Network theorizing examines theories related to networks. Two prominent theories are Granovetter's strength of weak ties theory and Burt's structural holes theory. Granovetter's theory characterizes the strength of interpersonal connections and how weak ties can provide novel information. Burt's theory focuses on structural holes, or gaps between groups, and how occupying these holes provides social capital and information benefits. Network theorizing deepens our understanding of networks and social structures.

1. On Network Theory
Network Theorizing ᆛၡ(ᄬ ‫) ۺ‬ӵ Ֆ ౛ ፕ ϯ
১ೱ่౛ፕ ࡰᆛ ၡ բ Ҕ ౛ ፕ (Network Theory)
่ᄬ ࢰ ౛ፕ ߚᆛၡ‫׎‬ԋ౛ፕ(Theory of Networks)
Characterizing Network Theory ‫ פ‬р ᆛၡ౛ ፕ
‫ ޑ‬੝ ቻ (ࡌ ኳ )
ၗ ૻ ‫ޑ‬ ࢬ ୏ (Flow Model)
‫ڐ‬ ፓ Չ ୏ ‫ޑ‬ ೱ่(Bond Model)
Ҕ ኧ Ꮲ ߄ ၲ (Mathematical Object )
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2. Network Theorizing ࡌҥᆛၡ౛ፕ
வ‫ޕঁٿ‬Ӝǵ࿶ ‫ ޑ ڂ‬ᆛ ၡ ౛ ፕ (Network Theory )๱ Ћ
১ೱ่౛ፕ Granovetter’s (1973) strength of weak ties
(SWT) theory
่ᄬ ࢰ ౛ፕ Burt’s (1992) structural holes (SH) theory.
Mark Granovetter
Ronald S. Burt
Joan Butler Ford Professor in the School of
Humanities and Sciences, Department of Hobart W. Williams Professor of Sociology and Strategy,
Sociology, Stanford University. University of Chicago Booth School of Business
Ph.D. Sociology, 1970, Harvard University PhD in sociology from the University of Chicago in 1977
A.B. American and Modern European bachelor' degree in social and behavioral science, 1971,
