frontier had been settledAdditionally, by 1890 the US surpassed Great Britain in iron and steel productionSettlement in the West was powered by industry
Mexico was under Spanish domination until 1821.
*
By the 1860s, agricultural settlement reached the western margins of the tall grass prairies
Ecology-60 million years ago, the Rocky Mountains rose out of the sea and covered western North AmericaWith no outlet, the shallow inland sea dried upA hard pan was leftSediment washed down from the mountains over time to form a loose, featureless surface
Ecology-The climate suffered from cycles of drought because moist winds from the Pacific ocean delivered rain on the western slope of the Sierras Only drought-resistant grasses and plants could survive in this climateThe ecosystem could support certain plants and animals, but had not nurtured very much human settlement
About 100,000 Native American groups lived on the plains in 1850They were very diverseThey have been categorized across six linguistic families and 30 “tribal” groupsMandan, Arikara, Pawnee
~lived in permanent villages
~planted corn & beans
~however, smallpox & measles ravaged settled groups
Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne, “Blackfeet,” “Crow,” & SiouxWere dispersed in hunting groupsFirst arrived on the plains in the 1600sHunted buffaloMoved from lake country in northern Minnesota when fish and game dwindled
Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne, “Blackfeet,” “Crow,” & SiouxBecame nomadicLived in portable skin teepeesAcquired horses from southwestern groupsCame to claim the entire Great Plains North of the Arkansas RiverDrove out or subjugated longer-settled groups
One notable group of Plains Native American Indians were the Lakota SiouxThey had strict gender rolesWomen were more subordinate than in other groupsSaw God as a series of powers pervading the universeThe Sun Dance was one form of religious worship for them
Image of Sun Dance from http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/2/lectures/lakota/sundance.detail.jpg.
*
The Lakota Sioux were not a self-contained group of peopleThey traded with others, including whitesPelts and buffalo robes were traded for kettles, knives, blankets, & guns, which the Lakota came to rely upon
Again, prior to the 1840s gold rush, land in the west was seen as only worthy of Native American Indian settlement and useIn 1834, congress formally designated the Great Plains as permanent Indian countryThe army constructed border forts from Lake Superior to Fort Worth TexasThey were made of stone because they would be in place “forever”“Mainstream” Americans would theoretically trade with the Native Americans, but not settle the west
What changed these per ...
Introduction to the exhibit "California's Gold Rush Revenues, Aristocrats of American Fiscal Philately: A Fiscal History," which shows examples of the five document types subject to California stamp taxes during 1857-1872: attorneys' licenses, bills of exchange, bills of lading for gold and silver, insurance policies and ships' passenger tickets.
What was the Purpose of the Nova Scotia “N.S.” Overprint on Canada’s Third Is...mikemahl
Explains the purpose of the Nova Scotia “N.S.” Overprint of 1868-71 on Canada’s Third Issue bill stamps, with illustrations of four intact cross-border bills bearing stamps of Canada and the U.S.
California 1858-61 Bill of Lading and Insurance Revenue Stamps: Four Printing...mikemahl
These stamps were printed in four distinct colors: orange-vermilion, then brick red, then carmine-lake, all on bluish paper, finally vermilion on white paper, a fact that eluded previous catalogers. This study lists all deliveries of these stamps by the Stamp Commissioners to the Controller, and identifies each by color.
Mr. Sutro Buys a Townsite: Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins and the Central Paci...mikemahl
This article has as its starting point a Central Pacific Railroad deed dated September 12, 1872, recording a remarkable intersection of two great Western themes: the transcontinental railroad and Comstock Lode mining. It is signed by both Leland Stanford as President and Mark Hopkins as Trustee; Hopkins' signature is exceedingly rare. It conveys to Adolph Sutro one section of land in Lyon County, Nevada, which investigation reveals to have encompassed the mouth of the Sutro Tunnel and nearly all of the town of Sutro. That tunnel, nine years in the building, drained the deep levels of the Comstock Lode to a point four miles distant near the Carson River. The deed bears U.S. and Nevada revenue stamps. The stories of Hopkins, Sutro and the Tunnel are retold, complete with photos and maps.
A Census of Florida Revenue-Stamped Documents 1862–1872mikemahl
Census of Florida revenue-stamped documents, 1862–1872. In July 1862 the U.S. government, to help defray its expenses arising from the Civil War, enacted a broad spectrum of internal revenue taxes, to take effect the following October 1. Revenue-stamped documents from Florida during the period of broad Civil War taxes, 1865–72, are practically nonexistent. In some 35 years of assiduous searching I have recorded only 48 Florida documents with adhesive revenues affixed during 1865–72, and estimate that perhaps 75–100 exist. All recorded pieces are tabulated herein.
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Nevada Fiscal History 1863–1873
This exhibit demonstrates the geographic progression of revenue stamp
usage in Nevada during its classic period of fiscal history: from the arrival
of U.S. Civil War revenues in Nevada Territory in March 1863; through
the imposition of state stamp taxes in 1865; until the expiration of virtually
all of those taxes in February 1873.
Why Nevada? Why a Geographic Analysis?
A “perfect storm” of factors combine to make Nevada uniquely suited to a
such an analysis. It is “only” a state, and this is only one decade; but what
a state, what a decade! Consider first the philatelic factors.
4¢ imperforate
10¢ roulette 10
1. Nevada issued its own stamps.
This was not a common
occurrence; only four other states
of the 45 did so during the 19th
century. This was a robust issue,
with ten denominations and a
complex variety of separation
methods.
2. Nevada taxed everything.
Only Nevada enacted a broad
slate of stamp taxes, mimicking
the federal schedule. For the
next seven years, nearly every
document was required to bear
2¢ roulette 15x18 25¢ roulette 15x10 both U.S. and state stamps. In
this Nevada stands alone. The
other classic state stamps of the
1850s–1870s were usually affixed
to only a single class of documents
(Alabama tax on seals, Louisiana
Lottery stamps, Oregon Insurance
stamps);
even
California’s
5¢ roulette 10x15
2¢ roulette 18
celebrated “Gold Rush revenues,”
with the exception of the ultra-rare Attorney stamps, were affixed only
to commercial documents, the great majority used in San Francisco. In
1871 deed to the Mexican
Mill, Carson River, amount
$130,000, bearing $130
in U.S and state revenues,
including the rare Nevada
$10 and $20 (x6)
2. Chronology of Settlement
Pages
1. Comstock Region
2–10
Rich strikes of silver and gold in 1859 on the Comstock
Lode in western Utah Territory led to formation of Nevada
Territory in 1861. The commercial center of the Lode,
Virginia City, perched on a remote, barren mountainside
and complemented by nearby Gold Hill, quickly became
the second leading city of the West, eclipsed only by San
Francisco. American City had an eyeblink-brief existence
circa 1864.
7. Hum
Disc
triggere
up at U
Oreana
Route”
the nort
with Su
Galena
2. Comstock Adjacent
11–16
1867 receipt made at remote Summit
Virginia City was accessed from the south via Gold
Springs, in northwestern Humboldt County.
Canyon. Dayton, at its mouth, became an important supply
point. Silver City, about halfway up, was also a key transit
point, and the center of modestly successful mining. 11, 14
The taxed deeds or mortgages, for which the
particular, no other state famed Sutro Tunnel drained the deep levels of the
Lode to its mouth an astounding 3.8 miles southeast on the
big-ticket items of Nevada are the most spectacular federal-state
Carson River plain.
12
dual stampings extant. Palmyra Mining District radiated southeast of
The
Dayton, with ephemeral camps at Palmyra, Como and
3. Its stamps were ubiquitous.
Georgetown.
13
Milling of Comstock everyday transactions—
Nevada’s stamps were required on ore was powered chiefly by the
Carson River, site of the Eureka and Mexican Mills and
checks (provided many others. a bank!), receipts, promissory notes,
there was
15
certificates, deeds and the like—and thus on the used in every farAdjoining the Comstock were west and north was
flung corner of theWashoe making geographicalfarm products and other
state, County, where lumber, analysis natural and
supplies were transported to the Lode via Washoe by as in
inviting. When surviving stamped documents are arranged City and
the new railroad town of Reno.
16
8
9. Nye C
Pros
District
motivat
but the
was mo
emptied
11
4
6
9
17–18
In alone of the Comstock, yet standing apart as of
These first three factorsthe orbit raise the “philatelic importance”the
Territorial capital.
Nevada’s fiscal history almost immeasurably.