s
History, 1965, Princeton University Johns Hopkins University -2-

3. Network Theorizing ࡌҥᆛၡ౛ፕ
১ೱ่౛ፕ SWT theory Ԗ ΋ ಔ ܴ ዴ ‫ޑ‬ ߻ ග
߻ග1Ǻ‫ঁ ٿ‬ Γ ໔ ‫ޑ‬ ೱ ่ ຫ ம Ǵ߾ Ԝ Β Γ ‫ޑ‬ ‫ޗ‬ Ҭ ୮ η ຫ ё ૈ ख़ ᠄
A‫ک‬Bࢂ ा ӳ ܻ ϶ ‫ ܈‬ᒃ ௏ (strong tie )ǵB‫ک‬CΨ ࢂ ा ӳ ܻ ϶ ‫ ܈‬ᒃ ௏ (strong tie
) Ǵ߾A‫ک‬Cϐ ໔ ࡐ ё ૈ Ψ Ԗ ᜢ ᖄ ‫ ܄‬ᆶᜢ ߯ (weak tie) (A‫ک‬C ё ૈ ࢂ ዕ Γ ‫܈‬
࣬ ӕ ‫ ޗ‬ი ‫ޑ‬ԋ঩ )
а΢ A‫ک‬C೭ᅿ ໔ ௗ ‫ޑ‬ᜢ ೱ ‫ ܄‬ᆶᜢ ߯ ǴԖ ‫ޑ‬Ꮲ ‫ޣ‬ ᆀ ࣁ g-transitivity (Freeman
1979). (ሀ ౽ /໺ ሀ )(g for Granovetter )
೭ᅿ ሀ ౽ /໺ ሀ (transitivity)‫ޑ‬ᜢ ೱ ‫ ܄‬ᆶᜢ ߯ ǴGranovetterᇡ ࣁ ྍ Ծ ‫ܭ‬ ‫ނ‬ а
ᜪ ᆫ (homophilous )‫ޑ‬Γ ᜪ ဂ ౲ ੝ ‫( ܄‬ૌ ‫ޑ ׫ ࣬ ښ‬ԋࣁ ӳ ܻ ϶ )
ฅ ೭ᅿ ‫ ނ‬аᜪ ᆫ ‫ޑ‬੝ ‫ ܄‬Ǵࠅ ཮ όճ ‫ ܭ‬ၗ ૻ ໺ ሀ (weakly transitive ) =>A
Զ
‫ک‬B(‫ ݙ‬ཀ ᆶள ‫ޑ ډ‬ၗ ૻ )࣬ ᜪ ՟ ǴB‫ک‬C (‫ ݙ‬ཀ ᆶள ‫ޑ ډ‬ၗ ૻ )࣬ ᜪ ՟ Ǵٗ ሶ
A‫ک‬C (‫ ݙ‬ཀ ᆶள ‫ޑ ډ‬ၗ ૻ )Ψ ཮ ࣬ ᜪ ՟
߻ග2Ǻၗ ૻ ࢎ ᐏ ೱ ่ ࢂ ଯ ܴ ᗺ η ᆶ གྷ ‫ݤ‬ ‫ޑ‬ ወ ӧ ٰ ྍ (bridging ties are a
potential source of novel ideas)
ࢎ ᐏ ೱ ่(bridging ties)ǺᆶԾ ρ ܻ ϶ ୮ Ѧ ‫ࢌޑ‬ Γ Ԗ ᜢ ᖄ
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4. Network Theorizing ࡌҥᆛၡ౛ፕ
୷ ‫ܭ‬ ߻ ॊ ‫ ߻ঁٿ‬ග ǴGranovetterᇡ ࣁ ம ೱ ่ ό ё ૈ ࢂ ཥ ‫ڻ‬ ၗ
ૻ ‫ޑ‬ ٰ ྍ (௢ ፕ)Ǵ౛ җ ӵ Π Ǻ
ಃ ΋ ᗺ Ǻࢎ ᐏ ೱ ่ ό ё ૈ ࢂ ம ೱ ่
ਥ Ᏽ ߻ ॊ ಃ ΋ ໨ ߻ ග Ǻӵ ݀ A‫ک‬Gம ೱ ่(strong tie )Ǵٗ ሶ ཀ ‫ ښ‬๱ G‫ک‬A‫ޑ‬
ܻ ϶ ϐ ໔ ǴԿ Ͽ Ψ Ԗ ΋ ٤ ᜢ ᖄ ‫ ܄‬ᆶᜢ ߯ (weak tie)ǹٗ ሶ A‫ک‬G ϐ ໔ ‫ޑ‬ೱ
่൩ ό཮ ࢂ ૈ ୼ ග ‫ٮ‬ ଯ ܴ ၗ ૻ ‫ ࢎޑ‬ᐏ ೱ ่(ѝ ૈ ග ‫ ٮ‬ख़ ፄ ‫ޑ‬ၗ ૻ /ૻ ৲ )
ಃ Β ᗺ Ǻҗ ‫ܭ‬ ࢎ ᐏ ࢂ ཥ ‫ڻ‬ ၗ ૻ ‫ޑ‬ ٰ ྍ ǴҬ ϶ ୮ Ѧ ‫ޑ‬ ১ ೱ ่ ω ૈ ԋ ࣁ ᐏ ኺ