4. Douglas County
13
5
the present exhibit, the entire panorama of settlement is revealed
3. Carson City
12
7
1
8. Reese
Rich
Overlan
followin
soon ecl
includin
miles no
10
19
4. Nevada Territory stock certificates, a unique classsupplied
Sparsely populated; farms, ranches, lumbering of
the Comstock; traversed by key trans-Sierra routes. Locations
collectibles
Young’s Bridge, Genoa, Vansickles.
Even so, the importance of revenue usage in Nevada stems not
5. Churchill County
20
merely from the eight year span when its documentary stamps were
Virtually empty, on overland routes, few waystations and
in use, 1865–1873,ranches, the entire county hadTerritorial only 192 as1870!
but from its preceding population period in well,
when the U.S. documentary taxes were in force. This brief period
6. Esmeralda County
20–22
produced one of the most visually appealing and compelling classes
Esmeralda District, with Aurora as commercial center,
was all of philately, the Nevada Territory stock
of stamped articles inthe second Nevada region to experience a major mining
“rush,” beginning in late 1860. Both California and Nevada
certificates.
claimed this rich region; Aurora was declared the county
seat of both Mono County, Lode had fully imbued
By 1862 the richness of Nevada’s ComstockCalifornia and Esmeralda
County, Nevada Territory! In September
public consciousness in the West, most notably in San1863 a boundary
Francisco and
survey placed Aurora within Nevada.
2
3
1
2
Nevada’s county map was essentially finalized
after creation of Eureka County in 1873.
10. Linc
Ab
of Linc
fabulou
county,
only to
11. Whi
In la
discove
level in
furious
county
Hamilto
northeas
12. Elko
With
Elko, on
Nevada
13. Eur
Eure
respons
included
3. Left, stock certificate issued at Santa Clara, Humboldt County, Nevada Territory, the
only recorded certificate from this short-lived camp. The central vignette reproduces the
great seal of the Territory.
Right, stock certificate issued at Aurora, Esmeralda County, Nevada Territory.
Note the printed dateline “Aurora, Mono Co., Cal.” Aurora and the adjacent
Esmeralda Mining District were claimed by both Esmeralda County and Mono
County, California, until a boundary survey showed they were indeed in Nevada!
environs, and there commenced a riotous period of “silver fever,” wonderfully summarized in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine of August 1865:
There was no good reason why these same veins [of the Comstock] should not be discovered for miles north and south of their present
points of boundary. There was no good reason why a hundred other “Comstocks” might not be found, or why every quartz ledge might not
be of equal richness. The busy era of adventure, enterprise and toil was followed by the era of “wild cat.” From October, 1862, until March,
1864, speculation ran riot, and the Territory of Nevada was converted into one vast swindling stock exchange. The rich developments upon
this famed Comstock Ledge, the growing exports of bullion from the Esmeralda region, discovered in 1861, the glittering promise from
quartz ledges discovered in Humboldt County, and the rich assays of “chloride” rock from the Reese River country, whose mineral wealth
was discovered in the autumn of 1862, all exaggerated tenfold, frenzied the public mind upon the subject of silver mining, and a feverish
gambling excitement usurped the places formerly occupied by legitimate and prudent adventure. Hundreds of companies with capitals—on
paper—of from $500,000 to $5,000,000 each, were formed every month in California and Nevada. Every merchant and merchant’s clerk,
every mechanic, every laborer, every servant girl, in every city and village on the Pacific coast, was in possession of a pocketful of stock
not inappropriately designated as “wild-cat.” A grocery importer in San Francisco complained that he could not get his business properly
attended to, because his book-keeper and assistant were President and Secretary, and his salesmen and porters Trustees of a flourishing mining
company, and the necessities of the stock market deranged the due delivery of sugars and teas. Montgomery Street, in San Francisco, and
C Street in Virginia—which had now become a city of 20,000 inhabitants—were thronged from morning until night with crowds buying
and selling stock, chaffing each other, and exhibiting specimens of quartz. Three stock boards, with rooms magnificently furnished, were
in full operation in San Francisco. Sacramento, Marysville, and Stockton, each had their stock board. In Virginia City there were four,
and transactions to the amount of hundreds of thousands of dollars were often made in an hour. A report of a “rich strike,” a report of a
4. Below, stock certificate issued at Austin, Nevada Territory,
printed in red, blue and black with pink underprint.
Above, stock certificate issued at Virginia [City], Nevada Territory.
Companies used colorful shares to lure investors.
mine being “salted,” an alleged discovery of the Comstock, a rumor that the Supreme Court would grant an injunction, a rumor that the
Supreme Court would raise an injunction—any or all of such would affect the value of prominent stocks from 20 to 100 per cent. in a
day. ... Of every hundred who invested in mining stock ninety-nine never saw, or intended to see, or designed to work the mine. To sell
out, to speculate, to gamble was the object of all. What wonder that when the bubble burst, it did late in the spring of 1864, the distrust
and disgust was as wide-spread as the disaster it brought.
The Nevada Territory stock certificates are among the most visible and enjoyable reminders of this riotous episode. They are rare—only a few hundreds
have survived, usually in ones and twos from family archives—sometimes lithographed but most often quaintly typeset, often printed in color and usually
illustrated, utterly charming in their variety of fanciful names. To see them is to admire and desire them. Certainly they are among the most visually
appealing items ever to bear stamps.
To be sure, there were many other Western mining certificates issued in the 1860s, most notably for California ventures, but nothing remotely comparable
to the veritable explosion of those for Nevada. Moreover, essentially all certificates for ventures elsewhere were issued either in San Francisco or the
East: there are no recorded stamped Territorial mining certificates of the 1860s issued in the other mining Territories like Colorado, Montana, Arizona
or New Mexico, and just one from Idaho. For Nevada some 375 certificates have been recorded, for 274 companies, issued in 23 different towns!
Of these 23 origins, nine are represented by a single example, and five more by just two or three recorded examples. Certificates from all but one of
these origins are included in this exhibit.
25¢ “Blaze of Glory” in the West
As an added philatelic bonus, these certificates can be found bearing all eight U.S. 25¢ First Issue titles: Bond, Certificate, Entry of Goods, Insurance,
Life Insurance, Power of Attorney, Protest and Warehouse Receipt, nearly all imperforate or part perforate. The U.S. Civil War stamp taxes took effect
5. October 1, 1862, but no stamps reached agencies in the West until February 28, 1863, when $750,000 in stamps arrived in San Francisco on the Pacific
Mail steamer Golden Age (exhibitor’s research). Included were imperforate and part perforate stamps in a dazzling variety and quantity, the detritus
of a failed experiment—the requirement for matching usage of documentary stamps (Agreement stamps on agreements, Bank Check stamps on bank
checks, etc.), which had been rescinded December 25, 1862. Elsewhere in the country, the stock of imperforates and part perforates appears to have
been virtually exhausted by mid-1863. In the West, though, their use continued for years; if not always the rule, it was certainly not the exception.
The use of 25¢ stamps in the West, though, is a special case. During the speculative mania of 1862–4, mining stocks were issued in such prodigious
numbers, each taxed at 25¢, that virtually the entire supply of 25¢ stamps sent West was consumed in a figurative blaze of glory that was over by late
1863! Eastern certificates of the same period show nothing remotely approaching this variety.
A Brief Digression: General Historical Importance
“Philatelic importance” has often been completely uncorrelated to general historical importance. The stamps of Mauritius are arguably the most
philatelically important extant despite the fact that Mauritius itself, as a player on the world stage, probably ranks, say, 2 or 3 on a scale of 10. Political
correctness, and strict interpretation of codified judging criteria, reinforce this notion: “a country is a country is a country.” I prefer to believe, with
apologies to George Orwell, that “all countries are created equal, but some are more equal than others.” When choosing between areas of fiscal history,
whose stamped documents generally give far more detail than
postal covers about the persons and events involved, it seems
obviously preferable to pick the area for which those persons,
places and events have greater historical significance. By this
criterion, the classic fiscal history of Nevada ranks near the top.
5. Temporal congruence between fiscal history and
underlying general history.
In Nevada, as in precious few other places, documents from
its classic period of revenue stamp usage closely reflect its
early history. That philatelically classic era begins with the
arrival of U.S. Civil War revenues in Nevada Territory in
March 1863, and extends through the expiration of virtually
all state stamp taxes in February 1873. This corresponds
closely with the chronology of settlement: Nevada was
created in 1861, and the county map was essentially finalized
in 1873. Surviving revenue-stamped documents thus provide
a “ground floor view” of these early days, comparable to,
say, New York documents from the time of Henry Hudson or
Peter Minuet!
Because Nevada’s early years were its most historically
important, documents generated then are far more likely to
involve historically significant persons, places or events than
those from the long-settled parts of the country.