ѝ Ԗ চ Ӄ Ҭ ϶ ୮ Ѧ ‫ޑ‬১ ೱ ่Ǵω Ԗ ё ૈ ԋࣁ ග ‫ٮ‬ ୮ Ѧ ‫ޑ‬ཥ ‫ڻ‬ ၗ ૻ
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5. Network Theorizing ࡌҥᆛၡ౛ፕ
೭ ٤ ߻ ග ᆶ ௢ ፕ ᄬ ԋ Granovetter১ೱ่౛ፕ SWT theoryǴҔ
‫ܭ‬ ှ ញ Ǻ
Γ ॺ ೯ த ࢂ வ ᒃ ߈ ‫ܻޑ‬ ϶ а Ѧ Ǵள ‫ډ‬ π բ ᆶπ բ ᐒ ཮ ‫ޑ‬ၗ ૻ
Mark S. Granovetter’s(1973)ӧ ऍ ୯ Newton ଞ ჹ 282 ঁ ‫ ڙ‬ೖ ‫, ޣ‬ೖ ፋ д ॺ ന
߈ ൳ ԃ ᕇ ள π բ ‫ޑ‬ᆅ ၰ ٰ ྍ Ǵᡣ ࣴ ‫ ޣ ز‬ᡋ ೗ ‫ ࢂޑ‬ε ೽ ϩ ‫ޑ‬Γ ᕇ ள π բ ֡
ࢂ வ΋ ૓ ᇡ ᛽ ‫ޑ‬Γ ‫ ي‬΢ ‫ ܌‬ᕇ ள Ǵࣗ Կ х ࡴ ढ़ ғ Γ Ƕ‫ ڙ‬ೖ ‫ ޣ‬ύ ѝ Ԗ 17%ࢂ வ
ஏ Ϫ ‫ޑ‬ᒃ ܻ ӳ ϶ ‫ ي‬΢ ᕇ ‫ ޕ‬π բ ‫ޑ‬ᐒ ཮ Ƕ
ঁ Γ ‫ޗ‬ ཮ ၗ ҁ (individual social capital )Ǻ
Ԗ ၨ ӭ ১ ೱ ่‫ঁޑ‬ ᡏ Ǵ೯ த ӧ ‫ޗ‬ ཮ ၨ ࣁ ԋф
ӧ ಔ ᙃ ი ᡏ (group)‫ޑ‬ቫ ԛ ǴΨ ᜪ ՟ Ǻ
ӕ ፦ ‫܄‬ ଯ ‫ޗޑ‬ ୔ Ǵࡐ ᜤ ௗ ય ᑼ Ε ‫ځ‬ д ᎃ ߈ ‫ޗޑ‬ ဂ /ი ᡏ
ಔ ᙃ ໔ ‫ޑ‬১ ೱ ่ᄬ ԋი ᡏ ቫ ԛ ‫ޗޑ‬ ཮ ၗ ҁ Ǵᡣ όӕ ი ᡏ ‫ ڐ‬Κ ၮ բ ၲ ԋӅ
ӕ Ҟ ኱
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6. Network Theorizing ࡌҥᆛၡ౛ፕ
่ᄬ ࢰ Burt SH theory а Ծ ‫ ࣁ ך‬ύ Ј ࣮ᆛ ၡ ่ᄬ
Aӧ ‫ ځ‬ᆛ ၡ ύ ‫ ޑ‬ύ Ј ‫ ܄‬ᆶ Տ ࿼ Ǵ٬ ள Aૈ ୼ ᕇ ள К B‫ ׳‬ӭ ‫ ޑ‬ཥ ‫ ڻ‬ၗ ૻ
A‫ک‬B೿ ΋ ኬ Ԗ Ο ঁ ೱ ่(ଷ ೛ ೱ ่ம ࡋ ࣬ ӕ )
BவX‫ک‬Yள ‫ޑ ډ‬ၗ ૻ ё ૈ ࢂ ख़ ፄ ‫ޑ‬
A‫ޑ‬ၗ ૻ ٰ ྍ ё ૈ ࢂ Ο ঁ όӕ ‫ޑ‬ဂ ಔ Ǵ٬ ள Aௗ ԏ όӕ /ཥ ‫ ڻ‬ၗ ૻ ‫ޑ‬ਏ ౗ К
B٫
‫ޣٿ‬ϐ໔લϿ‫ޔ‬ௗᖄᛠǴԶ Ѹ ໪ ೯ ၸ ಃ Ο ‫ޣ‬ω ૈ ‫ ׎‬ԋ
ᖄᛠǴٗ ሶ Չ ୏ ‫ ޑ‬ಃ Ο ‫ޣ‬൩ ӧᜢ ߯ ᆛ ၡ ύ э Ᏽ Α ΋ ঁ
่ ᄬ ࢰ (΢ კ ύ ǴAಔ ‫ ޑ‬a‫ک‬Bಔ ύ ‫ ޑ‬bϩ ձ ࢂ ‫ ཮ ޗ ځ‬ᆛ ၡ
ύ э Ᏽ ന ӭ ่ ᄬ ࢰ ‫ ޑ‬Չ ୏ ‫ )ޣ‬Ƕ
Burtᇡ ࣁ Ǵᆛ ၡ ύ ‫ ޑ‬Տ ࿼ К ᜢ ߯ ‫ ޑ‬ம ১ ‫ ࣁ ׳‬ख़ ा Ǵӧ
ᆛ ၡ ύ ‫ ޑ‬Տ ࿼ ، ‫ ۓ‬Α ঁ Γ ‫ ޑ‬ၗ ૻ ǵၗ ྍ ᆶ ៾ Κ ǶӢ Ԝ
ό ᆅ ᜢ ߯ ம ১ Ǵӵ ݀ Ӹ ӧ่ ᄬ ࢰ Ǵٗ ሶ ஒ ؒ Ԗ ‫ޔ‬ௗᖄ
ᛠ‫ঁٿ‬ Չ ୏ ‫ޣ‬ᖄᛠଆ ٰ ‫ ޑ‬ಃ Ο ‫ޣ‬Ᏹ Ԗ ၗ ૻ ‫ک‬௓ ‫ ڋ‬ᓬ ༈ -6-

7. Network Theorizing ࡌҥᆛၡ౛ፕ
১ೱ่ SWT theoryᆶ่ᄬ ࢰ Burt SH theory౛ፕ౦ ӕ К ၨ
‫ٿ‬ ‫ޣ‬ ‫ـ‬ ှ ࣬ ߈ ϐ ೀ
Aள ‫ ډ‬КB‫ ׳‬ӭ ߚख़ ፄ ‫ޑ‬Ԗ Ҕၗ ૻ ǴаBurt’s ่ᄬ ࢰ ౛ፕԶ ‫ ق‬ǴAԖ ၨ ӭ
‫่ޑ‬ᄬ ࢰ (ύ Ј ‫ ܄‬ၨ ٫)ǴҔGranovetter’s ১ ೱ ่౛ፕԶ ‫ ق‬ǴAԖ ၨ ӭ ‫ޑ‬ೱ
่(Bridges)
όፕᆀ ‫ ڥ‬೭ᅿ ᜢ ߯ ࣁ ߚख़ ፄ ‫ޑ ܄‬ೱ ่(tie)‫ ܈‬ᐏ ኺ (bridge)Ǵ่݀ ೿ ࢂ AКB
ள ‫ ׳ ډ‬ӭ Ԗ Ҕ‫ޑ‬ཥ ‫ ڻ‬ၗ ૻ
Granovetter
ᔈ ᡂ ኧ (DV)Ǻள ‫ ډ‬π բ
Ծ ᡂ ኧ (IV)Ǻ‫ ׳‬ӭ ߚख़ ፄ ‫ޑ ܄‬ၗ ૻ
Burt
ᔈ ᡂ ኧ (DV) Ǻள ‫ ډ‬ϲ ᎂ
Ծ ᡂ ኧ (IV)Ǻ‫ ׳‬ӭ ߚख़ ፄ ‫ޑ ܄‬ၗ ૻ
‫ ঁ ٿ‬౛ፕჹ ‫ ܭ‬ᆛၡӵ Ֆ ว ච բ ҔǴ୷ ‫ ܭ‬ӕ ኬ ‫ ۭޑ‬ቫ ኳ Ԅ (based on the
same underlying model)
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8. Network Theorizing ࡌҥᆛၡ౛ፕ
১ೱ่ SWT theoryᆶ่ᄬ ࢰ Burt SH theory౛ፕ౦ ӕ К ၨ
౛ ፕ ‫ޑ‬ ৡ ձ ӧ ‫ܭ‬ Ǻ
Granovetterவ‫׎‬ԋᜢ ߯ ೱ ่ᆶၗ ૻ ϩ ٦ ‫ޑ‬ଽ ฅ ‫ ࣮ ٰ ܄‬ǴBurt ߾வ฼ ౣ ‫ک‬
ཀ კ ᢀ ᗺ ٰ ࣮ (Kilduff ,2010 )
Granovetterᇡ ࣁ ১ ೱ ่ω ૈ ‫׎‬ԋԖ Ҕ‫ޑ‬ၗ ૻ ᐏ ኺ ǹBurt߾όᇡ ӕ Ԝ ΋ ‫ ـ‬ှ
Ǵࣗ Կ ග ‫ ٮ‬ჴ ᛾ ᛾ Ᏽ Ǵᇥ ܴ ೭٤ ১ ೱ ่ᐏ ኺ Ӛ ё ૈ ཮ Ծ ฅ ૰ ଏ ੃ Ѩ
(decay) ǹBurt‫ ـ ࢰޑ‬ӧ ‫ ऀ ࣮ ܭ‬ೱ ่ம ࡋ ‫ޑ‬଎ ࡘ Ǵၗ ૻ ٰ ྍ ‫ߚޑ‬ख़ ፄ ‫܄‬
(non-redundancy)ω ࢂ ᜢ ᗖ Ǽ
Granovetterᜢ ‫׎ ݙ‬ԋ”Ԗ Ҕ”ೱ ่(strength of ties)‫ޑ‬ᇻ Ӣ Ȑdistal causeȑǹ
Burt߾ᜢ ‫ ݙ‬೷ ԋᜢ ᗖ ೱ ่(bridging ties)‫ ߈ޑ‬Ӣ (proximal cause)
߻ ‫ ޣ‬ள ‫ ډ‬΋ ঁ ᇨΓ Ǵՠ І ။ ǵόӝ ౛‫ ٣ ࡺޑ‬ᎎ ഋ ǹࡕ ‫ ޔ ޣ‬ௗ ਂ ਆ ‫ ډ‬চ Ӣ
ǵග ‫ ٮ‬౛ፕ‫ ׳‬ம ‫ ୷ޑ‬ᘵ Ȑ“captures the causal agent directly and thus
provides a stronger foundation for theory” (Burt 1992, p. 28).ȑ
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9. Characterizing Network Theory
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