Virginia City in 1875, perched precariously on the steep slopes of Mt. Davison (National Archives)
6. 6. Nevada’s early history was remarkable.
The early history of Nevada, so closely mirrored in its early stamped documents, occupies an exalted place in national and world history of the
1860s-1870s. Its history during these decades was dominated by—but certainly not restricted to—that of the celebrated Comstock Lode, a narrow
expanse on a remote mountain roughly two miles in length concealing in its depths a veritable treasure trove of silver and gold. Consider:
During the 1860s and ’70s the Comstock produced a whopping $300 million in silver and gold (at the then-current prices of $1.29 and $20.67
per ounce for silver and gold; at current prices the equivalent of several billions). Virginia City, its commercial center, quickly became the second
leading city of the West, eclipsed only by San Francisco. John Mackay, the unassuming former mineworker who had a two-fifths interest in the
richest mines, became the richest man in the world.
Comstock silver and gold was instrumental in financing the Union’s Civil War effort.
When the Comstock was discovered in 1859, the California Gold Rush had largely run its course; production was still relatively high, but no new
sources were being uncovered. As the first major mining discovery outside California, the Comstock provided a much-needed impetus to Western
mining, stimulating exploration throughout the region.
The discovery of this immense amount of silver shook the international financial community to its core. Just as the great flow of gold from
California beginning in 1849 had caused many European bankers and governments to divest themselves of the gold in favor of silver, now the
outpouring of silver from the Comstock had the opposite effect; the U.S. government’s demonetization of silver in February 1873 (“the Crime of
’73”) was undoubtedly influenced by the Comstock’s Crown
Point-Belcher bonanza of 1871, which ultimately yielded some
$65 million.
Comstock mining produced engineering marvels. The gigantic
pumps unwatering its deep mines were most powerful machines
anywhere in the world. Three remarkable feats were pronounced
impossible until accomplished: the Sutro Tunnel, drilled more
than three miles through mountains, from the Carson River
plain to the deep reaches of the Lode; the competing Virginia
and Truckee Railroad, descending 1600 feet in ten mountainous
miles from the Lode to the Carson River mills; and the Virginia
and Gold Hill Water Co. pipeline, from the Sierra Nevada to
Virginia City, under pressure more than double that of any other
line in the world. Documents pertaining to all three are featured
in this exhibit.
1869 stock certificate of the Virginia & Truckee Rail Road Co., signed as
president by William Sharon, tightly held by company insiders, one of five recorded.
7. 7. Documents involving the prime players have survived.
Nevada is extraordinary in the extent to which documents have survived involving its major
events and famous figures, of a sort that normally never reach collectors’ hands. The “Newlands
Find” yielded deeds to the Brunswick, Eureka, Mexican, Pioneer, and Santiago Mills, involving
Comstock titans like William Sharon, Agent of the Bank of California in Virginia City and
“cock of the walk” on the Comstock during 1865–1872, five-time Senator John P. Jones, Bank
of California President D. O. Mills, and Alvinza Hayward (namesake of Hayward, California).
Equally extraordinary survivors include the 1870 Central Pacific Railroad deed to Adolph Sutro
for the land encompassing the mouth of the celebrated Sutro Tunnel and the surrounding town of
Sutro, signed by Leland Stanford and Mark Hopkins; and the 1871 deed to the famed Raymond
and Ely Mine in booming Lincoln County, Nevada’s richest mine outside the Comstock. There is
no counterpart to this elsewhere in the West, or indeed anywhere in the country.
8. Nevada’s early towns were ephemeral.
Even Nevada’s tiny camps and towns were distinctive; there were none of the nondescript villages
common in the East and Midwest. Nearly all resulted from mining “rushes,” excitedly erected to
accommodate hoped-for bonanzas. Others sprang up at transportation hubs, or at advantageous
points along the transcontinental Central Pacific railroad. Not surprisingly, the mining settlements
usually proved ephemeral, many with only an eyeblink-brief existence; often their precious early
paper relics are all that remain, the towns having vanished leaving little or no trace.
Surviving documents from this region, in comparison with those from the rest of the country (or
the world!), are thus exponentially more likely to be rare and historical simply by virtue of their
places of origin, so many of which existed only very briefly.
1871 deed to Eureka Mill, ex-“Newlands Find”
History, geography and philately are as closely intertwined here
as for any other place or time.