வ ٣ ࡕ ౛ ፕ ϩ ‫( ࡋ فޑ ݋‬meta-theoretical point of view)࣮Ǵё а ว ౜ ১ ೱ
่ SWTᆶ่ᄬ ࢰ SH౛ ፕ Ԗ а Π ੝ ቻ
่ᄬ (structure )ᆶՏ ࿼ (position )‫ ۺ ཷޑ‬ჹ ‫ ܭ‬౛ ፕ ‫ ת‬ᄽ Α ख़ ा ‫ فޑ‬Յ
ӧ১ೱ่౛ፕ྽ύǴԖ
ӧ১ೱ่౛ፕ྽ύǴ Ҕ ‫ ޑ‬ᖄ ่ϐ ‫ ܌‬а ࢂ ১‫ ޑ‬Ǵό ࢂ Ӣ ࣁ Ϻ ғ ӵԜ Ǵ
Զ ࢂ Ӣ ࣁ ೱ่ό ӕ ဂ ᡏ (cluster)ϐ ໔ ‫ ޑ‬ᖄ ᛠ Ǵҁ ٰ ம ࡋ ൩ ό ε
Ҕ ่ᄬ ࢰ ౛ፕٰ ࣮ ‫ ޑ‬၉ Ǵࢂ ࢌ ΋ ঁ ᡏ ӧᆛ ၡ ύ‫ ޑ‬ύЈ ‫ ܄‬ᆶ ่ᄬ Տ ࿼ ፟
ϒ Ԝ Γ ၗ ૻ ࢬ ೯ ‫ ޑ‬ᓬ ༈
۹ ຎ Α ঁ ᡏ ‫ޑ‬ Γ ਱ ᆶ ᖄᛠឦ ‫܄‬ (‫ ٯ‬ӵ Ǻബ ೷ Κ ǵ၈ ߞ ᆶ ៾ Տ )
ό Ե ቾ Ԝ Γ ‫ޑ‬ Γ ਱ ੝ ፦ ‫ ܈‬ᙍ Տ Ǵό ࢂ ᇥ а ΢ ‫ٿ‬ᗺ ό ख़ ा Ǵѝ ࢂ Ԝ ΋ ౛ ፕ ࣴ
‫ز‬ ๱ ख़ ӧឍ ܴ ᆛ ၡ ่ ᄬ ᆶ ‫ ځ‬ౢ ғ ‫ ޑ‬પ ਏ
Ԝ ΋ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ፓ ࢗ ‫ޑ‬ ќ ΋ ೽ ҽ Ǵ๱ ख़ ӧό ӕ ่ ᄬ ৡ ౦ ӵ Ֆ ౢ ғ ቹ ៜ
‫ځ‬ ԛ ൩ а΢ ‫ٿ‬ ঁ ౛ፕ఼ က Զ ‫ق‬ Ǵᆛ ၡ ‫ޑ‬ ф ૈ ӧ ‫ܭ‬ ၗ ૻ ‫ޑ‬ ࢬ ୏ ‫܈‬ ϩ ଛ
‫ޗ‬ ཮ ᆛ ၡ ග ‫ ٮ‬Α ᡣ ၗ ૻ ࢬ ୏ ‫ ޑ‬ᆅ ၡ
ё а Ҕ Н ࢬ (flow)‫ ܈‬ᆅ ၡ (pipe)‫ޑ‬ ኳ ࠠ ٰ ࣮ ࡑ
೭ ঁ ኳ ࠠ ஥ Ԗ ΋ ٤
ຫ ߏ Ǵၗ ૻ ୷ ҁ ଷ ೛ Ǻၡ ৩ ऀ ຫ ਔ
໔ຫ ߏ
೭ ঁ ኳ ࠠ Ǵё а ᡣ ‫ ॺ ך‬৒ ܰ ள р SWT‫ک‬SH౛ ፕ ‫ ޑ‬ਡ Ј ‫ ڮ‬ᚒ Ƕ‫ ٯ‬ӵ Ǵᇻ ᚆ ‫܌‬
Ԗ ‫ځ‬ д ࿯ ᗺ Ǵௗԏ ၗ ૻ ࢬ К ௗ߈ ύ Ј Տ ࿼ ‫ ޑ‬࿯ ᗺ ఁ Ƕ
ၗ ૻ ࢬ ୏ ‫ ݀ ่ ޑ‬Ȑ‫ ډ‬ၲ ਔ ໔ǵௗԏ ‫ ߚ ޑ ډ‬ख़ ፄ ၗ ૻ ࢬ ໆ ȑё а ᙯ ඤ ԋ ࣁ ΋
٤ ౢ р (ፏ ӵ ബ ೷ Κ ǵ೏ ‫ ܘ‬ᔗ ਕ ϲ ‫ ޑ‬ё ૈ ‫ ܄‬ǵ‫פ‬ ‫ ډ‬π բ ฻ ฻ ) -9-

10. Characterizing Network Theory
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
Flow & Pipe model
೸ ၸ ೛ ‫ۓ‬ Ԝ ΋ ኳ ࠠ ‫ޑ‬ ੝ ቻ ᆶ ύ ໔ ၸ ำ Ǵ‫ॺ ך‬ ё а ள ‫ډ‬ ‫׳‬ ӭ ౛ ፕ က ఼
ࣚ ‫ۓ‬ ό ӕ
୏ Б Ԅ ‫ޑ‬ ࢬ
ર ໇ ӧ όӕ Γ ϐ ໔ ᙯ Ћ Ǵ๊ ჹ ό཮ ӕ ਔ р ౜ ӧ ‫ ঁ ٿ‬Γ Ћ ΢ ǹ
ੰ ࢥ ‫ ࢂ ܈‬ၗ ૻ ‫ ୏ ࢬޑ‬ǴவA໺ ሀ ‫ډ‬ B‫ޑ‬ၸ ำ ǴA཮ ੮ Π ୋ ҁ
ࣚ ‫ ۓ‬ό ӕ ‫ ޑ‬ၡ ৩ ‫ ܈‬ॉ ၞ
‫ ٯ‬ӵ ੰ ࢥ ό཮ ख़ ᙟ ག ࢉ ӕ ΋ Γ ǴӢ ࣁ ೭ঁ ς ࿶ խ ࣝ ‫܈‬ ԝ Ϋ
࣬ ჹ ‫ޑ‬Ǵࢬ ‫ ق‬໕ ᇟ ߾཮ ӭ ԛ ӣ ໺ ‫ډ‬ ӕ ΋ Γ Ը ӭ ǴӢ ࣁ ໺ ሀ ‫ޑ‬Γ ό‫ـ‬ ள
‫ ޕ‬ၰ ፔ ς ࿶ ‫ ޕ‬஼ Ԝ ΋ ၗ ૻ ǹ
‫ ܈‬೚ Ψ ё аࣚ ‫ ۓ‬೭٤ ࢬ ‫ ق‬໕ ᇟ ό཮ ӧ ӕ ΋ ၡ৩ (ᆅ ၡ)΢ ख़ ᙟ ǺӢ ࣁ Aό
཮ ‫ ࣬ ע‬ӕ ࡺ ٣ /ࢬ ‫ ق‬ၟ Bᇥ ಃ Β ԛ (ଷ ೛ Aؒ ‫૶ ב‬ ‫ޑ‬၉ )
(ᆛၡ่ᄬ ‫)ޑ‬ౢ р ่݀ Ⴃ ෳ
Ӛ ࿯ ᗺ ௗ ԏ २ ԛ ၗ ૻ ‫ ډޑ‬ၲ ਔ ໔ (ύ ໔࿯ ᗺ ‫ޑ‬ ਔ ໔ᔈ К ‫ځ‬ д ࿯ ᗺ Ԑ )
Ӛ ࿯ ᗺ ௗ ԏ ၗ ૻ ໆ ࢂ ց ಕ ᑈ ၲ ‫ ډ‬΋ ‫ۓ‬ ॶ
Զ а΢ ೭٤ ౢ р ่݀ Ǵё аӧ ኳ ࠠ ύ ೏ ࣚ ‫ۓ‬ Ǵόӕ ‫ܭ‬ ჴ ᛾ ࣴ ‫ز‬ ྽ ύ ෳ
ໆ ‫ ่݀ޑ‬ǹฅ Զ ኳ ࠠ ‫ޑ‬ၮ ᆉ ่݀ ዴ ฻ ӕ ‫ܭ‬ ჴ ᛾ ύ ෳ ໆ ‫ޑ‬ౢ р ᄬ ‫ۺ‬
the likelihood of getting a job (Granovetter 1973, 1974),
being promoted (Brass 1984, 1985; Burt 1992),
being creative (Burt 2004, Perry-Smith 2006).
-10-

11. Characterizing Network Theory
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
Flow & Pipe modelኳ ࠠ ज़ ‫ڋ‬
Ԝ ΋ ኳ ࠠ ࢂ ന
த ٬ Ҕ‫ޑ‬ᆛ๎ ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬ѳ Ѡ Ǵՠ Ѭ όࢂ ୤ ΋ ‫ޑ‬΋ ঁ ǹ΋΋ ٤ ܴ ዴ ‫ޑ‬
౜ ຝ ᆶ ࡽ Ԗ ‫ ޑ‬౛ፕค ‫ ঺ ݤ‬Ҕ Ԝ ΋ ኳ ࠠ
ӵǺҬ ඤ ᆛ ၡ ྽ύ‫ ޑ‬ፋ ղ ‫ڐ‬ ୘ Κ ໆ (the exercise of power in exchange networks,
Cook and Emerson,1978 )
ჴ ᡍ ၯ ᔍ ‫ ݤ‬Ǵ࿯ ᗺ ΢ ‫ ୖ ঁ ؂ޑ‬ᆶ‫ ޣ‬໪ ‫ ځک‬д Γ ຾ Չ Ҭ ܰ
࿯ ᗺ B‫ޑ‬ᓬ ༈ ٰ Ծ ‫٩ ܭ‬ ᒘ ‫ ځ>= ܄‬д ࿯ ᗺ ሡ ೸ ၸ B‫ک‬ձ ‫ޑ‬࿯ ᗺ ౢ ғ ᖄ ᛠ
఼ က 1Ǻᆶ‫ ځ‬Ѭ ‫ ؼ‬ӳ ೱ ่‫ޑ‬࿯ ᗺ ຾ Չ ೱ ่Ǵཀ ‫ ښ‬๱ ‫ޑ٫ ׳‬ύ Ј Տ ࿼
఼ က 2Ǻᓬ ༈ ࢂ ࣬ ჹ ‫܄‬ Ǻၶ ம ߾১ ǵၶ ১ ߾ம ǹ
-11-

12. Characterizing Network Theory
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
Flow & Pipe modelኳ ࠠ ज़ ‫ڋ‬
ೀ ౛ᆛၡ‫ޑ‬ፋ ղ ‫ ڐ‬୘ Κ ໆ (power)‫ޑ‬ਢ ‫ ٯ‬ᡉ Ң р flow model‫ ߳ޑ‬ज़ ‫܄‬
Κ ໆ ྍ Ծ ‫ ܭ‬Ӛ ࿯ ᗺ ӧ ᆛၡύ ‫่ޑ‬ᄬ Տ ࿼ (Զ ߚၗ ૻ ᆶၗ ྍ ‫) ୏ ࢬޑ‬
೷ ԋቹ ៜ ‫ޑ‬όࢂ Κ ໆ ‫ ୏ ࢬޑ‬ǴԶ ࢂ ᎃ ߈ ࿯ ᗺ ໔ ‫ ࣬ޑ‬ჹ ம ১ ᜢ ߯
ќ ΋ ᅿ ࣮ ࡑ ᆛၡፋ ղ ‫ ڐ‬୘ Κ ໆ (Network Power)‫ ڐ ࢂ ࡋ فޑ‬ፓ (coordination )
ᆶ຀ ᔕ ӝ ‫( ٳ‬virtual amalgamation )
Principle behind UnionizationǺόा ‫ ې‬ҥ ཮ ‫ ׳‬Ԗ Κ ໆ
Eൂ ᐱ ၟ A1-A4‫ ڐ‬୘ ᝼ ሽ
A1-A4۶ Ԝ ೱ ่ ‫ ׎‬ԋ ΋ ঁ ຀ ᔕ ‫ ޑ‬ӝ
A1-A4۶ Ԝ ໔ؒ Ԗ ೱ ่ ǴE՞ ΢ ॥ /‫ڀ‬ ፋ ղ ‫ڐ‬ ୘ Κ ໆ ‫ ٳ‬ᡏ Ǵ߾Eϸ Զ ό ‫ ڀ‬ፋ ղ ‫ ڐ‬୘ Κ ໆ -12-

13. Characterizing Network Theory
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
‫ڐ‬ ፓ (coordination )ᆶ຀ ᔕ ӝ ‫ٳ‬ (virtual amalgamation )‫ޑ‬ ౜ ຝ
Ԗ ٤ Ꮲ ‫ޣ‬ ᆀ ࣁ ᆛ ၡ ಔ ᙃ (network organization, Jones et al. 1997, Powell
1990 )
ᐱ ҥ ঁ ᡏ ಔ ᙃ ۶ Ԝ ᆙ ஏ ‫ ڐ‬ፓ Ǵ‫׎‬ԋ‫ ׳‬Ԗ Κ ໆ ‫ ൂޑ‬΋ ঁ ᡏ (ი ᖼ )
բ ‫ޣ‬ ‫ע‬ Ԝ ΋ ౜ ຝ ࣮ ԋ຀ ᔕ ‫ޑ‬ၗ ҁ (virtual capitalization )
࿯ ᗺ ໔ ‫ޑ‬ೱ ่Ǵ᏾ ᡏ ‫ૈޑ‬ ऐ ᆶж ߄ ‫܄‬ (capabilities)ᙯ ౽ ๏ Α ൂ ΋ ঁ ᡏ Ǵ
ջ ߡ ჴ ሞ ΢ ٠ ؒ Ԗ Ԝ ΋ ᙯ ౽ ᆶ௤ ៾ (π ཮ ж ߄ )
ӕ ኬ ‫ޑ‬౜ ຝ Ψ ೏ ‫ہ‬ ૼ /ж ౛ ౛ ፕ (principal/agent theory)‫ز ࣴ ܌‬
ж ౛Γ ୷ ‫ܭ‬ ‫ہ‬ ૼ Γ ‫ޑ‬ճ ੻ ୺ Չ ཰ ୍ (‫ ૼ ہ‬Γ ค ໪ ᒃ Ծ Π ੇ )
ᆛ ၡ ೱ ่(tie)ӵ (࿹ ӧ ΋ ଆ ӕ ፓ ӝ ᆶ‫ڐ‬ ፓ Չ ୏ )‫ޑ‬ᗖ ่(bond)
ᡣ ‫ ޣ‬᏾ ဂ ่ᗺ ӵ ӕ ൂ ΋ ঁ ᡏ ΋ ૓ Չ ୏
‫ ڀ‬ഢ ‫ ׳‬ε ૈ Κ (capabilities)
Bond or Coordination model
-13-

14. Characterizing Network Theory
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
Bond or Coordination model
೸ ၸ ೛ ‫ۓ‬ Ԝ
΋ ኳ ࠠ ‫ ޑ‬੝ ቻ ᆶ ύ ໔ ၸ ำ Ǵ‫ ॺ ך‬ё а ள ‫ ׳ ډ‬ӭ ౛ ፕ က ఼
࿯ ᗺ ໔ ‫ ࣬ޑ‬ϕ ٩ ᒘ ᆶё ૈ ‫ ܄‬ᡄ ᒠ Ǵ، ‫ ۓ‬Α Κ ໆ ‫ޑ‬ம ১
A=E<C<B=C
࿯ ᗺ ໔ ‫ޑ‬Κ ໆ ம ১ ё а ೛ ‫ک ࣁ ۓ‬࿯ ᗺ ໔ ‫ޑ‬ၡ ৩ ߏ ࡋ Ԗ ᜢ
ෳ ໆ ᆛ ၡ Κ ໆ ‫ ୷ޑ‬ᘵ graphtheoretic power index (Markovsky et al.
1988) and beta centrality (Bonacich 1987, 2007)
ӕ ኬ ่ᄬ Տ ࿼ (isomorphic )‫ޑ‬࿯ ᗺ Ǵ཮ ள ‫ ࣬ ډ‬՟ ‫ޑ‬ౢ р
A‫ک‬Hᆛ ၡ ่ᄬ Տ ࿼ ࣬ ӕ Ǵ཮ Ԗ ࣬ ᜪ ՟ ౢ р
-14-

15. Characterizing Network Theory
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
Mathematical Object
ᆛ ၡ ό ൂ ѝ ࢂ ঁ ‫ ཮ ޗ‬Ꮲ ‫ޑ‬ᄬ ‫ ۺ‬ǴΨ ё а ೸ ၸ ኧ Ꮲ ٰ ౛ ှ ǵว ৖ ཥ ౛ ፕ
ଯ ࡋ ‫ޑ‬ሀ ౽ /໺ ሀ ‫( ܄‬transitivity )཮ ᖿ ӛ ‫ ׎‬ԋ ೚ ӭ ߏ ၡ ৩ ᆶϩ ձ ဂ ᡏ ‫ޑ‬
໣ ဂ კ Ⴝ =>ཀ ‫ ښ‬๱ Ԝ ΋ ᆛ ၡ ᘉ ණ ጗ ᄌ ᆶό ֹ ᏾ (Rapoport, 1963)
Ԝ ΋ ౜ ຝ Ψ ࢂ SWT&SH౛ፕ‫ ୷ޑ‬ᘵ
ё а Ҕ ኧ Ꮲ ‫׎‬ Ԅ ٰ ౢ ғ ҅ Ԅ ‫ޑ‬౛ ፕ
‫ٯ‬ ӵ ۚ (betweenness centrality)
໔ ύ ໔ ‫܄‬ ࡰ ኱
‫ߚ ঁ ٿ‬ᎃ ߈ ࿯ ᗺ ‫ޑ‬ϕ ୏ Ǵሡ ा һ ᒘ ೱ ่೭‫ ঁ ٿ‬࿯ ᗺ ၡ৩ ‫ޑ‬ಃ Ο ‫ ޣ‬Ƕ೭
ঁ ಃ Ο ‫ ޣ‬ё а௓ ‫ޑ ޣ ٿ ڋ‬ϕ ୏ ǹऩ ΋ ঁ ᗺ Տ ۚ ೚ ӭ ‫ޑ‬ೱ ่‫ ځ‬д ࿯ ᗺ ‫ޑ‬
ന อ (geodesic)ၡ৩ Ǵ߾Ԝ ᗺ Ԗ ࡐ ଯ ‫ ۚޑ‬໔ ۚ ύ (betweenness centrality)
Ƕ
-15-

16. Characterizing Network Theory
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
‫פ‬рᆛၡ౛ፕ‫ޑ‬੝ቻ
Mathematical Object
ᆛၡόൂ ѝ ࢂ ঁ ‫ޗ‬ ཮ Ꮲ ‫ޑ‬ᄬ ‫ۺ‬ ǴΨ ё а೸ ၸ ኧ Ꮲ ٰ ౛ှ ǵว ৖ ཥ ౛ፕ
΋ ٤ ‫מ‬ ೌ Ӝ ຒ ‫ک‬ᢀ ‫ۺ‬ ೏ ว ৖ р ٰ Ǵ၂ კ ᡣ ‫ޗ‬ ཮ ‫ف‬ Յ ౛ ፕ (Social Role
Theory, Linton (1936), Nadel (1957), Merton (1959), and others)‫ ҅ ׳‬Ԅ
structural equivalence (Lorrain and White 1971)
regular equivalence (Everett and Borgatti 1994, White and Reitz 1983)
ᆛ ၡ ϩ ‫݋‬ ว ৖ р ΋ ٤ ी ᆉ Б Ԅ ᆶᢀ ‫ۺ‬ ٰ ࣮ε ᆛ ၡ ӵ Ֆ வ λ ่ᄬ ಔ ԋ
clique (Luce and Perry 1949),
n-clique (Luce 1950)
k-plex (Seidman and Foster 1978)
΋ ঁ ࢴ ‫س‬ Cliquesࡰ ‫ ࢂ ޑ‬΋ ঁ λ ဂ ᡏ д ॺ ‫ ঁ ؂‬࿯ ᗺ ۶ Ԝ ࢂ К ᆛ ၡ ύ ‫ ځ‬д ᗺ
ٰ ‫ޑ‬ ᆙ ஏ ೱ ่ ‫ ޑ‬Ƕᝄ ਱ ‫ ۓ س ࢴ ޑ‬က ࢂ ԑ ӧ΋ ঁ ԛ ่ ᄬ ύ ‫ ؂‬΋ ঁ ࿯ ᗺ ۶ Ԝ ϐ
໔೿ ϕ ࣬ ೱ ่ ǶԶ ั ༾ ᚞ ණ ΋ ᗺ ‫ ۓ ޑ‬က ߾ё а ӧࢴ ‫ س‬ύ у Ε ΋ ٤ ό ࢂ ߚ த
ᆙ ஏ ೱ ่ ‫ ޑ‬ᗺ Ƕ (n-cliques, n-clans, and k-plexes)
-16-